Identification of the nuclear factor kappa-beta (NF-kB) in cortical of mice Wistar using Technovit 7200 VCR (R)

Objective: this study aimed to develop a nondecalcified bone sample processing technique enabling immunohistochemical labeling of proteins by kappa-beta nuclear factor (NF-kB) utilizing the Technovit 7200 VCR (R) in adult male Wistar rats. Study Method: A 1.8 mm diameter defect was performed 0.5mm from the femur proximal joint by means of a round bur. Experimental groups were divided according to fixing solution prior to histologic processing: Group 1- ethanol 70%; Group 2-10% buffered formalin; and Group 3- Glycerol diluted in 70% ethanol at a 70/30 ratio + 10% buffered formalin. The post-surgical periods ranged from 01 to 24 hours. Control groups included a nonsurgical procedure group (NSPG) and surgical procedures where bone exposure was performed (SPBE) without drilling. Prostate carcinoma was the positive control (PC) and samples subjected to incomplete immunohistochemistry protocol were the negative control (NC). Following euthanization, all samples were kept at 4 degrees C for 7 days, and were dehydrated in a series of alcohols at -20 degrees C. The polymer embedding procedure was performed at ethanol/polymer ratios of 70%-30%, 50%-50%, 30%-70%, 100%, and 100% for 72 hours at -20 degrees C. Polymerization followed the manufacturer`s recommendation. The samples were grounded and polished to 10-15 mu m thickness, and were deacrylated. The sections were rehydrated and were submitted to the primary polyclonal antibody anti-NF-kB on a 1:75 dilution for 12 hours at room temperature. Results: Microscopy showed that the Group 2 presented positive reaction to NF-kB, diffuse reactions for NSPG and SPBE, and no reaction for the NC group. Conclusion: The results obtained support the feasibility of the developed immunohistochemistry technique.

Atmospheric chemistry of C4F9OC2H5 (HFE-7200), C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100), C3F7OCH3 (HFE-7000) and C3F7CH2OH: temperature dependence of the kinetics of their reactions with OH radicals, atmospheric lifetimes and global warming potentials

The atmospheric chemistry of several gases used in industrial applications, C4F9OC2H5 (HFE-7200), C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100), C3F7OCH3 (HFE-7000) and C3F7CH2OH, has been studied. The discharge flow technique coupled with mass-spectrometric detection has been used to study the kinetics of their reactions with OH radicals as a function of temperature. The infrared spectra of the compounds have also been measured. The following Arrhenius expressions for the reactions were determined (in units of cm3 molecule-1 s-1): k(OH + HFE-7200) = (6.9+2.3-1.7) × 10-11 exp(-(2030 ± 190)/T); k(OH + HFE-7100) = (2.8+3.2-1.5) × 10-11 exp(-(2200 ± 490)/T); k(OH + HFE-7000) = (2.0+1.2-0.7) × 10-11 exp(-(2130 ± 290)/T); and k(OH + C3F7CH2OH) = (1.4+0.3-0.2) × 10-11 exp(-(1460 ± 120)/T). From the infrared spectra, radiative forcing efficiencies were determined and compared with earlier estimates in the literature. These were combined with the kinetic data to estimate 100-year time horizon global warming potentials relative to CO2 of 69, 337, 499 and 36 for HFE-7200, HFE-7100, HFE-7000 and CF3CF2CF2CH2OH, respectively.

An application of near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy to the study of selected minerals

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a somewhat unutilised technique for the study of minerals. The technique has the ability to determine water content, hydroxyl groups and transition metals. In this paper we show the application of NIR spectroscopy to the study of selected minerals. The structure and spectral properties of two Cu-tellurite minerals graemite and teineite are compared with bismuth containing tellurite mineral smirnite by the application of NIR and IR spectroscopy. The position of Cu2+ bands and their splitting in the electronic spectra of tellurites are in conformity with octahedral geometry distortion. The spectral pattern of smirnite resembles graemite and the observed band at 10855 cm-1 with a weak shoulder at 7920 cm-1 is identified as due to Cu2+ ion. Any transition metal impurities may be identified by their bands in this spectral region. Three prominent bands observed in the region of 7200-6500 cm-1 are the overtones of water whilst the weak bands observed near 6200 cm-1in tellurites may be attributed to the hydrogen bonding between (TeO3)2- and H2O. The observation of a number of bands centred at around 7200 cm-1 confirms molecular water in tellurite minerals. A number of overlapping bands in the low wavenumbers 4500-4000 cm-1 is the result of combinational modes of (TeO3)2−ion. The appearance of the most intense peak at 5200 cm-1 with a pair of weak bands near 6000 cm-1 is a common feature in all the spectra and is related to the combinations of OH vibrations of water molecules, and bending vibrations ν2 (δ H2O). Bending vibrations δ H2O observed in the IR spectra shows a single band for smirnite at 1610 cm-1. The resolution of this band into number of components is evidenced for non-equivalent types of molecular water in graemite and teineite. (TeO3)2- stretching vibrations are characterized by three main absorptions at 1080, 780 and 695 cm-1.

