Servicios: Las nuevas armas del mercadeo,

Ofrecer un valor superior es cada vez más difícil. Los adelantos tecnológicos y la lucha por la lealtad de los consumidores han creado productos que pueden satisfacer casi cualquier necesidad. Agregar servicios a los productos puede ser la nueva clave de las empresas exitosas. Una empresa debe competir más con categorías que con marcas. De hecho, puede ser más fácil inventar una nueva categoría y ser el primero en llegar a la mente del consumidor que convencerlo de que una nueva marca es mejor que la líder (Ries y Trout, 1992). Este principio, denominado "Ley de la categoría", está asociado a la siguiente "Ley del liderazgo": en la mente del consumidor sólo hay espacio para los dos primeros lugares en el mercado; el resto está fuera de la pelea.

L'impact du pays d'origine sur l'évaluation de trois catégories de produits : une étude européenne

En marketing, tout commence avec le consommateur... Comme le mentionnent Lies A & Trout J. (1987), "vous goûtez ce que vous comptez goûter, vous retenez ce que vous désirez retenir..."(p. 30) En fait, à travers l'ensemble des stimuli auxquels il est soumis, le consommateur se crée une perception de la réalité. Cette perception correspond à sa propre réalité. Les perceptions des consommateurs sont fondées sur une grande quantité d'informations et cette affirmation ouvre la porte à un champ de recherche très vaste. Il est aisé de concevoir qu'il est non seulement fondamental de se questionner sur les raisons de l'évolution des perceptions dans l'esprit du consommateur (en vue de connaître leurs causes et leurs origines), mais il est également important de s'interroger sur ce qu'elles sont, tout simplement. Car, rappelons-le, ce sont sur elles que repose la réalité du consommateur. Ainsi la réalité évolue. Nos aïeux n'auraient pu imaginer que l'homme irait un jour sur la lune et que l'automobile existerait... Ce qui était vrai il y a cent ans ne l'est plus forcément aujourd'hui. Le monde a changé, le contexte est différent, bref, l'homme dit moderne ne pourrait concevoir retourner au mode de vie d'antan, avec toutes ses sources d'inconfort...

Annual Report of the Game Department for the year ended 31st December 1938

The annual report presents information on the following under fisheries section Breaches of Game Laws (Fish Sections) Development and Control of the Lake Victoria Fishing Industry. Collection of Statistics Statistical Tables.- (A) Number of half-yearly licences issued (B) Quantities and value of nets imported (C) Dried fish handled by Railways and Steamers (D) Smoked and salted fish exported to the Belgian Congo Mpondwe Customs Post Lake Bunyonyi Lake Mugisha (or Kaiyumbu) Lake Chahafi Lake Mulehe Lake Mutanda Lake Saka Lake Nabugabo Lake Kachira and Lake Kijanebalola Lake Kyoga Commercial Development:- Lake Edward and associated fisheries Uganda Fisheries Limited Nsonzi Fishery, Kigezi Experimental Nets in Lake Victoria Legislation (B) angling a) Trout (b) Nile pereh or mpufa

The bioaccumulation of persistent contaminants by zebra mussels and their effects on state-endangered common terns

