12 resultados para Tamaricaceae


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[EN] Forested Tamarix L. species found in the Canary Islands as in the Western Mediterranean Basin and the Saharo-Arabian area are included in the class Nerio-Tamaricetea within the order Tamaricetalia africanae order recognized by the Canaries that does not include Tamarix africana Poir., and the halophilic and halotolerant their communities are included in the alliance Tamaricion boveano-canariensis with the new partnership Atriplici ifniensis Tamaricetum canariensis endemic to the Canary Islands, which is also poor in the characteristic species of the class and to be defined almost exclusively for Tenerife requires a broader review.

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新疆中部地区位于西北内陆干旱一半干旱区,是欧亚大陆的地理中心,是中纬度内陆干旱区代表性区域,也是全球变化敏感区域之一,基本特点是气候干旱、水资源匮乏、植被稀少、荒漠广布,生态系统脆弱。在研究区域内,天山山脉海拔高度差异5 000 m左右,随海拔梯度下降依次出现高山冰雪带、高山亚高山草甸带、森林带、草原带、荒漠带、沙漠带等明显完整的植被垂直带,是开展现代孢粉学和植被变化研究的理想地点。本报告在立足于该区前人工作的基础上,从表土花粉、空气花粉和现代植被之间的关系入手开展现代孢粉学研究,探讨了花粉与植被的关系。 在研究区内,选择新疆阜康市和吉木萨尔县为研究地点,设计了一条从天山博格达峰附近雪线开始直至古尔班通古特沙漠长约100 km、宽约20 km的样带。沿样带,从高山座垫植被和草甸带开始,经过中海拔地带的云杉林,置到低海拔的荒漠,在山地海拔每下降20~100 m采集一个表土花粉样品,平原每间隔10~20 km采集一个表土花粉样品,同时做现代植被调查,共采集80个表土花粉样品和调查了86个现代植被样方;在天山乌鲁木齐河河源区的大西沟,从一号冰川前缘开始,沿山谷向下直到谷口,按海拔100 m间隔采集了14个表土样品,对表土花粉与植被之间的关系进行了探讨。为了弄清空气花粉传播、散布与气象因子和植被的关系,沿样带从高山到沙漠分别在天池气象站、中国科学院阜康荒漠生态系统定位研究站和北沙窝草炭试验地设置了三个风标式空气花粉收集器,从2001年7月至2002年7月连续收集空气花粉雨,收集了跨2个年度1周年的1 14个空气花粉样品,依据分析结果研究了空气花粉的传播和散布规律以及与表土花粉和植被之间的关系,这在新疆地区乃至全国尚属首次。 根据表土花粉分析结果和现代植被样方资料的分析以及天山中段主要植物种类沿海拔高度的分布特征,天山中段北坡垂直植被带谱为:高山座垫植被(>3 400 m)、高山亚高山草甸(3 400-2 700 m)、山地云杉林(2 700-1 720 m)、森林草原过渡带(1 720-1 300 m)、蒿类荒漠(1 300-700 m)和典型荒漠(<700 m)。表土花粉谱基本上反映了相同海拔高度的现代植被带,特别是在云杉林带,表土中雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)花粉占优势;在蒿类荒漠植被带表土中蒿属(Artemisia)植物花粉非常丰富;在典型荒漠植被带的表土中藜科(Chenopodiaceae)植物花粉占绝对优势,因此可依据这些建群种植物花粉含量峰值的位置划分植物群落。 空气花粉样品分析结果表明:空气中花粉主要是现生植物当年生长产出的花粉,盛花期的花粉数量能较好地反映当地的植被状况。空气中的乔木植物花粉主要有云杉(Picea),其次是柳属(Salix);灌木草本植物花粉主要是藜科和蒿属,其次是菊科(Compositae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)和麻黄属(Ephedra);空气中的花粉数量与植物的花期相对应,云杉等乔木植物盛花期在夏季5月末至7月初,灌木草本植物盛花期在夏秋季节。气温、降水、风速和风向等气象条件对空气中花粉数量有很大影响,其中风速和风向影响最大。从空气花粉和表土花粉的分析结果与现生植被对比,新疆中部地区的山谷上升气流是导致花粉“爬坡”现象的主要动力,在一定条件下,上升气流搬运花粉的数量和能力是十分可观的。 空气中的花粉是现生植物当年生长产出的花粉,表土中的花粉是多年花粉落地沉积的积累,植物盖度大,该植物的花粉在空气中和表土中数量相对就大。在新疆中部地区,空气花粉能反映当地和附近周边方圆约50 km的植被状况,其花粉组合特征与表土花粉和当地现生植被分布的对比研究,可以较好地寻找花粉与植被的关系。本研究报告的研究成果不仅为新疆地区的孢粉学研究增添新的内容,而且将有助于合理解释新疆地层中、尤其是第四纪以来的地层孢粉,较客观地恢复过去的植被景观,同时可为本地区的大气环境检测提供有重要价值的参考资料。

