New Approaches for the Ethanol Oxidation Reaction of Pt/C on Carbon Cloth Using ATR-FTIR

This work describes the study of the ethanol oxidation reaction of a Pt/C Etek electrocatalyst that was supported on different substrates, such as gold, glassy carbon and carbon cloth treated with PTFE. In the ethanol oxidation reaction, the activity varies with the substrate, as well as the pathways for ethanol oxidation, as studied by an ATR-FTIR in situ setup using the carbon cloth as the electrocatalyst support. The electrocatalyst Pt/C supported on gold starts acetaldehyde production from ethanol oxidation at an onset potential of 0.1 V less than that observed for the same process on Teflon-treated carbon cloth. The Pt/C supported on the carbon cloth starts its CO2 production for the same oxidation process at 0.2 V less than on the Pt/C supported on gold substrate. The differences in catalytic activity for the ethanol oxidation reaction depend not only on the electrocatalyst but also on various electrode factors, such as the substrate, the roughness of the electrode and the charge transfer resistance.

Electropolymerisation of catalytically active PEDOT from an ionic liquid on a flexible carbon cloth using a sandwich cell configuration

We report the electropolymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene) (PEDOT) from an ionic liquid, butyl-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (C4mpyrTFSI) onto flexible carbon cloth electrodes. A continuous, homogeneous and well adhered coating of the individual cloth fibres is achieved by employing a sandwich cell arrangement where the carbon cloth which is soaked with electrolyte is placed between two indium tin oxide electrodes isolated from each other by a battery separator. The resultant PEDOT modified carbon cloth electrode demonstrates excellent activity for the oxygen reduction reaction which is due to the doping level, conductivity and morphology of the PEDOT layer and is also tolerant to the presence of methanol in the electrolyte. This simple approach therefore offers a route to fabricate flexible polymer electrodes that could be used in various electronic applications.

Flexible ruthenium oxide-activated carbon cloth composites prepared by simple electrodeposition methods

This work focuses on the preparation of flexible ruthenium oxide containing activated carbon cloth by electrodeposition. Different electrodeposition methods have been used, including chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry and cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical properties of the obtained materials have been measured. The results show that the potentiostatic method allows preparing composites with higher specific capacitance than the pristine activated carbon cloth. The capacitance values measured by cyclic voltammetry at 10 mV s−1 and 1 V of potential window were up to 160 and 180 F g−1. This means an improvement of 82% and 100% with respect to the capacitance of the pristine activated carbon cloth. This excellent capacitance enhancement is attributed to the small particle size (4–5 nm) and the three-dimensional nanoporous network of the ruthenium oxide film which allows reaching very high degree of oxide utilization without blocking the pore structure of the activated carbon cloth. In addition, the electrodes maintain the mechanical properties of the carbon cloth and can be useful for flexible devices.

Tailoring the Surface Chemistry of Activated Carbon Cloth by Electrochemical Methods

This paper presents a systematic study of the effect of the electrochemical treatment (galvanostatic electrolysis in a filter-press electrochemical cell) on the surface chemistry and porous texture of commercial activated carbon cloth. The same treatments have been conducted over a granular activated carbon in order to clarify the effect of morphology. The influence of different electrochemical variables, such as the electrode polarity (anodic or cathodic), the applied current (between 0.2 and 1.0 A) and the type of electrolyte (HNO3 and NaCl) have also been analyzed. The anodic treatment of both activated carbons causes an increase in the amount of surface oxygen groups, whereas the cathodic treatment does not produce any relevant modification of the surface chemistry. The HNO3 electrolyte produced a lower generation of oxygen groups than the NaCl one, but differences in the achieved distribution of surface groups can be benefitial to selectively tune the surface chemistry. The porous texture seems to be unaltered after the electro-oxidation treatment. The validity of this method to introduce surface oxygen groups with a pseudocapacitive behavior has been corroborated by cyclic voltammetry. As a conclusion, the electrochemical treatment can be easily implemented to selectively and quantitatively modify the surface chemistry of activated carbons with different shapes and morphologies.

Enhanced removal of 8-quinolinecarboxylic acid in an activated carbon cloth by electroadsorption in aqueous solution

The effect of the electrochemical treatment (potentiostatic treatment in a filter-press electrochemical cell) on the adsorption capacity of an activated carbon cloth (ACC) was analyzed in relation with the removal of 8-quinolinecarboxylic acid pollutant from water. The adsorption capacity of an ACC is quantitatively improved in the presence of an electric field (electroadsorption process) reaching values of 96% in comparison to 55% in absence of applied potential. In addition, the cathodic treatment results in higher removal efficiencies than the anodic treatment. The enhanced adsorption capacity has been proved to be irreversible, since the removed compound remains adsorbed after switching the applied potential. The kinetics of the adsorption processes is also improved by the presence of an applied potential.

