Using AHP and the IPMA Competence Baseline in the project managers selection process

This paper proposes the joint use of the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and the ICB (IPMA Competence Baseline), as a tool for the decision-making process of selecting the most suitable managers for projects. A hierarchical structure, comprising the IPMA’s ICB 3.0 contextual, behavioural and technical competence elements, is constructed for the selection of project managers. It also describes the AHP implementation, illustrating the whole process with an example using all the 46 ICB competence elements as model criteria. This tool can be of high interest to decision-makers because it allows comparing the candidates for managing a project using a systematic and rigorous process with a rich set of proven criteria.

New research literacies for contemporary research into literacy and new media?

The term literacy remains highly contested and debates continue about how literacy might best be researched and to what ends. For some, literacy is simply a matter of acquiring the technical competence which enables people to read and write. Literacy research conducted from this point of view does not usually concern itself with the new media but rather focuses on how people learn to code and decode print text. For others, however, literacy is more complex and involves learning a repertoire of practices for communicating and getting things done in particular social and cultural contexts. Literacy research conducted from this sociocultural point of view accepts that the new media are central to the field because in everyday cultural practice people are using the new media to make meaning, to express themselves and to communicate and work with others. Socio-cultural approaches to literacy research have already provided rich material which has assisted educators to understand literacy practices in everyday use (e.g. Barton & Hamilton, 1998; Barton, Hamilton and Ivanic, 2000) including children’s appropriation of the media in school-based writing (Dyson, 1997). However, the changing semiotic and cultural practices associated with new media and online participation have less frequently been the object of study...

Understanding QC and EQA : an authentic learning model for undergraduate students (Conference Abstract)

Introduction QC and EQA are integral to good pathology laboratory practice. Medical Laboratory Science students undertake a project exploring internal QC and EQA procedures used in chemical pathology laboratories. Each student represents an individual lab and the class group represents the peer group of labs performing the same assay using the same method. Methods Using a manual BCG assay for serum albumin, normal and abnormal controls are run with a patient sample over 7 weeks. The QC results are assessed each week using calculated z-scores and both 2S & 3S control rules to determine whether a run is ‘in control’. At the end of the 7 weeks a completed LJ chart is assessed using the Westgard Multirules. Students investigate causes of error and the implications for both lab practice and patient care if runs are not ‘in control’. Twice in the 7 weeks two EQA samples (with target values unknown) are assayed alongside the weekly QC and patient samples. Results from each student are collated and form the basis of an EQA program. ALP are provided and students complete a Youden Plot, which is used to analyse the performance of each ‘lab’ and the method to identify bias. Students explore the concept of possible clinical implications of a biased method and address the actions that should be taken if a lab is not in consensus with the peer group. Conclusion This project is a model of ‘real world’ practice in which student demonstrate an understanding of the importance of QC procedures in a pathology laboratory, apply and interpret statistics and QC rules and charts, apply critical thinking and analytical skills to quality performance data to make recommendations for further practice and improve their technical competence and confidence.

Income Tax : Text, Materials and Essential Cases [8th ed.]

Tax law and policy is a vital part of Australian society. Australian society insists that the Federal Government provide extensive public programs, such as health services, education, social security, foreign aid, legal infra¬structure, regulation, police services, national defence and funding for sports development. These programs are costly to provide and are funded by taxation. The aim of this book is to introduce and explain the principles of tax law and tax policy in plain English. The book contains detailed commentary on tax principles together with extracts from cases and materials that illustrate the application of the principles. The book considers tax policy and the economic and social aspects of tax law. While tax students must develop technical competence in tax law, given the speed with which changes are made to the technical details of tax law, it is also important to grasp tax principles and policy to understand why tax law has changed or why it should change. The chapters are structured to direct readers to the key provisions of the tax law. Each case is introduced by an explanation of the facts, followed by the taxpayer’s arguments, the Commissioner’s assertions and the decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal or a court. The commentary guides readers through the issues considered in the judgments. The book contains extracts from: articles; materials dealing with tax policy; and the Commissioner’s rulings. The book also has references for further reading and medium-neutral citations (Internet citations) for cases decided since 1998.