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空中花粉是植被类型、气候状况与大气环境质量的指示物之一。空中花粉雨的取样实验对化石花粉谱的解释和古植被的恢复具有指导意义,因此空中花粉分析成为第四纪孢粉学和古生态学研究的有效辅助手段。本研究在新疆天山中段北坡进行了短期的空中花粉监测(2001年7月~2006年7月),目的是获得局域性和区域性植被所散发的花粉类型及其数量信息,并探讨花粉数量的植被与气候指示意义、花粉传播以及受环境条件影响的程度,同时分析和检测花粉浓度受气候条件的影响情况。空中花粉的收集使用Cour-type捕捉器,分别在3个不同海拔梯度进行5年连续的空中花粉收集(夏秋季节每周一个样品,冬春季节每两周一个样品)。取样地点分别是新疆天山中段北部的天池气象观测站(43°53'58.38"N, 88°07'15.75"E , 海拔1942.5m)、中科院阜康荒漠生态系统定位站(44°17'27.41"N, 87°55'52.65"E, 海拔477m)和准噶尔盆地古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的北沙窝试验站(44°22'40.74"N, 87°55'9.74"E, 海拔443m),取样点的植被带跨度天山北坡的森林草原到低海拔的典型荒漠。 光学显微镜鉴定的空中花粉主要有43种类型(24科30属),而蕨类、苔藓与真菌孢子数量较少。孢粉类型多样性指数为2.45(Shannon Index)。显然,从样品中所鉴定的空中花粉种类与所观察的植物种类有很大的差距。花粉类型与数量在三个不同海拔梯度的取样点上也有明显差异。天池取样点的花粉类型较丰富,与天山北坡垂直带植被分布以及丰富的植被成分相对应,花粉的优势种类为雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)、蒿属(Artemisia)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)和麻黄属(Ephedra),高代表性的外源荒漠花粉类型“削弱了”本地花粉类型的代表性;阜康与北沙窝取样点的花粉类型主要来自荒漠成分的藜科、蒿属、麻黄属、蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceae, 白刺属Nitraria为主)、柽柳科(柽柳属为主)、蓼科(Polygonaceae, 沙拐枣属Calligonum为主)等耐旱植物。花粉数量与植被数量并非简单的线性关系。空中和表土花粉的数量分析表明,藜科、蒿属、麻黄属花粉具有超代表性;雪岭云杉花粉的代表性适中;禾本科(Gramineae)、榆属(Ulmus)、白刺属、柽柳科、沙拐枣属花粉代表性较差。 5年平均花粉浓度大小依次是阜康(81.668 grains/100m3)>天池(51.726 grains/100m3)>北沙窝(45.7685 grains/100m3)。蒿属花粉的峰值出现在秋季,并且出现双峰现象(可能与不同蒿类花期分布不均有关),而其它木本和草本类植物花粉浓度的峰值为单峰,具有明显的季节性,春夏之交开花的桦木属、榆属等类型较为明显。藜科花粉的峰值出现在夏季,麻黄和柽柳的峰值出现在盛夏,桦木属、柳属Salix、雪岭云杉等花粉浓度峰值出现在初夏,与其花期物候相对应。木本植物花粉以雪岭云杉为主,其次为桦木属(Betula)、榆属、柳属、胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)花粉,柳属花粉百分比在三个取样点分配比较均匀,桦木属花粉在空间分布上差异明显,与植物分布数量相关。胡颓子科的花粉出现时间短,数量也较少。榆属花粉出现的季节性明显,代表性也较差。因此解释地层中出现类似的低代表性和高代表性的花粉类型时,需要注意其百分比数量的适当校正。木本植物花粉百分比随海拔高度变化成正比关系,对植被的指示性较好。雪岭云杉的年平均花粉浓度在天池取样点明显高于其它两个取样点,5年的平均花粉浓度和百分比与海拔高度呈正比。天池取样点的百分比最高为28.85%,平均为21.15%,而北沙窝与阜康两地5年平均百分比含量分别为0.69%和1.57%,这种时空变化规律与植被数量的关系密切。藜科花粉百分比在阜康和北沙窝取样点占绝对优势,5年的平均花粉浓度与海拔高度呈反比。蒿属花粉年平均浓度与海拔高度关系微弱(R2=0.04,p =0.46),而花粉百分比与海拔高度有显著的线性正比关系(R2=0.72,p<0.0001)。但在低海拔的两个取样点之间差异不明显。 年平均花粉百分比和花粉浓度随海拔梯度而变化,主要花粉类型的变化规律存在差异。暗针叶林雪岭云杉花粉的年平均百分比在低海拔的阜康和北沙窝地区低于3%,在盛花期的6月初,低海拔的取样点也未见超过5%,雪岭云杉花粉的传播在研究区范围内数量分布变化较大,再次表明该类型的花粉在原地沉积效率很高。空中花粉数量能够较好地指示主要的植被带,盛花期内50%以上的雪岭云杉花粉含量则指示了雪岭云杉森林植被带,而高含量的蒿属植物花粉指示了天山山前冲积平原上的蒿类荒漠,相反,高含量的藜科花粉代表了低海拔地区的荒漠。雪岭云杉花粉百分比与浓度均与海拔高度呈显著的线性正比关系,表明雪岭云杉花粉传播的局限性。主要的非木本植物藜科花粉的浓度与海拔高度成反比,蒿属则相反,表明藜科与蒿属花粉在研究区具有很好的植被与气候指示意义。 花粉绝对数量、百分比、浓度具有明显的年际变化,其原因与气候状况的变化有关,年平均花粉浓度、主要类型的花粉浓度与气候参数(降水量、平均温度、最高和最低温度、相对湿度等)的相关分析表明,降水量和湿度与花粉浓度呈负相关程度较高,与其它气候参数则呈显著的正相关。干旱指数、花粉比值、花粉百分比(AP,NAP)与七月份平均气温,年平均降水量的相关系数(Pearson correlation),Ar/Ch与七月平均温度在0.01水平上呈显著的正相关(R2=0.894), 与年平均降水量在0.01水平上呈显著的负相关(R2=0.874)。AP花粉百分比与七月份平均温度呈显著的负相关(R2=0.71, p<0.0001),与年降水量呈正相关(R2=0.43, p=0.01),而NAP花粉正相反。利用短期监测的空中花粉雨数据计算得到的花粉比值以及干旱指数在研究区具有明确的指示意义,尤其是干旱指数、Ar/Ch、Ar/Ep,这些都可为表土花粉、植被与气候关系模型的建立提供重要的参考信息。 气候参数在很大程度上影响大气花粉的浓度,而风速和风向对空中花粉的传播、散布影响较大,花粉的来源与传播受风向和风速的控制。不同取样点的空中花粉数量差异受地形条件影响很明显,这种差异也可利用地形空气动力学特征的差异来解释,天池监测站因“逆坡”(upslope)的气流促进了低海拔的花粉流向高海拔传播。 研究区的空中花粉数量信息是研究表土花粉、植被和气候关系以及第四纪古生态学的重要基础。本研究提高了对研究区空中孢粉的类型及其传播规律的认识和理解,增加了解空中花粉受环境影响的主要因素及其影响程度,对地层孢粉类型鉴定和花粉数据的解释提出指导性建议,对本地区的古植被与古环境研究增加现代孢粉学的参考依据和信息,并可为建立区域性的现代孢粉-植被-气候关系模型提供可靠依据。 同时,本报告也讨论了存在问题和不足,并提出了今后工作的可能完善方案。