Spectroscopy of selected copper group minerals : chalcophyllite and chenevixite-implications for hydrogen bonding

NIR and IR spectroscopy has been applied for detection of chemical species and the nature of hydrogen bonding in arsenate complexes. The structure and spectral properties of copper(II) arsenate minerals chalcophyllite and chenevixite are compared with copper(II) sulphate minerals devilline, chalcoalumite and caledonite. Split NIR bands in the electronic spectrum of two ranges 11700-8500 cm-1 and 8500-7200 cm-1 confirm distortion of octahedral symmetry for Cu(II) in the arsenate complexes. The observed bands with maxima at 9860 and 7750 cm-1 are assigned to Cu(II) transitions 2B1g ® 2B2g and 2B1g ® 2A1g. Overlapping bands in the NIR region 4500-4000 cm-1 is the effect of multi anions OH-, (AsO4)3- and (SO4)2-. The observation of broad and diffuse bands in the range 3700-2900 cm-1 confirms strong hydrogen bonding in chalcophyllite relative to chenevixite. The position of the water bending vibrations indicates the water is strongly hydrogen bonded in the mineral structure. The strong absorption feature centred at 1644 cm-1 in chalcophyllite indicates water is strongly hydrogen bonded in the mineral structure. The H2O-bending vibrations shift to low wavenumbers in chenevixite and an additional band observed at 1390 cm-1 is related to carbonate impurity. The characterisation of IR spectra by ν3 antisymmetric stretching vibrations of (SO4)2- and (AsO4)3 ions near 1100 and 800 cm-1 respectively is the result of isomorphic substitution for arsenate by sulphate in both the minerals of chalcophyllite and chenevixite.

Postoperative chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Postoperative chemotherapy is currently not recommended for resected non-small cell lung cancer in many countries and centers. Recently, results of several large randomized clinical trials were reported with conflicting evidence. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether postoperative chemotherapy is associated with improved survival compared with that after surgical intervention alone. Methods Randomized clinical trials with cisplatin- or uracil plus ftorafur-containing regimens were included and evaluated separately. A systematic review that included randomized clinical trials performed before 1995 was identified and found to be of adequate quality. Further randomized controlled trials were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register from 1995 through 2004. In addition, the reference lists of articles and conference abstracts were searched. The logarithm of the hazard ratio and its standard error were calculated, and a fixed-effect model was used to combine the estimates. Results There were 7200 patients enrolled in 19 trials included in the analyses. An overall estimate of 13% relative reduction in mortality (95% confidence interval, 7%-19%) was found. There was 11% relative reduction in mortality associated with postoperative cisplatin (95% confidence interval, 4%-18%; P = .004) and 17% associated with uracil plus ftorafur (95% confidence interval, 5%-27%; P = .006) compared with that after surgical intervention alone. This means that there would be an additional survivor at 5 years for 25 patients treated with cisplatin or for 30 patients treated with uracil plus ftorafur. Conclusions Postoperative chemotherapy is associated with improved survival compared with that after surgical intervention alone. Selected patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer should be offered chemotherapy. Copyright © 2004 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery.

Prediction of mortality and conception rates of beef breeding cattle in northern Australia

In current simulation packages for the management of extensive beef-cattle enterprises, the relationships for the key biological rates (namely conception and mortality) are quite rudimentary. To better estimate these relationships, cohort-level data covering 17 100 cow-years from six sites across northern Australia were collated and analysed. Further validation data, from 7200 cow-years, were then used to test these relationships. Analytical problems included incomplete and non-standardised data, considerable levels of correlation among the 'independent' variables, and the close similarity of alternate possible models. In addition to formal statistical analyses of these data, the theoretical equations for predicting mortality and conception rates in the current simulation models were reviewed, and then reparameterised and recalibrated where appropriate. The final models explained up to 80% of the variation in the data. These are now proposed as more accurate and useful models to be used in the prediction of biological rates in simulation studies for northern Australia. © The State of Queensland (through the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) 2012. © CSIRO.

