Catástrofes Naturais - inundações e tempestades: abordagem ao seu impacto no mercado segurador português

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estatística e Gestão de Informação

Santa Bárbara, el barrio que no soportó las tempestades: el olvido y la demolición del patrimonio arquitectónico en la construcción del relato histórico de Bogotá entre 1980 y 1983

Esta investigación analiza la construcción del límite sur de la zona patrimonial de Bogotá de los años 80, a partir de dos procesos simultáneos: la demolición de un sector del barrio Santa Bárbara y la patrimonialización de La Candelaria. A pesar de que estos dos sectores de la ciudad hicieron parte de la ciudad antigua y compartieron un origen común, solo La Candelaria logró hacer parte de la zona considerada de valor histórico. Por lo tanto, este proyecto de grado se interesa, principalmente, por conocer por qué el barrio Santa Bárbara fue excluido del relato histórico de la ciudad, a partir del estudio de la discusión sobre su valor histórico que dio paso al uso público del pasado y a una “lucha por la memoria”, en palabras de Elizabeth Jelin.

A construção de um curso de formação de professores na modalidade EAD : conduzindo o barco entre tempestades e abrolhos. 'La construcción de un curso de formación de profesores en la modalidad de EAD : conduciendo un barco entre tempestades y espinas'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Efeitos de tempestades magnéticas em sinais de gps, em Natal, Brasil

Satellites signals present disturbances (scintillations), due to presence of irregularities in the ionospheric plasma. In the present work, we dedicate to the study of the attenuation of these scintillations that is, an improvement in the signal, during the main magnetic storm phase during the period of October 2006 to February 2007. Using amplitude of scintillation 1.5GHz (L1) data of the net of satellites GPS, in the ionospheric station of Natal (5.84o S, 35.20o O, -20o dip) and geomagnetic indices, during the minimum solar cycle (referred to as cycle 23), demonstrating its anti-correlation between magnetic activity (Kp) and index of scintillation () (Bonelli2005 method, that works for solar maximum, Bonelli(2005)). These results show that these storms correspond to category I of Aarons (1991). The magnetic storms can generate irregularities when the electric feld of penetration eastward on the pre-reversal hour intensificating that and can too generate irregularities on midnight and sunlight period. The limitation of the method applied here is that it is not considering some storms that had also occurred during equinox and summer in the Brazilian region. For this reason, we will use additional data of the stations of São João de Cariri (Imager and Photometer) and of the station at Fortaleza (Digissonde data), as aid to analyze these storms. The storms that had been left out by the applied method, fit in the other two categories of Aarons, with one only exception (storm of January, 02). We show that in the day of the main phase of the magnetic storm, and with presence of bubbles (according to data of the Imager and Photometer), the speed of vertical drift ~E ~B (hF=t) is below 20m/s, that is the threshold found for Anderson al., (2004) (>20m/s as condition favorable to the formation of irregularities and increase in the scintillation index). This reduction of the speed is due to solar minimum

Circulação recente de sedimentos costeiros nas praias de santos durante eventos de tempestades: Dados para a gestão de impactos físicos costeiros

The beachs of Santos are situated in Santos Bay, central portion of paulista coast, in São Paulo state. This beachs are frequently affected by cold fronts with winds and currents from the South. These fronts are responsible for the removal and transport of sediments (sand) in Santos beaches. In order to quantify this sedimentation the channels of Santos were analysed, due to their function as box colectors of sediments during storm events. The channels are filled by sands, which volume in channels 1 to 6 was estimated, by using the length, width and height of sand sedimented in the channels, in the event of 22-27 april 2005. The chanels 2, 3 and 1 presented the larger volumes of sands, confirming that the central and SW portion of the beaches of Santos present higher levels of sedimentation or re-sedimentation. That is due to the transport by ocean waves and currents and currents from the Channel of the Port of Santos. This central portion suffer invasion of marine water over street and buildings, caracterizated of geological rise area.

Iniciação de tempestades convectivas em um ambiente tropical úmido

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Distribuição de raios, precipitação e casos de tempestades severas na Amazônia Oriental