Gender, sexuality, and rurality in the mining industry

Sexuality is a subject that has been, at best, marginal in the significant body of literature that has examined gender and mining in contemporary Western nations. This is despite the fact that academics have circled, if not almost bumped into the topic in closely related discussions of hegemonic masculinity and mining work, and of patriarchal familial relations and mining communities. This scholarship has documented what has been and remains women’s primary relationship to mining—that is, as a “mining wife.” How patriarchal relations are manifest in and emerge from this state of affairs has been critiqued with research on the gendered implications of housing arrangements in mining towns, the division of household labor, changing shift-work mining rosters, and the gendered consequences of strikes and mine closures (Williams 1981; Gibson 1992; Gibson-Graham 1996; Rhodes 2005; McDonald, Mayes, and Pini 2012). Despite the centrality of the heterosexual relationship—and indeed heteronormativity—to these discussions, scholars of gender and mining have had little to say on the subject of sexuality. In response to this lacuna, this chapter takes an exploratory lens to the subject of sexuality and the mining industry. We approach the task from the perspective that the mining industry is gendered as masculine. That is, definitions of mining mobilize around masculinized notions of physicality, technical competence with machinery, and strength, as well as emphasize the harshness and dirtiness of the work (Mayes and Pini 2010).

Perceived safety, quality and cultural competency of maternity care for culturally and linguistically diverse women in Queensland

Various policies, plans, and initiatives have been implemented to provide safe, quality, and culturally competent care to patients within Queensland’s healthcare system. A series of models of maternity care are available in Queensland that range from standard public care to private midwifery care. The current study aimed to determine whether identifying as Culturally or Linguistically Diverse (CALD) was associated with the perceived safety, quality, and cultural competency of maternity care from a consumer perspective, and to identify specific needs and preferences of CALD maternity care consumers. Secondary analysis of data collected in the Having a Baby in Queensland Survey 2012 was used to compare the experiences of 655 CALD women to those of 4049 non-CALD women in Queensland, Australia, across three stages of maternity care: pregnancy, labour and birth, and after birth. After adjustment for model of maternity care received and socio-demographic characteristics, CALD women were significantly more likely than non-CALD women to experience suboptimal staff technical competence in pregnancy, overall perceived safety in pregnancy and labour/birth, and interpersonal sensitivity in pregnancy and labour/birth. Approximately 50% of CALD women did not have the choice to use a translator or interpreter, or the gender of their care provider, during labour and birth. Thirteen themes of preferences and needs of CALD maternity care consumers based on ethnicity, cultural beliefs, or traditions were identified, however, these were rarely met. Findings imply that CALD women in Queensland experience disadvantageous maternity care with regards to perceived staff technical competence, safety, and interpersonal sensitivity, and receive care that lacks cultural competence. Improved access to support persons, continuity and choice of carer, and staff availability and training is recommended.

External support and innovation performance of SMEs in Bangalore: Role of firm level factors

This paper probes the role of internal factors in SMEs in obtaining external support and achieving innovation performance in the context of auto component, electronics and machine tool industries of Bangalore in India. Using step-wise logistic regression analysis, the study found that only if SMEs have internal technical competence in terms of technically qualified entrepreneur, an exclusive design centre, and innovate more frequently, they will be able to obtain external support. Further using step-wise multiple regression the study concluded that SMEs which have come up to implement innovative ideas or exploit market opportunities and which have obtained external support with technically qualified entrepreneurs are able to exhibit better innovation performance.

Confiabilidade Metrológica: o caso da análise de DQO em um laboratório acadêmico.