Environmental change and anthropogenic impact on lake sediments during the Holocene in the Finnish - Karelian inland area

This thesis discusses the prehistoric human disturbance during the Holocene by means of case studies using detailed high-resolution pollen analysis from lake sediment. The four lakes studied are situated between 61o 40' and 61o 50' latitudes in the Finnish Karelian inland area and vary between 2.4 and 28.8 ha in size. The existence of Early Metal Age population was one important question. Another study question concerned the development of grazing, and the relationship between slash-and-burn cultivation and permanent field cultivation. The results were presented as pollen percentages and pollen concentrations (grains cm 3). Accumulation values (grains cm 2 yr 1) were calculated for Lake Nautajärvi and Lake Orijärvi sediment, where the sediment accumulation rate was precisely determined. Sediment properties were determined using loss-on-ignition (LOI) and magnetic susceptibility (k). Dating methods used include both conventional and AMS 14C determinations, paleomagnetic dating and varve choronology. The isolation of Lake Kirjavalampi on the northern shore of Lake Ladoga took place ca. 1460 1300 BC. The long sediment cores from Finland, Lake Kirkkolampi and Lake Orijärvi in southeastern Finland and Lake Nautajärvi in south central Finland all extended back to the Early Holocene and were isolated from the Baltic basin ca. 9600 BC, 8600 BC and 7675 BC, respectively. In the long sediment cores, the expansion of Alnus was visible between 7200 - 6840 BC. The spread of Tilia was dated in Lake Kirkkolampi to 6600 BC, in Lake Orijärvi to 5000 BC and at Lake Nautajärvi to 4600 BC. Picea is present locally in Lake Kirkkolampi from 4340 BC, in Lake Orijärvi from 6520 BC and in Lake Nautajärvi from 3500 BC onwards. The first modifications in the pollen data, apparently connected to anthropogenic impacts, were dated to the beginning of the Early Metal Period, 1880 1600 BC. Anthropogenic activity became clear in all the study sites by the end of the Early Metal Period, between 500 BC AD 300. According to Secale pollen, slash-and-burn cultivation was practised around the eastern study lakes from AD 300 600 onwards, and at the study site in central Finland from AD 880 onwards. The overall human impact, however, remained low in the studied sites until the Late Iron Age. Increasing human activity, including an increase in fire frequency was detected from AD 800 900 onwards in the study sites in eastern Finland. In Lake Kirkkolampi, this included cultivation on permanent fields, but in Lake Orijärvi, permanent field cultivation became visible as late as AD 1220, even when the macrofossil data demonstrated the onset of cultivation on permanent fields as early as the 7th century AD. On the northern shore of Lake Ladoga, local activity became visible from ca. AD 1260 onwards and at Lake Nautajärvi, sediment the local occupation was traceable from 1420 AD onwards. The highest values of Secale pollen were recorded both in Lake Orijärvi and Lake Kirjavalampi between ca. AD 1700 1900, and could be associated with the most intensive period of slash-and-burn from AD 1750 to 1850 in eastern Finland.

Combination antiretroviral therapy -associated lipodystrophy : insights into pathogenesis and treatment