Common terns currently are listed as endangered or threatened in many states, including Illinois, Vermont, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York, and a species of special concern by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS, 2002). The sole remaining nesting colony in Illinois is located at the Naval Station Great Lakes (NSGL) in Lake County where intensive management by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources has reduced nest predation and increased the number of eggs that hatch. However, the overall reproductive success (the number of young successfully reaching independence) has not improved. Observations of gross deformities in hatchlings (i.e. compromised feather development and cross-bill), lethargic behavior of young birds, and lesions, suggested the influence of environmental contaminants (Jablonski et al., 2005). I investigated if there were significant levels of environmental contaminants in eggs and nestlings of common terns. While there were minimal concentration of selenium, mercury, lead, and cadmium, there were large concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in both the eggs and nestlings. The greater amounts of PCBs in older chicks than younger chicks suggest local contamination. In order to potentially manage the factors responsible for exposing the terns to PCBs I investigated the pathway by which PCBs were exposed to terns. The two most likely biological pathways as determined by research on Great Lake fishes were investigated. The first pathway is through atmospheric deposition of PCBs and resuspension of PCB-ladel sediment which are subsequently acquired by filter-feeding fish (e.g. alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus) and then pelagic fish (e.g. lake trout, Salvelinus namaychus) or in this case terns. The second pathway explored was via the biodeposits of zebra mussels which are consumed by round gobies (Neogobius melanostromus) and ultimately littoral fish (e.g. small-mouthed bass, Micropterus dolomieui) or terns. Because common terns breed in near-shore sites where concentrations of zebra mussels are found, as well as forage in more pelagic environments it is possible that either or both pathways may be contributing to their PCB exposure. Field experiments and stable isotope analyses demonstrated that the most likely pathway by which terns are exposed to PCBs is via alewives, similar to how apex predators such as lake trout acquire PCBs. Biodeposits from zebra mussels do not appear to be a significant factor in PCB accumulation in terns. The impact of PCB exposure on birds can vary widely, however in this situation we choise to investigate one specific behavior often affected by PCB exposure, parental attentiveness. PCBs are known to cause endocrine disruption which ultimately results in reduced brooding of young and incubation of eggs. I used temperature sensors to quantify nest temperatures and parental attentiveness during incubation. High concentrations of PCBs in our study population appear to be leading to poor parental attentiveness, and extended periods of absence during incubation and brooding, ultimately leading to poor reproductive success. Common terns are perilously close to being extirpated in Illinois and management of PCB exposure will be difficult. I propose that additional testing should be conducted to locate a site with less PCB contamination and then to move the tern colony to this location, possibly using social cues as has been done with other tern species in Illinois. PCBs are having a profound impact on common tern populations in Illinois and without moving the colony it is likely that the population will continue to decline.

History of carp culture in Uganda and progress to December, 1960

Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) were first recommend for Uganda in 1941 by Dr. Hornell who was Oolonial Fisheries Adviser at that time. He stated that they would be suitable for Lake Bunyoni (6,474 ft.) in Kigezi District where the cold made conditions marginal for Tilapia and yet where the water was too warm for trout. Later, in 1947, when fish farming was proposed for Uganda, an expert from Israel whose visit was arranged by Dr. Hickling, the then current Colonial Fisheries Adviser, recommended that carp should be used as the stock fish in the ponds rather than Tilapia which Dr. Hickling himself had suggested.

Annual Report of the Game Department for the year ended 31st December, 1947

) General (2) Legislation (3) Nets (4) Imports and Exports of Dried Fish (B) Economic:- (I) Lake Victoria (2) Lake Albert (including the Albert Nile (3) Lake Edward and Associated Fisheries (4) Lake Kyoga (5) Minor Lakes, Dams and the Victoria Nile (6) Introductions (7) Fish Transfers (8) Crocodiles:- (C) Angling Trout Nile Perch Barbel Tilapia Variabilis

Annual Report of the Game Department for the year ended 31st December, 1948

Fisheries section of the annual report covers the following A. ADMINISTRATION (1) General, (2) Legislation, (3) Nets (4) Imports and Exports of Dried Fish, (B) ECONOMIC :( 1) Lake Victoria, (2) Lake Albert (including the Albert Nile), (3) Lake Edward and Associated Fisheries, (4) Report by Fish Culturist, (5) Lake Kyoga, (6) Minor Lakes and the Victoria Nile, (7) Dams,(8) Introductions,(9) Fish Transfers (10) Crocodiles:(i) Control,(ii) Industry, (iii) General (ll) General Notes, (C) ANGLING:Trout, Nile Perch Barbei, Tilapia variabilis.

Annual Report of the Game and Fisheries Department for the period 1st January, 1954, to 30th June, 1955

The fisheries section of the annual report covers information from the following regions: Lake Albert Region: Introduction Staff Launch Licensing Production Export to the Belgian Congo Marketing Departmental Activities Sporting Fishing Statistics Rainfall and Fish Landing Acholi region Lakes George/Edward Region: Introduction General Lake George The Kazinga Channel-Katunguru Lake Edward Minor Lakes Ruwenzori Trout Fisheries Launch Records of Catches Lake Kyoga Region: Introduction General Lake, Kyoga and Minor Lakes Production and fish farming

The role of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) in epithelial Na+ uptake in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are epithelial Na+ channels gated by external H+. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ASICs play a role in Na+ uptake in freshwater rainbow trout. The current paper investigated the potential involvement of ASICs in Na+ transport in another freshwater fish species, the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Using molecular and histological techniques we found that asic genes and the ASIC4.2 protein are expressed in the gill of adult zebrafish. Immunohistochemistry revealed that mitochondrion-rich cells positive for ASIC4.2 do not co-localize with Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA)-rich cells, but co-localize with cells expressing vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (VHA). Furthermore, pharmacological inhibitors of ASIC and Na+/H+-exchanger (NHEs) significantly reduced uptake of Na+ in adult zebrafish exposed to low Na+ media, but did not cause the same response in individuals exposed to ultra-low Na+ water. Our results suggest that in adult zebrafish ASICs play a role in branchial Na+ uptake in media with low Na+ concentrations and that mechanisms used for Na+ uptake by zebrafish may depend on the Na+ concentration in the acclimation media.