Desde 2004, o CONAMA (Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente), através de sua Resolução n 344, vem exigindo que as análises físicas, químicas e biológicas em matrizes ambientais sejam realizadas em laboratórios ambientais que possuam sua competência técnica reconhecida formalmente através da acreditação concedida pelo Inmetro. Assim, algumas Unidades Federativas vem adotando o mesmo critério para cadastramento de laboratórios em seus bancos de dados. Com isso, houve um crescimento no número de acreditações: em 2002 haviam 12 laboratórios acreditados e em 2012 foram concedidas 198 acreditações a laboratórios ambientais. A adoção da ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025 como padrão de trabalho, além de atender as legislações vigentes, possui as seguintes vantagens: satisfação do cliente, credibilidade e melhoria contínua do laboratório, melhoria da capacitação profissional e a conquista de um mercado mais amplo. Buscando adequar-se a essa realidade, apesar de todas as dificuldades inerentes ao processo de implementação dos requisitos da ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025 em laboratórios universitários e de pesquisa, o Laboratório de Engenharia Sanitária (LES/DESMA) priorizou a adequação da determinação da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) aos requisitos técnicos da ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025:2005, por ser um parâmetro indicador global de matéria orgânica em águas residuárias e superficiais e ser amplamente utilizado no monitoramento de estações de tratamento de efluentes líquidos e pelo fato deste poder ser determinado por duas técnicas analíticas distintas: espectrofotometria e colorimetria. Em razão deste cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho dos métodos 5220 B e 5220 D descritos pelo Standard Methods, através dos parâmetros de validação de métodos analíticos. Ambos os métodos mostraram-se adequados ao uso a que se destinam e o limite de quantificação determinado apresentou-se compatível com o praticado com os laboratórios acreditados. As incertezas foram calculadas de forma a quantificar a qualidade do resultado.

Atribuindo significados as enfermeiras obstétricas: uma construção social sob a ótica das usuárias na perspectiva do interacionismo simbólico

O presente estudo teve como objetivos: identificar o significado de Enfermeira Obstétrica para as usuárias; analisar os significados atribuídos à Enfermeira Obstétrica pelas usuárias; e, desenvolver um modelo teórico explicativo da construção do significado de Enfermeira Obstétrica sob a ótica das usuárias. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa interpretada pelo Interacionismo Simbólico, como referencial teórico e, tendo a Grounded Theory, como referencial metodológico. Foram participantes da pesquisa, 20 (vinte) usuárias atendidas por Enfermeiras Obstétricas em diversos cenários de cuidado, tais como: domicílio, Unidades Básicas de Saúde, Maternidades, Casas de Parto/Centros de Parto Normal de diversos municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - durante o pré-natal, trabalho de parto e parto. A coleta dos dados ocorreu entre setembro de 2012 e julho de 2014, após este projeto ter sido aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/UERJ/SR2 em julho de 2012. Utilizou-se a entrevista semi-estruturada gravada, iniciada com uma questão comum: Fale-me como foi sua gestação, seu acompanhamento pré-natal e seu parto. Os resultados revelam que as usuárias chegam até as enfermeiras obstétricas porque procuram por alguém que atenda seu desejo de vivenciar uma gestação e um parto natural sem intervenções desnecessárias e com a presença de familiares, principalmente os companheiros. Fica evidente, neste estudo, que as usuárias desconhecem, até o estabelecimento da interação social, a profissional enfermeira obstétrica e chegam até elas por: indicação de amigos e/ou familiares; por indicação de outros profissionais de saúde (enfermeiras, fisioterapeutas ou médicos); ou por intermédio de grupos de mulheres nas redes sociais. Vale ressaltar que, as mulheres que optaram por serem atendidas por enfermeiras obstétricas durante o pré-natal, trabalham de parto e parto, buscaram informações sobre gestação, fisiologia do trabalho de parto, atuação e formação as enfermeiras obstétricas, direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, legislação sobre direitos dos usuários dos serviços de saúde, dentre outros, nas redes sociais; compartilharam vivências em grupos na internet e acabaram referenciando as enfermeiras obstétricas a outras mulheres. A análise comparativa dos dados identificou três categorias: Desejando vivenciar o parto natural; Procurando alguém que atenda o desejo de vivenciar o parto natural; e Encontrando e vivenciando os cuidados da Enfermeira Obstétrica. As usuárias agem em relação às Enfermeiras Obstétricas com base no significado que estas têm para ela, ou seja, apresentam como símbolos significantes para o objeto social Enfermeiras Obstétricas: aquela que presta um cuidado concreto, um cuidado abstrato, um cuidado afetivo e um cuidado com conhecimento científico. Os significados retratam que o vínculo estabelecido entre as envolvidas extrapola a competência técnica e ratificam que, a necessidade de vínculo pessoal é imprescindível para que o cuidado humanizado aconteça.

