ACIAR Domestication of Meliaceae species with reference to Hypsipyla

Domestication of Meliaceae, particularly Chukrasia and Toona ciliata with reference to Hypsipyla shoot borers. Clonal and silvicultural aspects.

Efeito de óleos essenciais e extratos de diferentes espécies botânicas sobre bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biótipo b (Hemiptera: aleyrodidae) em tomateiro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Botanical extracts: alternative control for silverleaf whitefly management in tomato

Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B is one of the most limiting pests of tomato crops in the world. Tomato yield is currently dependent on the use of pesticides, which are problematic to farmers, consumers and the environment. A promising alternative to reduce the harmful effects caused by the indiscriminated use of synthetic insecticides is the use of insecticides of botanical origin. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 3% (w/v) aqueous extracts from different structures of thirteen botanical species on the behavior of B. tabaci biotype B adults, as well as insecticidal activity of such aqueous extracts on B. tabaci eggs, nymphs, and adults infesting tomato plants. A distilled water solution was used as a negative control, and thiamethoxam insecticide (18 g/100 L of water) as a positive control. Leaf extract of Toona ciliata was observed to have the most efficient inhibitory effect in tests of extracts on whitefly behavior. Furthermore, the use of leaf extract of Toona ciliata led to the most drastic reduction in the number of adults and eggs on tomato leaflets. Leaf extract of Piper aduncum led to the greatest observed ovicidal effect (78.00% of non-hatched nymphs); however it was not effective against nymphs and adults. The leaf extracts of Trichilia pallida, Trichilia casaretti, and Toona ciliata showed the highest control indexes (67.9, 60.3, and 55.1%, respectively). For adults mortality, T. pallida was the most effective (72.8%). Our results indicate that application of extracts of T. pallida, T. ciliata, and T. casaretti are promising strategies to manage B. tabaci biotype B on tomato.

INSECTICIDAL AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM MELIACEAE ON BEMISIA TABACI (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)

We studied the effects of crude extracts and fractions of Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, Toona ciliata and Trichilia pallida on both egg and nymph mortality and embryonic development of Bemisia tabaci B biotype, using tomato plants grown in a greenhouse. Next, we studied the host selection behavioral effects on the adult whitefly under laboratory conditions. The dichloromethane extracts from all plant species and fractions of the extract from branches of T. pallida (EBTPD) and of the extract from leaves of T. ciliata (ELTCD) in dichloromethane caused mortality of nymphs, but neither affected egg viability. However, the branches of the ethanolic extract of A. indica increased the period of embryonic development of the B. tabaci. In addition, the tomato leaflets treated with the fraction of ELTCD dichloromethane (0.28%) were the least preferred by adults, reducing the number of insects resting on the tomato leaflets. The ELTCD methanol and EBTPD dichloromethane fractions inhibited B. tabaci oviposition. Thus, Meliaceae derivatives can contribute to the reduction of the B. tabaci population. The susceptibility of the B. tabaci to Meliaceae derivatives and the relevant behavioral changes of this pest are discussed.

Rentabilidade econômica de cedro-australiano em plantios puros e consorciados com café.

2015

Los Tintinidos (Protozoa: Ciliata) del mar peruano y sus relaciones con el fenómeno El Niño

Se ha estudiado la composición, abundancia y distribución de las especies de Tintinida (Protozoa: Ciliata) en relación con las condiciones ambientales, entre 1982 y 1985. Se han identificado 54 especies pertenecientes a 30 géneros y 12 familias. Se utilizaron 901 muestras colectadas con red estándar de fitoplancton en 15 cruceros realizados por el Instituto del Mar del Perú, entre la primavera de 1982 y el verano de 1985, a lo largo del litoral peruano, entre Puerto Pizarro (04' S) e llo (18°S). Además se estudiaron 216 muestras de agua obtenidas con botellas Niskin en 7 estaciones distribuidas a lo largo del perfil Callao (12° S) y a profundidades de 0, 10, 25 y 50 m. Las mayores densidades se presentaron en el verano de 1985, por las especies: Eutintinnus tubulosus, Hellicostomella longa y H. subulata, época considerada como normal de acuerdo a las condiciones oceanográficas. La composición por especies cambia con la distancia de la costa. Dentro de las 30 mn predominaron H. longa y H. subulata; y en la región oceánica: Eutintinnus similis, Oadayiella ganymedes y X ystonella treforti, especies de aguas subtropicales superficia­les. En la distribución vertical, las mayores concentraciones se encontraron entre los O y 25 m de profundidad, muy cerca de la costa.