Introduction: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased morbidity and mortality of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Its use, however, is associated with adverse effects which increase the patients risk of conditions such as diabetes and coronary heart disease. Perhaps the most stigmatizing side effect is lipodystrophy, i.e., the loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in the face, limbs and trunk while fat accumulates intra-abdominally and dorsocervically. The pathogenesis of cART-associated lipodystrophy is obscure. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) have been implicated to cause lipoatrophy via mitochondrial toxicity. There is no known effective treatment for cART-associated lipodystrophy during unchanged antiretroviral regimen in humans, but in vitro data have shown uridine to abrogate NRTI-induced toxicity in adipocytes. Aims: To investigate whether i) cART or lipodystrophy associated with its use affect arterial stiffness; ii) lipoatrophic SAT is inflamed compared to non-lipoatrophic SAT; iii) abdominal SAT from patients with compared to those without cART-associated lipoatrophy differs with respect to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, adipose tissue inflammation and gene expression, and if NRTIs stavudine and zidovudine are associated with different degree of changes; iv) lipoatrophic abdominal SAT differs from preserved dorsocervical SAT with respect to mtDNA content, adipose tissue inflammation and gene expression in patients with cART-associated lipodystrophy and v) whether uridine can revert lipoatrophy and the associated metabolic disturbances in patients on stavudine or zidovudine based cART. Subjects and methods: 64 cART-treated patients with (n=45) and without lipodystrophy/-atrophy (n=19) were compared cross-sectionally. A marker of arterial stiffness, heart rate corrected augmentation index (AgIHR), was measured by pulse wave analysis. Body composition was measured by magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and liver fat content by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Gene expression and mtDNA content in SAT were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and microarray. Adipose tissue composition and inflammation were assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Dorsocervical and abdominal SAT were studied. The efficacy and safety of uridine for the treatment of cART-associated lipoatrophy were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 3-month trial in 20 lipoatrophic cART-treated patients. Results: Duration of antiretroviral treatment and cumulative exposure to NRTIs and protease inhibitors, but not the presence of cART-associated lipodystrophy, predicted AgIHR independent of age and blood pressure. Gene expression of inflammatory markers was increased in SAT of lipodystrophic as compared to non-lipodystrophic patients. Expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, triglyceride synthesis and glucose disposal was lower and of those involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, apoptosis and oxidative stress higher in SAT of patients with than without cART-associated lipoatrophy. Most changes were more pronounced in stavudine-treated than in zidovudine-treated individuals. Lipoatrophic SAT had lower mtDNA than SAT of non-lipoatrophic patients. Expression of inflammatory genes was lower in dorsocervical than in abdominal SAT. Neither depot had characteristics of brown adipose tissue. Despite being spared from lipoatrophy, dorsocervical SAT of lipodystrophic patients had lower mtDNA than the phenotypically similar corresponding depot of non-lipodystrophic patients. The greatest difference in gene expression between dorsocervical and abdominal SAT, irrespective of lipodystrophy status, was in expression of homeobox genes that regulate transcription and regionalization of organs during embryonal development. Uridine increased limb fat and its proportion of total fat, but had no effect on liver fat content and markers of insulin resistance. Conclusions: Long-term cART is associated with increased arterial stiffness and, thus, with higher cardiovascular risk. Lipoatrophic abdominal SAT is characterized by inflammation, apoptosis and mtDNA depletion. As mtDNA is depleted even in non-lipoatrophic dorsocervical SAT, lipoatrophy is unlikely to be caused directly by mtDNA depletion. Preserved dorsocervical SAT of patients with cART-associated lipodystrophy is less inflamed than their lipoatrophic abdominal SAT, and does not resemble brown adipose tissue. The greatest difference in gene expression between dorsocervical and abdominal SAT is in expression of transcriptional regulators, homeobox genes, which might explain the differential susceptibility of these adipose tissue depots to cART-induced toxicity. Uridine is able to increase peripheral SAT in lipoatrophic patients during unchanged cART.

Dicyanovinyl substituted triarylboranes: a rational approach to distinguish fluoride and cyanide ions

Two new dicyanovinyl (DCV) functionalized triarylboranes (Mes(2)B-pi-spacer-DCV, for 1: pi-spacer = C6H4, for 2: pi-spacer = 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-phenyl) are reported. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 are similar except for the spacer which connects the boryl and DCV units. This small structural perturbation induces drastic changes in the optical properties of 1 and 2. Compound 2 shows weak dual fluorescence emission in nonpolar solvents and a stronger emission in polar solvents. Compound 1 is weakly fluorescent in polar environments but shows an intense single luminescence peak in less polar environments. Compound 1 exhibits a turn-off fluorescence response for both fluoride and cyanide: in contrast, 2 shows a turn on fluorescence response for both anions with different fluorescence signatures. The NMR titration studies reveal that for compound 2, fluoride binds to the boron centre and cyanide binds to the DCV unit. For compound 1, the fluoride ion binds to the boron center, whereas the CN- binds to both the Ar3B and DCV units.

高温空气光学性质的激波管实验研究

本文主要介绍用低密度激波管和辐射计得到的高温空气光谱辐射系数的实验结果,并与国外理论和实验结果进行了比较,同时给出了流场特点和实验结果的分析.实验温度为4380～7500K,密度为1.40×10~(-2)ρο～1.00×10~(-1)ρο(ρο——标准空气密度),光谱皮长为4300,5400,6400,7200和10380(?).