L'intégration organisationnelle de la participation : des enjeux locaux pour une santé publique globale

À l’ère de la mondialisation institutionnelle des sociétés modernes, alors que la confluence d’une myriade d’influences à la fois micro et macro-contextuelles complexifient le panorama sociopolitique international, l’intégration de l’idéal participatif par les processus de démocratisation de la santé publique acquiert l’apparence d’une stratégie organisationnelle promouvant la cohésion des multiples initiatives qui se tissent simultanément aux échelles locale et globale. L’actualisation constante des savoirs contemporains par les divers secteurs sociétaux ainsi que la perception sociale de différents risques conduisent à la prise de conscience des limites de la compétence technique des systèmes experts associés au domaine de la santé et des services sociaux. La santé publique, une des responsables légitimes de la gestion des risques modernes à l’échelle internationale, fait la promotion de la création d’espaces participatifs permettant l’interaction mutuelle d’acteurs intersectoriels et de savoirs multiples constamment modifiables. Il s’agit là d’une stratégie de relocalisation institutionnelle de l’action collective afin de rétablir la confiance envers la fiabilité des représentants de la santé publique internationale, qui ne répondent que partiellement aux besoins actuels de la sécurité populationnelle. Dans ce contexte, les conseils locaux de santé (CLS), mis en place à l’échelle internationale dans le cadre des politiques régionales de décentralisation des soins de santé primaires (SSP), représentent ainsi des espaces participatifs intéressants qui renferment dans leur fonctionnement tout un univers de forces de tension paradoxales. Ils nous permettent d’examiner la relation de caractère réciproque existant entre, d’une part, une approche plus empirique par l’analyse en profondeur des pratiques participatives (PP) plus spécifiques et, d’autre part, une compréhension conceptuelle de la mondialisation institutionnelle qui définit les tendances expansionnistes très générales des sociétés contemporaines. À l’aide du modèle de la transition organisationnelle (MTO), nous considérons que les PP intégrées à la gouverne des CLS sont potentiellement porteuses de changement organisationnel, dans le sens où elles sont la condition et la conséquence de nombreuses traductions stratégiques et systémiques essentiellement transformatrices. Or, pour qu’une telle transformation puisse s’accomplir, il est nécessaire de développer les compétences participatives pertinentes, ce qui confère au phénomène participatif la connotation d’apprentissage organisationnel de nouvelles formes d’action et d’intervention collectives. Notre modèle conceptuel semble fournir un ensemble de considérations épistémosociales fort intéressantes et très prometteuses permettant d’examiner en profondeur les dimensions nécessaires d’un renouvellement organisationnel de la participation dans le champ complexe de la santé publique internationale. Il permet de concevoir les interventions complexes comme des réseaux épistémiques de pratiques participatives (RÉPP) rassemblant des acteurs très diversifiés qui s’organisent autour d’un processus de conceptualisation transculturelle de connaissances ainsi que d’opérationnalisation intersectorielle des actions, et ce, par un ensemble de mécanismes d’instrumentalisation organisationnelle de l’apprentissage. De cette façon, le MTO ainsi que la notion de RÉPP permettent de mieux comprendre la création de passages incessants entre l’intégration locale des PP dans la gouverne des interventions complexes de la santé et des services sociaux – tels que les CLS –, et les processus plus larges de réorganisation démocratique de la santé publique dans le contexte global de la mondialisation institutionnelle. Cela pourrait certainement nous aider à construire collectivement l’expression réflexive et manifeste des valeurs démocratiques proposées dans la Déclaration d’Alma-Ata, publiée en 1978, lors de la première Conférence internationale sur les SSP.

