TN-LCD用聚酰亚胺取向排列剂

用溶液缩聚—热酰亚胺化法和溶液缩聚—化学酰亚胺化法合成了一系列芳香族聚酰亚胺,研究了它们的液晶取向特性、储存稳定性、耐热性、透明性和接性等与分子结构之间的关系,并考查了制备方法对液晶取向性、透明性和粘接性能的影响.得到了若干种液晶预倾角适中、储存稳定性优异、透明性好和耐热的TN—LCD用取向排列剂.

Optical properties of organo-soluble polyimide thin films and their applications in liquid crystal displays

Three organo-soluble polyimide powders have been synthesized. Their imidization was verified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The amorphous morphology of their thin films were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Polyimide thin films were prepared by solution casting or spin coating. UV-visible transmission spectra of thin films revealed that they are almost transparent in the range of visible light. With in-plane orientation, revealed by FTIR spectra, negative birefringence (Delta n) of thin films were observed, and refractive indices of the thin films along the film plane (n(TE)) and normal to the plane (n(TM)) were measured by a prism coupler. Because of negative birefringence of the thin films, they tan be substituted for the compensation films for twisted nematic liquid crystal displays (TN-LCDs) to extend their viewing angles. In this paper, a 90 degrees C TN-LCD and 120 degrees C TN-LCD were taken as examples to show the compensation effect of thin films of a qualified polyimide. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Color filters with negative birefringence for liquid crystal display use

We have developed a special color film with negative birefringence, which can work as a color filter and a viewing angle extension film for liquid crystal displays (LCDs). A high-performance polyimide (PI), which can be dissolved in the usual organic solvent and shows negative birefringence after lamination, was synthesized to fabricate the film. By mixing PI with suitable proportions of green, blue or red pigment in the solvent, then laminating them onto a glass substrate, we obtained color films with good transmission spectra and suitable chromatic coordinates. The results of our experiments show that the color filters still have negative birefringence but a little lower than that of the pure PI film. and can therefore work as compensation films for normal white twist nematic liquid crystal displays (TN-LCD).

Polyimide thin films as compensators for liquid crystal displays

The disadvantages of NW-TN-LCD (normally white twisted nematic liquid crystal display) are discussed. The reason that the negative birefringent polyimide thin films are used to compensate NW-TN-LCD to decrease off-axis leakage, improve contrast ratios and enlarge viewing angeles is explained. A certain polyimide thin film is taken as an example to show the compensation effect on NW-TN-LCD. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Compensation effect of polyimide thin films on normally white twisted nematic liquid crystal displays

The disadvantages of Normally White Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display (NW-TN-LCD) were discussed. The reason that the negative birefringent polyimide thin films were used to compensate NW-TN-LCD to decrease off-axis leakage, improve contrast ratios and enlarge viewing angles was explained in this paper. A certain polyimide thin film was taken as an example to show compensation effect on NW-TN-LCD.

The Spartan-3E tutorial 3 : using the LCD display [version 1.0]

This tutorial is designed to assist users who wish to use the LCD screen on the Spartan-3E board. In this tutorial, the PicoBlaze microcontroller is used to control the LCD. The tutorial is organised into three Parts. In Part A, code is written to display the message "Hello World" on the LCD. Part B demonstrates how to define and display custom characters. Finally, Part C shows how the display can be shifted and flashed. Shifting is done by using a delay in the main PicoBlaze program loop, while flashing is done using the PicoBlaze interrupt. The slider switches can be used to select the shifting direction, and to turn shifting and flashing on and off.

Letter from the Editor: special issue of papers on “The Use of Native Insect Herbivores for the Management of Eurasian Watermilfoil," presented at a special session of the Annual Meeting, Aquatic Plant Management Society, July 1998, Memphis, TN

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Ìtàn - oralidades e escritas: um estudo de caso sobre cadernos de hunkó e outras escritas no Ìlè Aṣé Omi Larè Ìyá Sagbá

Ìtàn, termo em yorubá que significa mitos, histórias de òrìṣà. Histórias que têm por tradição, dentro dos terreiros de candomblé, serem repassadas de geração em geração aos iniciados no culto, através da oralidade. O ìtàn estabelece as características pessoais dos òrìṣà e os caminhos percorridos por eles através de enredos que envolvem o sagrado e o humano e acabam por determinar ritos, personalidades e identificações dentro do terreiro de candomblé. Rituais que envolvem tradições e segredos. Os ìtàn justificam, validam a organização dos materiais ritualísticos utilizados em cada situação específica e a execução dos rituais, fazendo relação direta com os arquétipos dos òrìṣà. Como os segredos são mantidos através das gerações? Será que o registro escrito pode ameaçar os segredos? Como perpetuar segredos sem correr os riscos de deformá-los ou mesmo modificá-los? A escrita protege ou fragiliza esses segredos? Essas perguntas movem essa dissertação e suscita outras ligadas diretamente às questões do aprender de crianças e jovens para além dos muros da escola; será que o ìtàn pode ser considerado como um facilitador da aprendizagem e constituinte de redes educativas neste espaço? Pesquisei esses processos a partir dos registros escritos nos cadernos/diários de crianças e adolescentes e seu repasse dentro de um terreiro de candomblé, onde essas construções escritas fazem parte do cotidiano, sendo desdobramento de uma prática pouco comum, nesta formatação específica, nos espaços de religiosidade afro-descendente. O ìtàn é um dos principais instrumentos para o repasse, compreensão, manutenção das tradições do candomblé, tradições essas que possuem o segredo e a oralidade como mola de propulsão; os registros escritos existem, em um número considerável, como forma de guardar ensinamentos ritualísticos aprendidos com os mais velhos e/ou em terreiros de amigos - como os registros de ìtàn e cadernos/diários que encontramos no espaço do terreiro pesquisado