A Hydrogeologic Evaluation of the Waterloo Area in the Upper Jefferson River Valley, Montana

The Upper Jefferson River is one of the most dewatered rivers in Montana. The river exists in an intermontane basin filled with sediment transported from the Highland Mountains to the west, the Tobacco Root Mountains to the east, and the Jefferson River from the south. The Upper Jefferson River Valley is highly dependent on the Jefferson River as the main industry in the valley is agriculture. A majority of the valley is irrigated and used to grow crops, and a good portion is also used for cattle grazing. The residents of the Upper Jefferson River Valley use the aquifer as the main source of potable water. The Jefferson River is also widely used for recreation. This study took place in the Waterloo area of the Upper Jefferson River Valley, approximately 20 miles south of Whitehall, Montana. The Waterloo area provides significant groundwater base flow to the Jefferson River, which is particularly important during the late irrigation season when the river is severely dewatered, and elevated surface-water temperatures occur, creating irrigation water shortages and poor trout habitat. This area contains two springfed streams, Willow Springs and Parson’s Slough, which discharge to the Jefferson River providing cool water in the late season as well as providing the most important trout spawning habitat in the valley. The area is bordered on both the east and west by irrigation ditches, and about 60% of the study area is irrigated. Tile drains were installed in the study area in close proximity to Parsons Slough causing some concern by neighboring residents. This study evaluated relationships between surface water, groundwater, and irrigation practices so that water managers and others can make informed management decisions about the Upper Jefferson River. Data was collected via a network of groundwater wells and surface-water sites. Additionally, water-quality samples were taken and an aquifer test was conducted to determine aquifer properties. The field data were analyzed and a groundwater budget was created in order to evaluate the aquifer. Results of the groundwater budget show that seepage from the irrigation canals and irrigation recharge have the biggest influence on recharge of the aquifer. There is significant groundwater outflow from the aquifer in the spring-fed streams as well as discharge to the Jefferson River. In comparing previous study results to this study’s results, there is no evidence of the water table decreasing due to irrigation practice changes or tile drain installation. However, given the amount of recharge irrigation practices contribute to the aquifer, if significant changes were made, they may affect groundwater elevations. Also lining the irrigation ditches would have a significant impact on the aquifer, as the amount of seepage would be greatly reduced.

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

I utilized state the art remote sensing and GIS (Geographical Information System) techniques to study large scale biological, physical and ecological processes of coastal, nearshore, and offshore waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. These processes ranged from chlorophyll a and primary production time series analysies in Lake Michigan to coastal stamp sand threats on Buffalo Reef in Lake Superior. I used SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) satellite imagery to trace various biological, chemical and optical water properties of Lake Michigan during the past decade and to investigate the collapse of early spring primary production. Using spatial analysis techniques, I was able to connect these changes to some important biological processes of the lake (quagga mussels filtration). In a separate study on Lake Superior, using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and aerial photos, we examined natural coastal erosion in Grand Traverse Bay, Michigan, and discussed a variety of geological features that influence general sediment accumulation patterns and interactions with migrating tailings from legacy mining. These sediments are moving southwesterly towards Buffalo Reef, creating a threat to the lake trout and lake whitefish breeding ground.