Low temperature growth of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres

This paper reviews work on low temperature growth of carbon nanotubes, on Si, on plastic, on carbon cloth, using sputtered and colloidal catalysts, and with nano-imprinted patterning. © 2005 Materials Research Society.

Hydrothermal carbonization in the synthesis of sustainable porous carbon materials

Carbon materials are found versatile and applicable in wide range of applications. During the recent years research of carbon materials has focussed on the search of environmentally friendly, sustainable, renewable and low-cost starting material sources as well as simple cost-efficient synthesis techniques. As an alternative synthesis technique in the production of carbon materials hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has shown a great potential. Depending on the application HTC can be performed as such or as a pretreatment technique. This technique allows synthesis of carbon materials i.e. hydrochars in closed vessel in the presence of water and self-generated pressure at relatively low temperatures (180-250 ˚C). As in many applications well developed porosity and heteroatom distribution are in a key role. Therefore in this study different techniques e.g. varying feedstock, templating and post-treatment in order to introduce these properties to the hydrochars structure were performed. Simple monosaccharides i.e. fructose or glucose and more complex compounds such as cellulose and sludge were performed as starting materials. Addition of secondary precursor e.g. thiophenecarboxaldehyde and ovalbumin was successfully exploited in order to alter heteroatom content. It was shown that well-developed porosity (SBET 550 m2/g) can be achieved via one-pot approach (i.e. exploitation of salt mixture) without conventionally used post-carbonization step. Nitrogen-enriched hydrochars indicated significant Pb(II) and Cr(VI) removal efficiency of 240 mg/g and 68 mg/g respectively. Sulphur addition into carbon network was not found to have enhancing effect on the adsorption of methylene blue or change acidity of the carbon material. However, these hydrochars were found to remove 99.9 % methylene blue and adsorption efficiency of these hydrochars remained over 90 % even after regeneration. In addition to water treatment application N-rich high temperature treated carbon materials were proven applicable as electrocatalyst and electrocatalyst support. Hydrothermal carbonization was shown to be workable technique for the production of carbon materials with variable physico-chemical properties and therefore hydrochars could be applied in several different applications e.g. as alternative low-cost adsorbent for pollutant removal from water.

Técnicas de reforço estrutural para edificações antigas: estudo de caso na cidade de Rio Branco – Acre

Este trabalho visou a demonstrar o dimensionamento e verificação de cálculo da NBR 6118 (ABNT, 2007) com as suas características geométricas, cobrimento da armadura, armaduras, flambagem e a resistência de pilares à compressão centrada dos pilares em concreto armado, apresentando na revisão bibliográfica as principais técnicas de reforço estrutural de pilares de concreto armado para edificações antigas, identificando as principais metodologias e técnicas utilizadas no Brasil e apresentando os pontos positivos e negativos de cada técnica:encamisamento de concreto, perfis metálicos, chapa de aço colado, manta/tecido de carbono, aramida e vidro e polímeros reforçados com fibras de carbono (PRFC). Os pilares com aumento da seção transversal retangular, com adição de armação e concreto, sendo mais usual e prática a técnica apresenta dificuldades em obras antigas, geralmente devido à necessidade arquitetônica de permanecer o mais fiel a sua forma original. Justificando-se a necessidade de conhecimento das diversas técnicas de reforço estrutural descritas neste trabalho com aumento de capacidade de resistência, sem que haja aumento substancial, na seção transversal dos pilares e objetivando a análise do reforço proposto através dos cálculos do projeto, programa – PDOP 2.0 e parâmetros de cálculo da NBR 6118 (ABNT, 2007). Os resultados obtidos através da análise comparativa do reforço executado no estudo de caso “revitalização do casarão” - com relação à análise dos pilares retangulares submetidos à flexão composta oblíqua, esforços cortantes e torsores quanto à NBR 6118 (ABNT, 2007) utilizando o programa para dimensionamento otimizado de pilares – PDOP 2.0 - indicaram que a técnica de reforço estudada foi eficiente, pois todas as peças reforçadas tiveram uma capacidade portante maior que a do pilar original sem o reforço.