Expression of CD175 (Tn), CD175s (sialosyl-Tn) and CD176 (Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen) on malignant human hematopoietic cells

The expression of the histo-blood group carbohydrate structures T-nouvelle (Tn, CD175), sialylated To (CD175s) and the Thomsen-Friedenreich disaccharide (TF, CD176) on human leukemia cell lines was analyzed by their reactivity with specific monoclonal ant

长江中下游地区浅水湖泊群中无机氮和TN/TP变化的模式及生物调控机制

对长江中下游地区33个浅水性湖泊的氨态氮(NH_3-N)、硝态氮(NO_3-N)、亚硝氮(NO_2-N)和氮磷比(TN/TP)在生长季节和非生长季节的变化进行了研究。各营养盐浓度之间均呈显著正相关,整体上生长季节的相关性较好。当TP＞0．1 mgL~(-1)时,随TP浓度的升高,非生长季节氨态氮浓度增加较快,硝态氮在生长季节呈增长趋势而在非生长季节有下降的趋势,这主要因为非生长季节超富营养湖泊中的溶氧和温度较生长季节低,而硝化作用对溶氧和温度较敏感所致。当TP为0．035 mg·l~(-1)～0．1 mg

TN : TP ratio and planktivorous fish do not affect nutrient-chlorophyll relationships in shallow lakes

1. In previous work, phytoplankton regulation in freshwater lakes has been associated with many factors. Among these, the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (TN : TP) has been widely proposed as an index to identify whether phytoplankton are N- or P-limited. From another point of view, it has been suggested that planktivorous fish can be used to control phytoplankton. 2. Large-scale investigations of phytoplankton biomass [measured as chlorophyll a, (chl-a)] were carried out in 45 mid-lower Yangtze shallow lakes to test hypotheses concerning nutrient limitation (assessed with TN : TP ratios) and phytoplankton control by planktivorous fish. 3. Regression analyses indicated that TP was the primary regulating factor and TN the second regulating factor for both annual and summer phytoplankton chl-a. In separate nutrient-chl-a regression analyses for lakes of different TN : TP ratios, TP was also superior to TN in predicting chl-a at all particular TN : TP ranges and over the entire TN : TP spectrum. Further analyses found that chl-a : TP was not influenced by TN : TP, while chl-a : TN was positively and highly correlated to TP : TN. 4. Based on these results, and others in the literature, we argue that the TN : TP ratio is inappropriate as an index to identify limiting nutrients. It is almost impossible to specify a 'cut-off' TN : TP ratio to identify a limiting nutrient for a multi-species community because optimal N : P ratios vary greatly among phytoplankton species. 5. Lakes with yields of planktivorous fish (silver and bighead carp, the species native to China) > 100 kg ha(-1) had significantly higher chl-a and lower Secchi depth than those with yields < 100 kg ha(-1). TP-chl-a and TP-Secchi depth relationships are not significantly different between lakes with yields > 100 kg ha(-1) or < 100 kg ha(-1). These results indicate that the fish failed to decrease chl-a yield or enhance Z(SD). Therefore, silver carp and bighead carp are not recommended as a biotic agent for phytoplankton control in lake management if the goal is to control the entire phytoplankton and to enhance water quality.

Changes in the patterns of inorganic nitrogen and TN/TP ratio and the associated mechanism of biological regulation in the shallow lakes of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The changes of NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN/TP were studied during growth and non-growth season in 33 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There were significant positive correlations among all nutrient concentrations, and the correlations were better in growth season than in non-growth season. When TP > 0.1 mgL(-1), NH3-N increased sharply in non-growth season with increasing TP, and NO3-N increased in growth season but decreased in non-growth season with TP. These might be attributed to lower dissolved oxygen and low temperature in non-growth season of the hypereutrophic lakes, since nitrification is more sensitive to dissolved oxygen and temperature than anti nitrification. When 0.1 mgL(-1)> TP > 0.035 mgL(-1), TN and all kinds of inorganic nitrogen were lower in growth season than in non-growth season, and phytoplankton might be the vital regulating factor. When TP < 0.035 mgL(-1), inorganic nitrogen concentrations were relatively low and NH3-N, NO2-N had significant correlations with phytoplankton, indicating that NH3-N and NO2-N might be limiting factors to phytoplankton. In addition, TN/TP went down with decline in TIP concentration, and TN and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season, suggesting that decreasing nitrogen (especially NH3-N and NO3-N) was an important reason for the decreasing TN/TP in growth season. The ranges of TN/TP were closely related to trophic level in both growth and non-growth seasons, and it is apparent that in the eutrophic and hypertrophic state the TN/TP ratio was obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season. The changes of the TN/TP ratio were closely correlated with trophic levels, and both declines of TN in the water column and TP release from the sediment were important factors for the decline of the TN/TP ratio in growth season.

The low TN : TP ratio, a cause or a result of Microcystis blooms?

An enclosure experiment in the shallow, subtropical Lake Donghu, China, was performed in the summer of 2001 to examine the effect of TN:TP (total phosphorus) ratios and P-reduction on the occurrence of Microcysitis blooms. The treatments were performed with enough amounts of N but with different amounts of P in the water column and sediment. Microcystis blooms occurred in the enclosures either with an initial TN:TP <29 or TN:TP >29 where the nutrients (N, P) were high enough. Microcysitis blooms never occurred in the treatments with low P concentration in spite of the presence of sufficient N. The P-rich sediments served as an important source for the P supply in the water column, and such a process was activated greatly by the outburst of Microcystis blooms which pumped up selectively P from the sediments and thus decreased the TN:TP ratios. Therefore, the low TN:TP ratio is not a cause but rather a result of Microcystis blooms. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.