山西煤核中辉木植物二个新种的研究--山西枝蕨和山西始莲座蕨

辉木植物是莲座蕨目在晚古生代最重要的成员，广泛分布于当时处于热带－亚热带气候条件下的晚石炭世－二叠纪欧美植物区和华夏植物区。目前欧美植物区晚石炭世的辉木植物已经研究得非常深入和全面，但相对来说二叠纪的辉木植物的研究，尤其是关于其非茎器官的研究要薄弱得多。中国山西太原西山煤田早二叠世早期太原组7号煤层煤核中产有丰富的辉木植物各种器官化石，这就为深入了解二叠纪辉木植物的形态、解剖以及辉木植物的系统发育与演化提供了重要的化石材料。本论文利用国际上研究煤核时广泛采用的揭膜法，深入研究了山西煤核中2种分散保存的辉木植物器官：羽轴－山西枝蕨（新种）和生殖羽片－山西始莲座蕨（新种）。由于目前尚无有关二叠纪具解剖构造的辉木植物羽轴的详细研究的报道，因此，山西枝蕨（新种）是国内外目前为止第一种研究得最详细的二叠纪具解剖构造的辉木植物羽轴，它与欧美植物区枝蕨属已有的几个种（均为晚石炭世）的主要区别在于：前者为背腹扁状，后者则为两侧扁状;前者具较发育的鳞片，后者一般没有;前者的表皮下方有一条含有较大的单宁质细胞的薄壁组织带，后者没有;前者的内维管束呈“C”形，较大，位于正中央，后者的内维管束一般呈“W”形，较小，位于一侧。山西始莲座蕨（新种）是目前为止国内第一种（世界第二种）详细研究的二叠纪具解剖构造的两侧对称形的辉木植物聚合囊，同时也是目前国内发现的时代最早的华夏植物区两侧对称形的莲座蕨目聚合囊（包括印痕－压型化石和具解剖构造的矿化化石），它与欧美植物区始莲座蕨属已有的2个种（均为晚石炭世）的主要区别在于：前者的聚合囊囊托维管化，后者的囊托中无维管组织存在;前者的孢子囊侧壁细胞在近顶端呈明显的径向伸长状，后者的孢子囊侧壁细胞的形状和大小在孢子囊的上下没有很明显的变化;前者的孢子很小，数量多，纹饰简单，后者的孢子大，数量少，纹饰复杂。总的来说，本文所研究的二个新种与欧美植物区同属其它种之间的区别要大于后者彼此之间的区别，这可能是由于处于不同的植物地理区，经过长期地理隔绝和平行演化的结果。本研究成果不仅丰富了我们对二叠纪辉木植物非茎器官解剖构造的认识，而且对今后开展华夏植物区二叠纪辉木植物的分类、系统发育和演化以及整体植物的研究，都具有重要的作用和意义。