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本文主要开展了以下两方面的研究:1.柽柳科系统学研究基于核核糖体DNA ITS序列,并结合形态特征,论证了山柽柳属(Myrtama(Royle)Ovcz&Kinz)是一个自然的属。山怪柳属是怪柳属向水柏枝属进化过程中的中间过渡阶段,表现出许多“杂合”的性状,但系统学关系与水柏枝属更为接近,柽柳属、由柽柳属、水柏枝属同属于怪柳族Tamariceae;基于18S(nrDNA),rbcL(cpDNA),和tRNA Ser/Gly(cpDNA)间隔区分子序列,并结合形态特征,支持红砂属(holonachna Ehren).为一个独立属的分类学意见,并认为红砂属是柽柳科共同祖先向琵琶柴属进化过程中的一个分支,与琵琶柴属关系很近,两者同属于红砂族Reaumurieae。画出了柽柳科系统演化关系图,并认为红砂族较为古老,柽柳族较为进化,由红砂族演化出柽柳族, 而柽柳属为联结红砂族和柽柳族的中间联结。首次较全面的研究了怪柳属植物的地理学。柽柳属是典型的旧世界温带分布属,伊朗一吐兰地区的西亚亚区是现存本属植物的现代分布中心和分化中心;根据柽柳属植物的现代地理分布、形态演化趋势、现有的化石及地质历史资料推测,柽柳属起源于古地中海热带成分盛行的早第三纪始新世,具有起源古老的性质,并且随着晚第三纪古地中海的退缩、气候逐渐干旱而得到进一步发展,产生许多新的以温带成分为主适应旱生环境的现代柽柳属种类。分析了怪柳属植物的形态变异,比较了怪柳科18种植物营养枝解剖结构,并对国产柽柳属植物进行了分支分类学和分子生物学研究,在此基础之上对国产柽柳属植物有争议的种进行了分类学修订。认为短毛怪柳为刚毛怪柳的一个变种,恢复其学名Tamarix hispida Var.Karelinii(Bge)Baum,而甘蒙柽柳(Traustromogolica Nakai)、白花柽柳(T.albiflonum M.T.Liu)、多花柽柳(T.hohenackeri Bge)为自然的分类学种。日.柽柳科生态学研究全,调查了新疆境内柽柳属植物的分布及群落特征,并对重点调查的塔里木河中游柽柳群落及刚毛柽柳盐淇群落特性进行详细描述。发现塔里木河中游怪柳随着地下水埋深的逐渐增加而表现出从繁茂到衰退到死亡这样一个生长规律,说明柽柳生存和发展总是与分布区的地下水位相联系,此外,怪柳群落与胡杨林一起构成了荒漠河岸林独特的景观;刚毛柽柳群落种类贫乏,根据种类组成及分布生境将刚毛柽柳群落划分为三大群丛组,而以刚毛柽柳为建群种构成的广裹盐漠属于比较脆弱的生态系统,仅具有相对稳定性。首次开展了柽柳科分子生态学研究。利用RAPD分析技术对新疆境内10个刚毛柽柳居群进行了遗传结构特征分析,认为刚毛柽柳遗传变异丰富,变异主要分布在居群间;维持刚毛柽柳遗传多态现象的机制主要是基因流的隔离;刚毛柽柳的繁育系统属于一种自交和不完全异交混合的交配类型。刚毛柽柳天然居群的遗传多样性丰富,遗传分化较大,反映了刚毛柽柳对环境广泛的适应性。