波动方程的边值及沉桩能力预估的新方法

根据文献[1]的锤-垫简化模型和文献[2]的打桩问题波动方程特征线方法,建立了一种新的沉桩分析方法和程序。与WEAP程序对比分析表明,在参数选择恰当的情况下,两者符合良好。同时,该方法可用于预估桩基动测桩顶实测力和速度曲线,为选择合适的锤垫系统,获得高质量的实测曲线提供指导。

Effects of different types of fertilizers on plankton productivity in earthen ponds

Three fertilizer types (NPK, Super-phosphate and cow dung) were applied at two levels (Low, 0.3 kg/25m super(2)/2weeks and High, 0.7kg/25 m super(2)/2weeks) to 12 ponds with two ponds serving as control. Each pond had an area of 25 m super(2). Application of fertilizers and monitoring of plankton productivity and water quality parameters continued fortnightly for 52 days. Results obtained were subjected to Statistical Variance Analysis. The abundance of phytoplankton was in the order: Chlorophyceae > Bacillariophyceae > Cyanophyceae > Desmideaceae. While that of zooplankton followed the order: Crustacean > Rotifer > Protozoan. Primary productivity showed a variation between treatments with lowest value of 5592 mg/O sub(2)/m super(3)/day obtained in the control and cow dung low application rates (1.5 kg/25 m super(2)/2weeks). The highest value for primary productivity was obtained at M sub(2) (0.7 kg/25 m super(2)/2weeks, N.P.K) with primary productivity value of 7200 mg/O sub(2)/m super(3)/day, closely followed by M sub(4) (0.7 kg/25 m super(2)/2weeks, super phosphate) with 6792 mg/O sub(2)/m super(3)/day.

2,4-dimethylene-1,3-cyclobutanediyl and 2,4-dimethylenebicyclobutane. Synthesis, spectroscopy, and reactivity of a triplet biradical and its covalent isomer

The preparation and direct observation of triplet 2,4-dimethylene-1,3- cyclobutanediyl (1), the non-Kekule isomer of benzene, is described. The biradical was generated by photolysis of 5,6-dimethylene-2,3- diazabicyclo[2.1.1]hex-2-ene (2) (which was synthesized in several steps from benzvalene) under cryogenic, matrix-isolation conditions. Biradical 1 was characterized by EPR spectroscopy (‌‌‌‌‌│D/hc│ =0.0204 cm^(-1), │E/hc│ =0.0028 cm^(-1)) and found to have a triplet ground state. The Δm_s= 2 transition displays hyperfine splitting attributed to a 7.3-G coupling to the ring methine and a 5.9-G coupling to the exocyclic methylene protons. Several experiments, including application of the magnetophotoselection (mps) technique in the generation of biradical 1, have allowed a determination of the zero-field triplet sublevels as x = -0.0040, y = +0.0136, and z = -0.0096 cm^(-1), where x and y are respectively the long and short in-plane axes and z the out-of-plane axis of 1.

Triplet 1 is yellow-orange and displays highly structured absorption (λ_(max)= 506 nm) and fluorescence (λ_(max) = 510 nm) spectra, with vibronic spacings of 1520 and 620 cm^(-1) for absorption and 1570 and 620 cm^(-1) for emission. The spectra were unequivocally assigned to triplet 1 by the use of a novel technique that takes advantage of the biradical's photolability. The absorption є = 7200 M^(-1) cm^(-1) and f = 0.022, establishing that the transition is spin-allowed. Further use of the mps technique has demonstrated that the transition is x-polarized, and the excited state 1s therefore of B_(1g) symmetry, in accord with theoretical predictions.