O objetivo deste é analisar a relação entre raios e precipitação, sobre diferentes tipos de superfície terrestre e através de estudos de caso de tempestades severas, durante o período de dezembro de 2006 à dezembro de 2008. Os estudos foram feitos dentro de uma área definida pelas coordenadas geográficas 0° a 6° S e 50° a 47° W, abrangendo partes dos estados do Pará, Maranhão e extremo norte de Tocantins.Essa região de estudo foi escolhida por estar localizada em uma área central em relação à localização dos sensores da rede de detecção de raios do Sistema de Proteção Amazônia (RDR-SIPAM) e que contém a maior parte das linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica da região. Os dados de chuva foram coletados por 46 pluviômetros digitais das estações meteorológicas do INMET e HIDROWEB- ANA. Nas análises dos dias de tempestades severas, também foram utilizados dados de pluviômetro de alta resolução temporal operado pela CPRM em Belém. Para classificação dos tipos de superfície e em particular da cobertura vegetal, foram utilizadas as informações de banco de dados sobre Recursos Naturais do IBGE. Para um melhor detalhamento sobre a relação entre raios, precipitação e tipos de superfície, a área de estudo foi dividida em três sub-áreas que possuem características fisiográficas distintas. A Área 1 inclui a Ilha do Marajó e a grande massa d'água da foz do Rio Amazonas e oceano Atlântico próximo. A Área 2 possui 60% de cobertura por floresta. A Área 3 tem 62% de cobertura por áreas agrícolas e/ou pastagens. Os sistemas meteorológicos de larga escala produtores de chuva e raios foram analisados tanto para as 3 áreas consideradas, como nos casos de tempestades severas em torno de Belém. Nessas tempestades foi observado, em quase todos os casos, que os raios antecedem as chuvas. Em geral ficou evidenciada a influencia sazonal na densidade de ocorrência de raios sobre os diferentes tipos de superfície. Todavia, esse trabalho também mostrou que as condições meteorológicas determinam mais amplamente as magnitudes dessa variável. Isso pode ser observado com bastante clareza nos estudos de casos de tempestades severas, onde a ZCIT e as LI`s são fatores determinantes da precipitação e conseqüentemente dos raios ocorridos em Belém.

Climatologia de tempestades na área central do Estado de São Paulo usando radar meteorológico

A climatological characterization of storm properties during two summer seasons, viz. 1998-1999 and 1999-2000, based on observations from the Bauru S-band Doppler radar, was obtained from the TITAN Software of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (Boulder, Co), implemented at IPMet. Parameters, such as mean volume, mean area, mean and maximum echo tops, mean and maximum reflectivity, as well as speed and direction of precipitating systems were determined using the reflectivity >25, 30 and 40 dBZ and a volume >30 km3 as thresholds for storm identification. For the first time, the spatial distributions of these parameters were determined in the central State of São Paulo, based on radar observations. It was found that some preferential areas, where most of the convective activity was concentrated during the study period, were located along the Tietê River. The mean maximum reflectivity field has highlighted preferential regions for convection to develop over the metropolitan area of Campinas, which in turn was reinforced by the distribution of the echo tops and reflectivity >40 dBZ.

Estudos de distúrbios ionosféricos propagantes de larga escala (LSTID’S) na região equatorial durante grandes tempestades magnéticas: estudo de casos

The Ionospheric Disturbances – TIDs – are irregularities on the ionospheric plasma propagating in speeds in the order of tens to a few hundreds of meters per second. This present study detected and characterized the TIDs of LSTIDs (Large Scale Travelling Ionospheric Disturbance) type at low latitudes during intense geomagnetic storms and its propagation over the Brazilian sector. This work also shows as being the first to report systematically propagation of gravity waves over Natal. For this purpose, we used ionospheric records obtained from type of digisonde CADI (Canadiam Advanced Digital Ionosonde) located in Natal and the type DSP (Digisonde Portable Souder) located in Cachoeira Paulista, Fortaleza and São Luis, whereupon we used a dataset of 12 years collected by INPE (National Institute of Space Research). In this study, both calm days, that preceded the storms, and the geomagnetically disturbed days were related during the years 2000 and 1012, which cover a period of maximum and minimum solar activity. And it is presented the variations that happened in the electron density from region F of the ionosphere over the Brazilian sector, especially near the Equator (Natal, Fortaleza and São Luis), caused by ionospheric disturbances in the equatorial region during intense geomagnetic storms, because, as we know of the literature in this area, this phenomenon contributes positively to the emergence of LSTIDs in the auroral region, which may move to the equatorial region where a few cases have been documented and studied systematically. From the observation of signatures if TIDs in ionogram records, a study of the morphology of these events was performed and compared with the main characteristics of the wave of this phenomenon during great magnetic storms, i.e., DST <(-200 nT) and KP > 6. Thus, we obtained the main characteristics of TIDs over our region, i.e., period, vertical wavelength, phase and propagation speed, as well as the delay of these disturbances compared to the beginning of the magnetic storms to the Brazilian Sector.

Estudo da variabilidade da deriva vertical do plasma ionosférico sobre a região de Natal/RN, Fortaleza/CE e Cachoeira Paulista/SP para alguns casos de tempestades magnéticas de abril a setembro de 2000

In this work are presented the results of research on the variation of vertical plasma drift from the F layer that commonly occurs during the period close to the going down of the sun (between 21UT - 22UT), and consisting of an increase in the F layer in time of day and a drop at night on the cities of Natal / RN (The 33.7º, 5.6º S), Fortaleza / CE (38.45º O, 3.9º S) and Cachoeira Paulista / SP (45.0ºO, 22.7º S ). Thus, data was used (ionograms) virtual height t ( h' ) as a function of the frequency F for the layer of the ionosphere. These data were collected through ionossonda type CADI (Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde) to the cities of Natal and Fortaleza, and the Digisonde DPS to the town of Cachoeira Paulista. They considered only the data available 2000 maximum solar year. With the virtual height ( h' ) data reduced in the frequencies of 6MHz and 5MHz, the next step was to calculate. The results showed that the variability of the vertical drift rate F ionospheric layer periods of magnetic storms is related both to the penetration of the electric fields as the disturbance dynamo electric fields.