L’évaluation de la compétence professionnelle des futurs maitres du Québec à intégrer les technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC) : maitrise et usages

Au Québec, la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) est une compétence professionnelle à acquérir par les étudiants en enseignement. Cependant, son acquisition est problématique à plusieurs niveaux. Afin d’évaluer et mieux comprendre la compétence, cette thèse présente trois objectifs : 1) décrire le degré de maitrise des TIC et leurs usages dans les salles de classe 2) identifier les facteurs qui influencent l’intégration des TIC en fonction de la compétence professionnelle, et finalement 3) décrire le niveau d’atteinte des composantes de la compétence. Pour atteindre les objectifs de l’étude, une méthodologie mixte fut employée. Ce sont 2065 futurs enseignants du Québec provenant de neuf universités québécoises qui ont complété le questionnaire en plus de 34 participants à des groupes de discussion (n = 5). Cette thèse rédigée sous forme d’articles, répondra à chacun des objectifs visés. Dans le but de mieux comprendre l’utilisation actuelle des TIC par les futurs maitres, le premier article fournira un aperçu de la maitrise d’outils technologiques susceptibles d’être utilisés lors des stages. Le deuxième article visera à identifier les variables externes ainsi que les différentes composantes de la compétence qui ont une influence sur l’intégration des TIC lors des stages. Dans le troisième article, afin de comprendre où se situent les forces et les faiblesses des futurs maitres quant à la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les TIC, une description du niveau d’atteinte de chacune des composantes sera réalisée afin d’en dégager une appréciation globale. Les principaux résultats montrent que pour la moitié des répondants, seuls cinq outils sur 12 sont intégrés en stage et ce sont principalement les outils peu complexes qui sont bien maitrisés. Le logiciel de présentation Power Point, est le plus fréquemment utilisé. Les données considérées dans le premier article suggèrent aussi l’importance d’augmenter, de façon générale, la maitrise technique des futurs enseignants. Les résultats du second article ont permis de constater que la « prévision d’activités faisant appel aux TIC » est une variable prédictive majeure pour l’intégration des TIC. L’analyse des résultats suggèrent le besoin d’enseigner aux futurs maitres comment développer le réflexe d’inclure les TIC dans leurs plans de leçons. De plus, l’appropriation de la sixième composante de la compétence joue un rôle important sur la probabilité d’intégrer les TIC. Les résultats du troisième article indiquent que les composantes 2, 4, 5 et 6 de la compétence sont partiellement maitrisées. La mieux maitrisée est la première composante. Finalement, la troisième composante de la compétence s’est avérée être encore non atteinte et reste à être développer par les futurs enseignants. Cette thèse nous apprend que des efforts considérables restent encore à accomplir quant à la maitrise de la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les TIC. Ces efforts doivent être accomplis à la fois par les futurs enseignants ainsi que par les universités au niveau de la structure des cours de TIC en formation initiale des maitres.