Thermolysis or direct photolysis of diazene 2 in fluid solution produces 2,4- dimethylenebicyclo[l.l.0]butane (3), whose ^(l)H NMR spectrum (-80°C, CD_(2)Cl_(2)) consists of singlets at δ 4.22 and 3.18 in a 2:1 ratio. Compound 3 is thermally unstable and dimerizes with second-order kinetics between -80 and -25°C (∆H^(‡) = 6.8 kcal mol^(-1), (∆s^(‡) = -28 eu) by a mechanism involving direct combination of two molecules of 3 in the rate-determining step. This singlet-manifold reaction ultimately produces a mixture of two dimers, 3,8,9- trimethylenetricyclo[5.1.1.0^(2,5)]non-4-ene (75) and trans-3,10-dimethylenetricyclo[6.2.0.0^(2,5)]deca-4,8-diene (76t), with the former predominating. In contrast, triplet-sensitized photolysis of 2, which leads to triplet 1, provides, in addition to 75 and 76t, a substantial amount of trans-5,10- dimethylenetricyclo[6.2.0.0^(3,6)]deca-3,8-diene (77t) and small amounts of two unidentified dimers.

In addition, triplet biradical 1 ring-closes to 3 in rigid media both thermally (77-140 K) and photochemically. In solution 3 forms triplet 1 upon energy transfer from sensitizers having relatively low triplet energies. The implications of the thermal chemistry for the energy surfaces of the system are discussed.

Avaliação tridimensional da sínfise mandibular em crânios secos e sua associação com diferentes classificações de tipos faciais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um estudo morfológico quantitativo e qualitativo da região da sínfise mandibular (SM), através da construção de modelos tridimensionais (3D) e avaliar o seu grau de associação com diferentes classificações de padrões faciais. Foram avaliados 61 crânios secos humanos de adultos jovens com oclusão normal, com idade entre 18 e 45 anos e dentadura completa. Tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC) de todos os crânios foram obtidas de forma padronizada. O padrão facial foi determinado por método antropométrico e cefalométrico. Utilizando o critério antropométrico, tomando como referência o índice facial (IF), o padrão facial foi classificado em: euriprósopo (≤84,9), mesoprósopo (85,0 - 89,9) e leptoprósopo (≥90,0). Pelo critério cefalométrico, o plano mandibular (FMA) determinou o padrão facial em curto (≤21,0), médio (21,1 - 29,0) e longo (≥29,1); e o índice de altura facial (IAF) classificou a face em hipodivergente (≥0,750), normal (0,749 - 0,650) e hiperdivergente (≤0,649). A construção de modelos 3D, representativos da região da SM, foi realizada com o auxílio do software ITK-SNAP. Os dentes presentes nesta região, incisivos, caninos e pré-molares inferiores, foram separados do modelo por técnica de segmentação semi-automática, seguida de refinamento manual. Em seguida, foram obtidos modelos 3D somente com o tecido ósseo, possibilitando a mensuraçãodo volume ósseo em mm3 (VOL) e da densidade radiográfica, pela média de intensidade dos voxels (Mvox). No programa Geomagic Studio 10 foi feita uma superposição anatômica dos modelos 3D em bestfit para estabelecer um plano de corte padronizado na linha média. Para cada sínfise foi medida a altura (Alt), a largura (Larg) e calculado o índice de proporção entre altura e largura (PAL). A avaliação da presença de defeitos alveolares foi feita diretamente na mandíbula,obtendo-se a média de todas as alturas ósseas alveolares (AltOss) e a média da dimensão das deiscências presentes (Medef). O índice de correlação intra-classe (ICC) com valores entre 0,923 a 0,994,indicou alta reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade das variáveis medidas. As diferenças entre os grupos, determinados pelas classificações do padrão facial (IF, FMA e IAF), foram avaliadas através da análise de variância (oneway ANOVA) seguida do teste post-hoc de Tukey. O grau de associação entre o padrão facial e as variáveis Vol, Mvox, PAL, Alt, Larg, AltOss e Medef foi avaliado pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson com um teste t para r. Os resultados indicaram ausência de diferença ou associação entre o volume, densidade radiográfica e presença de defeitos alveolares da SM e o padrão facial quando determinado pelo IF, FMA e IAF. Verificou-se tendência de SM mais longas nos indivíduos com face alongada, porém a largura não mostrou associação com o padrão facial. Estes resultados sugerem que as classificações utilizadas para determinar o padrão facial não representam satisfatoriamente o caráter 3D da face humana e não estão associadas com a morfologia da SM.