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Surface pollen assemblages and their relationhips with the modern vegetation and climate provide a foundation for investigating palaeo-environment conditions by fossil pollen analysis. A promising trend of palynology is to link pollen data more closely with ecology. In this study, I summarized the characteristics of surface pollen assemblages and their quantitative relation with the vegetation and climate of the typical ecological regions in northern China, based on surface pollen analysis of 205 sites and investigating of modern vegetation and climate. The primary conclusions are as follows:The differences in surface pollen assemblages for different vegetation regions are obvious. In the forest communities, the arboreal pollen percentages are more than 30%, herbs less than 50% and shrubs less than 10%; total pollen concentrations are more than 106 grains/g. In the steppe communities, arboreal pollen percentages are generally less than 5%; herb pollen percentages are more than 90%, and Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are dominant in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations range from 103 to 106 grains/g. In the desert communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 5%. Although Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia still dominate the pollen assemblages, Ephedra, Tamaricaceae and Nitraria are also significant important in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations are mostly less than 104grains/g. In the sub-alpine or high and cold meadow communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 30%. and Cyperaceae is one of the most significant-taxa in the pollen assemblages. In the shrub communities, the pollen assemblages are consistent with the zonal vegetation; shrub pollen percentages are mostly less than 20%, except for Artemisia and Hippophae rhamnoides communities.There are obvious trends for the pollen percentage ratios of Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae (A/C), Pinus to Artemisia (P/A) and arbor to non-arbor (AP/NAP) in the different ecological regions. In the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest region, the P/A ratios are generally higher than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 2 and the AP/NAP ratios higher than 0.3. In the temperate steppe regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 1 and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1. In the temperate desert regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios less than 1, and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1.The study on the representation and indication of pollen to vegetation shows that Pinus, Artemisia, Betula, Chenopodiaceae, Ephedra, Selaginella sinensis etc. are over-representative in the pollen assemblages and can only indicate the regional vegetation. Some pollen types, such as Quercus, Carpinus, Picea, Abies, Elaeagus, Larix, Salix, Pterocelis, Juglans, Ulmus, Gleditsia, Cotinus, Oleaceae, Spiraea, Corylus, Ostryopsis, Vites, Tetraena, Caragana, Tamaricaceae, Zygophyllum, Nitraria, Cyperaceae, Sanguisorba etc. are under-representative in the pollen assemblages, and can indicate the plant communities well. Populus, Rosaceae, Saxifranaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Caprifoliaceae etc. can not be used as significant indicators to the plants.The study on the relation of pollen percentages with plant covers shows that Pinus pollen percentages are more than 30% where pine trees exist in the surrounding region. The Picea+Abies pollen percentages are higher than 20% where the Picea+Abies trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Larix pollen percentages vary from 5% to 20% where the Larix trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Betula pollen percentages are higher than 40% where the Betula trees are dominant in the communities" but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Quercus pollen percentages are higher than 10% where the Quercus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants sparse or absent. Carpinus pollen percentages vary from 5% to 15% where the Carpinus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Populus pollen percentages are about 0-5% at pure Populus communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the Populus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Juglans pollen accounts for 25% to 35% in the forest of Juglans mandshurica, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Pterocelis pollen percentages are less than 15% where the Pterocelis trees are dominant in the communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Ulmus pollen percentages are more than 8% at Ulmus communities, but less than 1% where the Ulmus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Vitex pollen percentages increase along with increasing of parent plant covers, but the maximum values are less than 10 %. Caragana pollen percentages are less than 20 % where the Caragana plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Spiraea pollen percentages are less than 16 % where the Spiraea plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent.The study on the relation of surface pollen assemblages with the modern climate shows that, in the axis 1 of DCA, surface samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual precipitations, and the highest determination coefficient (R2) is 0.8 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions. In the axis 2 of DCA, the samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual temperatures, average July temperatures and average January temperatures, and the determination coefficient falls in 0.13-0.29 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions with the highest determination coefficient for the average July temperature.The sensitivity of the different pollen taxa to climate change shows that some pollen taxa such as Pinus, Quercus, Carpinus, Juglans, Spiraea, Oleaceae, Gramineae, Tamariaceae and Ephedra are only sensitive to the change in precipitation.