Marine Engineering Training in India -A Pedagogic Introspection

Indian marine engineers are renowned for employment globally due to their knowledge, skill and reliability. This praiseworthy status has been achieved mainly due to the systematic training imparted to marine engineering cadets. However, in an era of advancing technology, marine engineering training has to remain dynamic to imbibe latest technology as well as to meet the demands of the shipping industry. New subjects of studies have to be included in the curriculum in a timely manner taking into consideration the industry requirements and best practices in shipping. Technical competence of marine engineers also has to be subjected to changes depending upon the needs of the ever growing and over regulated shipping industry. Besides. certain soft skills are to be developed and improved amongst the marine engineers in order to alter or amend the personality traits leading to their career success.If timely corrective action is taken. Indian marine engineers can be in still greater demand for employment in global maritime field. In order to enhance the employability of our mmine engineers by improving their quality, a study of marine engineers in general and class IV marine engineers in particular was conducted based on three distinct surveys, viz., survey among senior marine engineers, survey among employers of marine engineers and survey of class IV marine engineers themselves.The surveys have been planned and questionnaires have been designed to focus the study of marine engineer officer class IV from the point of view of the three distinct groups of maritime personnels. As a result of this, the strength and weakness of class IV marine engineers are identified with regard to their performance on board ships, acquisition of necessary technical skills. employability and career success. The criteria of essential qualities of a marine engineer are classified as academic, technical, social, psychological. physical, mental, emergency responsive, communicative and leadership, and have been assessed for a practicing marine engineer by statistical analysis of data collected from surveys. These are assessed for class IV marine engineers from the point of view of senior marine engineers and employers separately. The Endings are delineated and graphically depicted in this thesis.Besides. six pertinent personality traits of a marine engineer viz. self esteem. learning style. decision making. motivation. team work and listening self inventory have been subjected to study and their correlation with career success have been established wherever possible. This is carried out to develop a theoretical framework to understand what leads a marine engineer to his career attainment. This enables the author to estimate the personality strengths and weaknesses of a serving marine engineer and eventually to deduce possible corrective measures or modifications in marine engineering training in India.Maritime training is largely based on International Conventions on Standard of Training. Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers 1995. its associated Code and Merchant Shipping (STCW for Seafarers) Rules 1998. Further, Maritime Education, Training and Assessment (META) Manual was subjected to a critical scrutiny and relevant Endings of thc surveys arc superimposed on the existing rule requirement and curriculum. Views of senior marine engineers and executives of various shipping companies are taken into account before arriving at the revision of syllabus of marine engineering courses. Modifications in the pattern of workshop and sea service for graduate mechanical engineering trainees are recommended. Desirable age brackets of junior engineers and chief engineers. use of Training and Assessment Record book (TAR Book) during training etc. have also been evaluated.As a result of the pedagogic introspection of the existing system of marine engineering training in India. in this thesis, a revised pattern of workshop training of six months duration for graduate mechanical engineers. revised pattern of sea service training of one year duration and modified now diagram incorporating the above have been arrived at. Effects of various personality traits on career success have been established along with certain findings for improvement of desirable personality traits of marine engineers.

Análisis ecocardiográfico de la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo por médicos no cardiólogos con un dispositivo de bolsillo

Se realizó un estudio transversal, se incluyeron 3 residentes no cardiólogos y se les dio formación básica en ecocardiografía (horas teóricas 22, horas prácticas 65), con recomendaciones de la Sociedad Americana de Ecocardiografia y aportes del aprendizaje basado en problemas, con el desarrollo de competencia técnicas y diagnósticas necesarias, se realizó el análisis de concordancia entre residentes y ecocardiografistas expertos, se recolectaron 122 pacientes hospitalizados que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se les realizo un ecocardiograma convencional por el experto y una valoración ecocardiográfica por el residente, se evaluó la ventana acústica, contractilidad, función del ventrículo izquierdo y derrame pericárdico. La hipótesis planteada fue obtener una concordancia moderada. Resultados: Se analizó la concordancia entre observadores para la contractilidad miocárdica (Kappa: 0,57 p=0,000), función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo (Kappa 0,54 p=0.000) siendo esta moderada por estar entre 0,40 – 0,60 y con una alta significancia estadística, para la calidad de la ventana acústica (Kappa: 0,22 p= 0.000) y presencia de derrame pericárdico (Kappa: 0,26 p= 0.000) se encontró una escasa concordancia ubicándose entre 0,20 – 0,40. Se estableció una sensibilidad de 90%, especificidad de 67%, un valor predictivo positivo de 80% y un valor predictivo negativo de 85% para el diagnóstico de disfunción sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo realizado por los residentes.