渤海湾盆地前第三系构造演化与煤成气成藏研究

The disequilibrium between supply and demand the east part of North China accelerated natural gas exploration in Bohai bay basin. Exploration practice showed that coal-derived gas is important resource. In searching of big to middle scaled coal derived gas field, and realize successive gas supply, the paper carried out integrated study on structural evolution of Pre-Tertiary and evaluation of reservoir forming condition of coal-derived gas. Study work of the paper was based on the following condition: available achievement in this field at present, good understanding of multiphase of tectonic movement. Study work was focused on geological evolution, source rock evaluation and dissection key factors controlling reservoir forming. Based on analysis of seismic data, drilling data, tectonic style of Pre-Tertiary was subdivided, with different tectonic style representing different tectonic process. By means of state of the art, such as analysis of balanced cross section, and erosion restoration, the paper reestablished tectonic history and analyzed basin property during different tectonic phase. Dynamic mechanism for tectonic movement and influence of tectonic evolution on tectonic style were discussed. Study made it clear that tectonic movement is intensive since Mesozoic including 2 phase of compressional movement (at the end of Indo-China movement, and Yanshan movement), 2 phase of extensional movement (middle Yanshan movement, and Himalayan movement), 2 phase of strike slip movement, as well as 2 phase of reversal movement (early Yanshan movement, and early Himalayan movement). As a result, three tectonic provinces with different remnant of strata and different tectonic style took shape. Based on afore mentioned study, the paper pointed out that evolution of Bohai bay basin experienced the following steps: basin of rift valley type (Pt2+3)-craton basin at passive continental margin (∈1－2)-craton basin at active continental margin (∈3- O)-convergent craton basin (C-T1+2)-intracontinental basin (J＋K). Superposition of basins in different stage was discussed. Aimed at tectonic feature of multiple phases, the paper put forward concept model of superposition of tectonic unit, and analyzed its significance on reservoir forming. On basis of the difference among 3 tectonic movements in Mesozoic and Cenozoic, superposition of tectonic unit was classified into the following 3 categories and 6 types: continuous subsidence type (I), subsidence in Mesozoic and uplift for erosion in Cenozoic (II1), repeated subsidence and uplift in Mesozoic and subsidence in Cenozoic (II2), repeated subsidence and uplift in Mesozoic and uplift for erosion in Cenozoic (II3), uplift for erosion in Mesozoic and subsidence in Cenozoic (II4), and continuous uplift (III). Take the organic facies analysis as link, the paper established relationship between sedimentary environment and organic facies, as well as organic facies and organic matter abundance. Combined information of sedimentary environment and logging data, the paper estimated distribution of organic matter abundance. Combined with simulation of secondary hydrocarbon generation, dynamic mechanism of hydrocarbon generation, and thermal history, the paper made static and dynamic evaluation of effective source rock, i.e. Taiyuan formation and Shanxi formation. It is also pointed out that superposition of tectonic unit of type II2, type II4, and type I were the most favorable hydrocarbon generation units. Based on dissection of typical primary coal-derived gas reservoir, including reservoir forming condition and reservoir forming process, the paper pointed out key factors controlling reservoir forming for Carboniferous and Permian System: a. remnant thickness and source rock property were precondition; b. secondary hydrocarbon generation during Himalayan period was key factor; c. tectonic evolution history controlling thermal evolution of source rock was main factor that determine reservoir forming; d. inherited positive structural unit was favorable accumulation direction; e. fault activity and regional caprock determined hydrocarbon accumulation horizon. In the end, the paper established reservoir forming model for different superposition of tectonic units, and pointed out promising exploration belts with 11 of the first class, 5 of the second class and 6 of the third class.

New particle formation and growth at a remote, sub-tropical coastal location

A month-long intensive measurement campaign was conducted in March/April 2007 at Agnes Water, a remote coastal site just south of the Great Barrier Reef on the east coast of Australia. Particle and ion size distributions were continuously measured during the campaign. Coastal nucleation events were observed in clean, marine air masses coming from the south-east on 65% of the days. The events usually began at ~10:00 local time and lasted for 1-4 hrs. They were characterised by the appearance of a nucleation mode with a peak diameter of ~10 nm. The freshly nucleated particles grew within 1-4 hrs up to sizes of 20-50 nm. The events occurred when solar intensity was high (~1000 W m-2) and RH was low (~60%). Interestingly, the events were not related to tide height. The volatile and hygroscopic properties of freshly nucleated particles (17-22.5 nm), simultaneously measured with a volatility-hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyser (VH-TDMA), were used to infer chemical composition. The majority of the volume of these particles was attributed to internally mixed sulphate and organic components. After ruling out coagulation as a source of significant particle growth, we conclude that the condensation of sulphate and/or organic vapours was most likely responsible for driving particle growth during the nucleation events. We cannot make any direct conclusions regarding the chemical species that participated in the initial particle nucleation. However, we suggest that nucleation may have resulted from the photo-oxidation products of unknown sulphur or organic vapours emitted from the waters of Hervey Bay, or from the formation of DMS-derived sulphate clusters over the open ocean that were activated to observable particles by condensable vapours emitted from the nutrient rich waters around Fraser Island or Hervey Bay. Furthermore, a unique and particularly strong nucleation event was observed during northerly wind. The event began early one morning (08:00) and lasted almost the entire day resulting in the production of a large number of ~80 nm particles (average modal concentration during the event was 3200 cm-3). The Great Barrier Reef was the most likely source of precursor vapours responsible for this event.