Biomassa, teores de nutrientes, espilantol e atividade antioxidante em plantas de jambu (Acmella ciliata Kunth) sob adubações mineral e orgânica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Population dynamics of the Sycamore Lace Bug (Corythucha Ciliata, Say, Heteroptera: Tingidae) in Hungary

Based on the observation of more than 10 000 leaves of plane trees, four populations of Corythucha ciliata (Say, 1832) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) are investigated. After having introduced some parameters derived from the data, we draw spatial-temporal patterns and describe the seasonal population dynamics of Corythucha ciliata. Amongst others, the temporal change of the density of population, the state plane of larvae–adults, the inclination to accumulate, and the intraspecific competition are examined. Population and biomass dynamics is characterized for populations with and without limited nutrient source in case of different weather circumstances and effects.

The effect of climate change on the population of sycamore lace bug (Corythuca ciliata, Say) based on a simulation model with phenological response

Climate change affects on insect populations in many ways: it can cause a shift in geographical spread, abundance, or diversity, it can change the location, the timing and the magnitude of outbreaks of pests and it can define the phenological or even the genetic properties of the species. Long-time investigations of special insect populations, simulation models and scenario studies give us very important information about the response of the insects far away and near to our century. Getting to know the potential responses of insect populations to climate change makes us possible to evaluate the adaptation of pest management alternatives as well as to formulate our future management policy. In this paper we apply two simple models, in order to introduce a complex case study for a Sycamore lace bug population. We test how the model works in case the whether conditions are very different from those in our days. Thus, besides we can understand the processes that happen in present, we can analyze the effects of a possible climate change, as well.

Anti-cancer and antioxidant properties of phenolics isolated from Toona sinensis A Juss acetone leaf extract

Purpose: To investigate the antioxidant and anticancer activities of phenolics from the leaf extract of Toona sinensis (TS). Methods: Acetone leaf extract of TS was screened for total phenolic and flavanoid contents, and the flanonoids were subjected to high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. Antioxidant properties were assessed via oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), peroxyl radical scavenging capacity (PSC) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA), while anti-proliferative activity ins HepG2 cell line was assessed using methylene blue assay. Results: The extract contained 36.02 ± 0.24 mg of gallic acid equiv/g dry weight (DW) and 20.24 ± 1.73 mg of catechin equiv/g DW of total phenolic and total flavonoid, respectively. The levels of rutin and quercitrin were 0.51 and 19.55 mg/g, respectively. Epicatechin, gallic acid, quercitin, isoquercetin were not detected. The extract showed significant antioxidant potential and high anti-proliferation capacity with low cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell in vitro. The underlying mechanism of anti-proliferative effect was induction of apoptosis. Conclusion: TS leaf extract possesses significant in vitro antioxidant properties and anti-proliferative effect against HepG2 cells, which make it a potential anticancer drug source.

Developments in controlled green-water larval culture technologies for estuarine fishes in Queensland, Australia and elsewhere

Since 1989, researchers with the Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI&F) in Queensland, Australia, have successfully used controlled low-water exchange green-water cultures to rear the larvae of estuarine fishes and crustaceans through to metamorphosis. High survivals and excellent fry condition have been achieved for several commercially important endemic species produced for various projects. They include barramundi or sea bass, Lates calcarifer, Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, dusky flathead, Platycephalus fuscus, sand whiting, Sillago ciliata, red sea bream or snapper, Pagrus auratus, banana prawn, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, and others. The consistent success of our standardised and relatively simple approach at different localities has led to it being incorporated into general fingerling production practices at several establishments in Australia. Although post-metamorphosis rearing methods have differed for each species investigated, due to various biological and behavioural traits and project requirements, these larval rearing methods have been successful with few species-specific modifications. Initially modelled on the Taiwanese approach to rearing Penaeids in aerated low-water exchange cultures, the approach similarly appears to rely on a beneficial assemblage of micro-organisms. Conceptually, these micro-organisms may include a mixture of the air-borne primary invaders of pure phytoplankton cultures when exposed to outdoor conditions. Whilst this would vary with different sites, our experiences with these methods have consistently been favourable. Mass microalgal cultures with eco-physiological youth are used to regularly augment larval fish cultures so that rearing conditions simulate an exponential growth-phase microalgal bloom. Moderate to heavy aeration prevents settlement of particulate matter and encourages aerobic bacterial decomposition of wastes. The green-water larval rearing approach described herein has demonstrated high practical utility in research and commercial applications, and has greatly simplified marine finfish hatchery operations whilst generally lifting production capacities for metamorphosed fry in Australia. Its potential uses in areas of aquaculture other than larviculture are also discussed.