Real-time Biosensor for the Assessment of Nanotoxicity and Cancer Electrotherapy

Knowledge of cell electronics has led to their integration to medicine either by physically interfacing electronic devices with biological systems or by using electronics for both detection and characterization of biological materials. In this dissertation, an electrical impedance sensor (EIS) was used to measure the electrode surface impedance changes from cell samples of human and environmental toxicity of nanoscale materials in 2D and 3D cell culture models. The impedimetric response of human lung fibroblasts and rainbow trout gill epithelial cells when exposed to various nanomaterials was tested to determine their kinetic effects towards the cells and to demonstrate the biosensor’s ability to monitor nanotoxicity in real-time. Further, the EIS allowed rapid, real-time and multi-sample analysis creating a versatile, noninvasive tool that is able to provide quantitative information with respect to alteration in cellular function. We then extended the application of the unique capabilities of the EIS to do real-time analysis of cancer cell response to externally applied alternating electric fields at different intermediate frequencies and low-intensity. Decreases in the growth profiles of the ovarian and breast cancer cells were observed with the application of 200 and 100 kHz, respectively, indicating specific inhibitory effects on dividing cells in culture in contrast to the non-cancerous HUVECs and mammary epithelial cells. We then sought to enhance the effects of the electric field by altering the cancer cell’s electronegative membrane properties with HER2 antibody functionalized nanoparticles. An Annexin V/EthD-III assay and zeta potential were performed to determine the cell death mechanism indicating apoptosis and a decrease in zeta potential with the incorporation of the nanoparticles. With more negatively charged HER2-AuNPs attached to the cancer cell membrane, the decrease in membrane potential would thus leave the cells more vulnerable to the detrimental effects of the applied electric field due to the decrease in surface charge. Therefore, by altering the cell membrane potential, one could possibly control the fate of the cell. This whole cell-based biosensor will enhance our understanding of the responsiveness of cancer cells to electric field therapy and demonstrate potential therapeutic opportunities for electric field therapy in the treatment of cancer.

Salmonid behaviour under winter conditions

Winter conditions are believed to play an important role in the population dynamics of northern temperate stream fish, challenging the ability of fish to physiologically and behaviourally adapt. Climate change is predicted to increase both mean temperature and temperature fluctuations, especially during winter, leading to dynamic environmental conditions in terms of river ice production and flow. Therefore, knowledge about the winter ecology of stream fish is important for predicting and mitigating anthropogenic impacts on fish production in boreal streams. Stream salmonids are relatively active throughout winter, and behavioural responses to different winter conditions may be critical for survival. Yet, relatively little is known about overwintering behaviour of salmonids, particularly in streams with ice. In this doctoral thesis, I report the results from experimental field and laboratory studies on the behavioural ecology of juvenile salmonids under winter conditions. My results from the field show that salmonids grow more and use a broader range of habitats in the presence of surface ice than in its absence. Results from the laboratory experiments show that the presence of surface ice increases food intake rates, reduces stress and affects social interactions. These laboratory results may explain the positive effects of ice cover on growth that was found in the field experiment. Moreover, I show that drift-feeding ability is reduced at low temperatures, and that nocturnal drift foraging under winter conditions has a low efficiency.

Unexpectedly high catch-and-release rates in European marine recreational fisheries: implications for science and management

While catch-and-release (C&R) is a well-known practice in several European freshwater recreational fisheries, studies on the magnitude and impact of this practice in Europeanmarine recreational fisheries are limited. To provide an overview of the practice andmagnitude of C&R among marine recreational anglers in Europe, the existing knowledge of C&R and its potential associated release mortality was collected andsummarized. The present study revealed that in several European countries over half of the total recreational catch is released by marine anglers. High release proportions of > 60% were found for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), pollack (Pollachius pollachius), and sea trout (Salmo trutta) in at least one of the studied European countries. In the case of the German recreational Baltic Sea cod fishery, release proportions varied considerably between years, presumably tracking a strong year class ofundersized fish. Reasons for release varied between countries and species, and included legal restrictions (e.g. minimumlanding sizes and daily bag limits) and voluntary C&R. Considering the magnitude of C&R practice among European marine recreational anglers, post-release mortalities of released fish may need to be accounted for in estimated fishingmortalities.However, as the survival rates of Europeanmarine species aremostly unknown, there is a need to conduct post-release survival studies and to identify factors affecting post-release survival. Such studies could also assist in developing species-specific, best-practice guidelines to minimize the impacts of C&R on released marine fish in Europe.

Estrategias para la mejora de la reputación organizacional de Ecosistec S.A.S

Al interior de la empresa ECOSISTEC S.A.S. existe un problema que está erosionando la rentabilidad y está comprometiendo la perdurabilidad de esta empresa, con el planteamiento de este proyecto aplicado se podrá resolver el problema de reputación que tiene a la empresa en un estado crítico y que ha limitado considerablemente su desempeño a través de los últimos años. A través de un análisis externo e interno, y de la aplicación de diferentes metodologías al interior de esta empresa se espera poder conocer la situación actual de la misma y del mercado colombiano, lo que a la final permitirá encontrar una solución óptima que mejore el estado actual de esta organización mejorando la cuota de mercado y la imagen que tienen los potenciales clientes de ECOSISTEC S.A.S.