Long-term trends in fine particle number concentrations in the urban atmosphere of Brisbane : the relevance of traffic emissions and new particle formation

The measurement of submicrometre (< 1.0 m) and ultrafine particles (diameter < 0.1 m) number concentration have attracted attention since the last decade because the potential health impacts associated with exposure to these particles can be more significant than those due to exposure to larger particles. At present, ultrafine particles are not regularly monitored and they are yet to be incorporated into air quality monitoring programs. As a result, very few studies have analysed their long-term and spatial variations in ultrafine particle concentration, and none have been in Australia. To address this gap in scientific knowledge, the aim of this research was to investigate the long-term trends and seasonal variations in particle number concentrations in Brisbane, Australia. Data collected over a five-year period were analysed using weighted regression models. Monthly mean concentrations in the morning (6:00-10:00) and the afternoon (16:00-19:00) were plotted against time in months, using the monthly variance as the weights. During the five-year period, submicrometre and ultrafine particle concentrations increased in the morning by 105.7% and 81.5% respectively whereas in the afternoon there was no significant trend. The morning concentrations were associated with fresh traffic emissions and the afternoon concentrations with the background. The statistical tests applied to the seasonal models, on the other hand, indicated that there was no seasonal component. The spatial variation in size distribution in a large urban area was investigated using particle number size distribution data collected at nine different locations during different campaigns. The size distributions were represented by the modal structures and cumulative size distributions. Particle number peaked at around 30 nm, except at an isolated site dominated by diesel trucks, where the particle number peaked at around 60 nm. It was found that ultrafine particles contributed to 82%-90% of the total particle number. At the sites dominated by petrol vehicles, nanoparticles (< 50 nm) contributed 60%-70% of the total particle number, and at the site dominated by diesel trucks they contributed 50%. Although the sampling campaigns took place during different seasons and were of varying duration these variations did not have an effect on the particle size distributions. The results suggested that the distributions were rather affected by differences in traffic composition and distance to the road. To investigate the occurrence of nucleation events, that is, secondary particle formation from gaseous precursors, particle size distribution data collected over a 13 month period during 5 different campaigns were analysed. The study area was a complex urban environment influenced by anthropogenic and natural sources. The study introduced a new application of time series differencing for the identification of nucleation events. To evaluate the conditions favourable to nucleation, the meteorological conditions and gaseous concentrations prior to and during nucleation events were recorded. Gaseous concentrations did not exhibit a clear pattern of change in concentration. It was also found that nucleation was associated with sea breeze and long-range transport. The implications of this finding are that whilst vehicles are the most important source of ultrafine particles, sea breeze and aged gaseous emissions play a more important role in secondary particle formation in the study area.

The mechanism of breath aerosol formation

Background: Aerosol production during normal breathing is often attributed to turbulence in the respiratory tract. That mechanism is not consistent with a high degree of asymmetry between aerosol production during inhalation and exhalation. The objective was to investigate production symmetry during breathing. Methods: The aerosol size distribution in exhaled breath was examined for different breathing patterns including normal breathing, varied breath holding periods and contrasting inhalation and exhalation rates. The aerosol droplet size distribution measured in the exhaled breath was examined in real time using an aerodynamic particle sizer. Results and Conclusions: The dependence of the particle concentration decay rate on diameter during breath holding was consistent with gravitational settling in the alveolar spaces. Also, deep exhalation resulted in a 4 to 6 fold increase in concentration and rapid inhalation produced a further 2 to 3 fold increase in concentration. In contrast rapid exhalation had little effect on the measured concentration. A positive correlation of the breath aerosol concentration with subject age was observed. The results were consistent with the breath aerosol being produced through fluid film rupture in the respiratory bronchioles in the early stages of inhalation and the resulting aerosol being drawn into the alveoli and held before exhalation. The observed asymmetry of production in the breathing cycle with very little aerosol being produced during exhalation, is inconsistent with the widely assumed turbulence induced aerosolization mechanism.

Expression of Potato virus Y cytoplasmic inclusion protein in tobacco results in disorganization of parenchyma cells, distortion of epidermal cells, and induces mitochondrial and chloroplast abnormalities, formation of membrane whorls and atypical lipid accumulation

Infection of plant cells by potyviruses induces the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions ranging in size from 200 to 1000 nm. To determine if the ability to form these ordered, insoluble structures is intrinsic to the potyviral cytoplasmic inclusion protein, we have expressed the cytoplasmic inclusion protein from Potato virus Y in tobacco under the control of the chrysanthemum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit promoter, a highly active, green tissue promoter. No cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in the leaves of transgenic tobacco using transmission electron microscopy, despite being able to clearly visualize these inclusions in Potato virus Y infected tobacco leaves under the same conditions. However, we did observe a wide range of tissue and sub-cellular abnormalities associated with the expression of the Potato virus Y cytoplasmic inclusion protein. These changes included the disruption of normal cell morphology and organization in leaves, mitochondrial and chloroplast internal reorganization, and the formation of atypical lipid accumulations. Despite these significant structural changes, however, transgenic tobacco plants were viable and the results are discussed in the context of potyviral cytoplasmic inclusion protein function.