Tecnología digital y sistema educativo : el reto de la globalización.

Digitalismo, mundialización y sociedades del conocimiento y civilización científico-técnica son conceptos que inciden en la educación en el marco general de la globalización. Los efectos de la nueva economía están sometidos a análisis, actualmente, pero está claro que la innovación y la competitividad en un mundo globalizado, así como el uso de las nuevas tecnologías, está afectando a los procesos educativos. La tecnología digital plantea nuevos retos a la educación desde la perspectiva de la globalización. En relación con estas corrientes se ha generado una actitud de mayor compromiso por parte de los profesionales para no abandonar a los jóvenes en la cultura globalizada de la comunicación sin formarlos acerca de cuándo, cómo y por qué usar las tecnologías emergentes.

What is the new medicines use review ‘patient survey’ attempting to capture in the context of existing patient satisfaction with pharmacy questionnaires and a new conceptual framework?

The community pharmacy service medicines use review (MUR) was introduced in 2005 ‘to improve patient knowledge, concordance and use of medicines’ through a private patient–pharmacist consultation. The MUR presents a fundamental change in community pharmacy service provision. While traditionally pharmacists are dispensers of medicines and providers of medicines advice, and patients as recipients, the MUR considers pharmacists providing consultation-type activities and patients as active participants. The MUR facilitates a two-way discussion about medicines use. Traditional patient–pharmacist behaviours transform into a new set of behaviours involving the booking of appointments, consultation processes and form completion, and the physical environment of the patient–pharmacist interaction moves from the traditional setting of the dispensary and medicines counter to a private consultation room. Thus, the new service challenges traditional identities and behaviours of the patient and the pharmacist as well as the environment in which the interaction takes place. In 2008, the UK government concluded there is at present too much emphasis on the quantity of MURs rather than on their quality.[1] A number of plans to remedy the perceived imbalance included a suggestion to reward ‘health outcomes’ achieved, with calls for a more focussed and scientific approach to the evaluation of pharmacy services using outcomes research. Specifically, the UK government set out the main principal research areas for the evaluation of pharmacy services to include ‘patient and public perceptions and satisfaction’as well as ‘impact on care and outcomes’. A limited number of ‘patient satisfaction with pharmacy services’ type questionnaires are available, of varying quality, measuring dimensions relating to pharmacists’ technical competence, behavioural impressions and general satisfaction. For example, an often cited paper by Larson[2] uses two factors to measure satisfaction, namely ‘friendly explanation’ and ‘managing therapy’; the factors are highly interrelated and the questions somewhat awkwardly phrased, but more importantly, we believe the questionnaire excludes some specific domains unique to the MUR. By conducting patient interviews with recent MUR recipients, we have been working to identify relevant concepts and develop a conceptual framework to inform item development for a Patient Reported Outcome Measure questionnaire bespoke to the MUR. We note with interest the recent launch of a multidisciplinary audit template by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) in an attempt to review the effectiveness of MURs and improve their quality.[3] This template includes an MUR ‘patient survey’. We will discuss this ‘patient survey’ in light of our work and existing patient satisfaction with pharmacy questionnaires, outlining a new conceptual framework as a basis for measuring patient satisfaction with the MUR. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the NHS Surrey Research Ethics Committee on 2 June 2008. References 1. Department of Health (2008). Pharmacy in England: Building on Strengths – Delivering the Future. London: HMSO. www. official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm73/7341/7341.pdf (accessed 29 September 2009). 2. Larson LN et al. Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care: update of a validated instrument. JAmPharmAssoc 2002; 42: 44–50. 3. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (2009). Pharmacy Medicines Use Review – Patient Audit. London: RPSGB. http:// qi4pd.org.uk/index.php/Medicines-Use-Review-Patient-Audit. html (accessed 29 September 2009).