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As a continuation of previous research on the naturalization of non-native vascular plants in the Iberian Peninsula new chorological data are presented for 16 xenophytes recorded between 2010 and 2014, mostly in the provinces of Huelva and Barcelona (Spain) and in the Algarve and Estremadura (Portugal). For each taxon details about distribution, habitats occupied, previous records, degree of naturalization, etc. are provided. Lachenalia bulbifera and Cyperus albostriatus are probably reported for the first time in the wild in Europe, as are Gamochaeta filaginea, and Dysphania anthelmintica and Oenothera lindheimeri for Portugal and Spain respectively. Cosmos bipinnatus is cited as a novelty for the Algarve (Portugal). Newly reported or confirmed for the province of Huelva are: Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Epilobium brachycarpum, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Ficus microcarpa, Tamarix parviflora and Tamarix ramosissima, while Atriplex semibaccata, Chloris truncata, and Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus are new for Barcelona. Finally, Passiflora caerulea is a novelty for both Barcelona and Huelva provinces.

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The new class, the Tamaricetea arceuthoidis, is described covering riparian and intermittent shrubby vegetation of the Irano-Turanian Region in the southwestern and Central Asia and the Lower Volga valley. The dominating species are species of the genus Tamarix that refer high water table in arid and semi-arid habitats with high to moderate salinity. This new class is an ecological analogon of the Nerio-Tamaricetea occurring in the Mediterranean Basin.

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At head of title: Universitatis litterariae caesareae dorpatensis solemnia peractorum x lustrorum in dies XII et XIII M. decembris anni huius MDCCCLII celebranda indicat nomine ordinis physicorum et mathematicorum Alexander Bunge.

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