典型草原优势植物养分回收特性对养分和水分梯度变化的响应

养分回收是植物衰老时，养分从衰老组织向活的组织体转移的一种过程。该过程延长了养分在植物体内的滞留时间，提高了植物保持养分的能力，因此是植物适应养分贫瘠生境的策略之一。全球气候变化，包括降水格局改变和氮（N）沉降增加，改变了生态系统正常的生物地球化学循环，因此可能会对植物的养分回收特性产生影响。研究不同N、磷（P）、水梯度上，植物物种养分回收特性的响应格局，对于预测N沉降增加和降水格局改变对物种养分利用策略的潜在影响，具有一定的理论与实践意义。本研究以中国科学院植物研究所多伦恢复生态学实验站长期施N肥实验（0，1，2，4，8，16，32，64 g N m-2 yr-1等8个水平）为研究平台研究了克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）群落中优势植物养分回收随N素添加梯度的变化，同时结合三个盆栽控制实验（施N肥实验：0，0.5，1，2，4，8，16，32，64，128 g N m-2等10个水平;施P肥实验：梯度同施N肥实验;控水实验：3600，4000，4500，5143，6000，7200，9000，12000，18000，36000 mL pot-1等10个水平），主要探讨了羊草（Leymus chinensis）养分回收效率（从衰老组织中回收转移的养分百分数，RE）和养分回收度（以枯叶中养分浓度衡量，RP）以及其它叶片养分特性(绿叶养分浓度和比叶面积SLA)对环境因子改变的响应格局。同时，我们还调查了枯叶C:N比和C:P比等参数，研究环境因子改变对凋落物分解的影响。 1）连续4年施N肥显著降低了五个物种叶片N素回收度（NRP），对P素回收度（PRP）的影响在各物种间差异较大，但低N提高了多数物种的PRP;物种间，冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）RP（枯叶N和P浓度分别为14.3±2.0 mg g-1和0.68±0.09 mg g-1）最低，砂韭（Allium bidentatum）（N：5.2±0.2 mg g-1，P：0.12±0.01 mg g-1）最高。沿施N梯度，N素回收效率（NRE）的变化趋势在物种间差异较小但在方法间（叶干重水平，叶面积水平和单株水平）差异较大，而P素回收效率（PRE）的变化在物种间和方法间差别都较大。叶干重水平和叶面积水平上，NRE在四个物种中表现出显著降低的趋势，PRE只在糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）和星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）中显著降低，其它三个物种变化不显著。单株水平上，所有物种NRE（除了克氏针茅）和PRE均与施N量梯度无显著性关系。物种间，砂韭的RE最高（＞80.0%），冷蒿和星毛委陵菜最低（＜60.0%）。方法间，叶片水平上的RE均高于单株水平上。沿施N肥梯度，两个禾本科物种SLA无显著变化规律，而其它三个物种SLA表现出先增加后变化不大的趋势。物种间，最高和最低的SLA分别表现在冷蒿和克氏针茅。沿施N肥梯度，五个物种C:N比呈先显著降低后缓慢降低的趋势。物种间，最大和最小的C:N比分别出现在砂韭和冷蒿。 2）盆栽施N肥实验中，一定范围内，施N肥显著提高了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA和绿叶N浓度，显著降低了C:N比、NRP、NRE和PRE，但对绿叶P浓度、叶片PRP和C:P比无明显影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为16.2 mg g-1和1.01 mg g-1，平均NRE和PRE分别为46.1﹪和58.1﹪。10月时，地下生物量和养分积累均高于地上部分。 3）盆栽施P肥实验中，一定范围内，施P肥显著地提高了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA、绿叶N浓度和绿叶P浓度，显著降低了C:N比、C:P比、NRP、PRP和PRE，但对NRE无显著影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为9.9 mg g-1和7.43 mg g-1，平均NRE和PRE分别为58.2﹪，平均PRE为56.1﹪。10月时地下部分生物量和N库积累均高于地上部分，而P库在两个部分间差别不大。 4）盆栽控水实验中，一定范围内，供水量增加显著增加了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA、NRP、PRP、PRE、C:N比和C:P比，显著降低了绿叶N浓度，但对绿叶P浓度和NRE无显著性影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为10.4 mg g-1和0.32 mg g-1，平均NRE和PRE分别为54.4﹪和76.8﹪。10月时，地下部分生物量和养分积累均高于地上部分。 以上结果表明，N、P和水分因子的改变影响了植物生物量和养分分配、叶片养分特性、养分回收能力以及枯叶分解质量等，且不同梯度影响程度也不同。因此，未来全球变化包括N沉降增加和降水格局改变可能影响植物养分利用策略和凋落物分解特性，进而可能对植被-土壤系统养分循环产生影响。