Estudo da modificação superficial de fibras de carbono por meio de tratamentos a plasma para o aumento da adesão na interface de compósitos fibra de carbono/PPS

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Electrochemical study of platinum deposited by electron beam evaporation for application as fuel cell electrodes

Platinum is the most used catalyst in electrodes for fuel cells due to its high catalytic activity. Polymer electrolyte and direct methanol fuel cells usually include Pt as catalyst in their electrodes. In order to diminish the cost of such electrodes, different Pt deposition methods that permit lowering the metal load whilst maintaining their electroactivity, are being investigated. In this work, the behaviour of electron beam Pt (e-beam Pt) deposited electrodes for fuel cells is studied. Three different Pt loadings have been investigated. The electrochemical behaviour by cyclic voltammetry in H2SO4, HClO4 and in HClO4+MeOH before and after the Pt deposition on carbon cloth has been analysed. The Pt improves the electrochemical properties of the carbon support used. The electrochemical performance of e-beam Pt deposited electrodes was finally studied in a single direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and the obtained results indicate that this is a promising and adequate method to prepare fuel cell electrodes.

Polipirrol, un buen soporte para electrodos de pilas de combustible de metanol directo (DMFC)

(SPA) El polipirrol es uno de los polímeros conductores más utilizados en la preparación de electrodos debido a su alta actividad catalítica para la oxidación y reducción del metanol. En este trabajo se ha depositado electroquímicamente polipirrol a diferentes potenciales de depósito, Ed, sobre tela de carbón no tejida Freudenberg en medio ácido. Se ha analizado la morfología y la respuesta electroquímica en medio HClO4 y en presencia de HClO4+MeOH antes y después de la síntesis del polipirrol sobre ella. Lastructura de las películas obtenidas se ha estudiado por espectroscopia infrarroja de transformada de Fourier, FTIR. Se observa que el polipirrol mejora las propiedades electroquímicas de la tela de carbón, obteniéndose el mejor resultado para su aplicación como soporte del catalizador en pilas de combustible con la película sintetizada a 1,0V. (ENG) Polypyrrole is one of the most used conducting polymers in electrode building due to its high catalytic activity to the methanol oxidation and reduction. By this motive, polypyrrole has been electrochemically synthesized at constant potential, Ed, on Freudenberg carbon cloth in acid medium. Carbon cloth morphology and electrochemical behaviour in HClO4 and in HClO4+MeOH before and after the polypyrrole eposition have been analysed. The structure of the films was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR. The polypyrrole improves the electrochemical properties of the studied carbon cloth. The biggest charge of the electroactive area is the one synthesized at 1.0V, being the best for its application as catalyst support in fuel cells.

Comportamiento electroquímico y en pila de combustible de cátodos fabricados mediante evaporacion electrónica de Pt frente a electrodos comerciales

(SPA) Con el objetivo de disminuir el coste de los electrodos utilizados en las pilas de combustible de membrana polimérica se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de la influencia sobre la respuesta electroquímica y en ensayos en monocelda de pila de combustible de alcohol directo, de la deposición por evaporación electrónica de platino sobre tela de carbón. Se han estudiado en las mismas condiciones dos electrodos comerciales con distinta carga de catalizador y dos electrodos preparados por evaporación electrónica de platino. Se encuentra que la evaporación electrónica de platino sobre tela de carbón ahorra carga de catalizador, aumenta la superficie electroactiva y permite alcanzar rendimientos comparables a los de los electrodos comerciales, mejorando mucho la potencia obtenida por unidad de masa de material catalítico. (ENG) In order to diminish the cost of the electrodes used in polymer membrane fuel cells a study of the influence on the electrochemical response and essays in a single direct methanol fuel cell of the deposition by electronic evaporation of Platinum on carbon cloth has been carried out. Two commercial electrodes with different catalyst loading and two electrodes prepared by electronic evaporation of Platinum have been studied in the same conditions. It can be concluded that electronic evaporation of Platinum on carbon cloth saves catalyst load, increases the electroactive surface area and reaches fuel cell performances comparable with those obtained using commercial electrodes, improving clearly the power obtained per unit mass of catalytic material.

Ultrafast Switching Time and Third Order Nonlinear Coefficients of Microwave Treated Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Suspensions

Microwave treated water soluble and amide functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes have been investigated using femtosecond degenerate pump-probe and nonlinear transmission experiments. The time resolved differential transmission using 75 femtosecond pulse with the central wavelength of 790 nm shows a bi-exponential ultrafast photo-bleaching with time constants of 160 fs (130 fs) and 920 fs (300 fs) for water soluble (amide functionalized) nanotubes. Open and closed aperture z-scans show saturation absorption and positive (negative) nonlinear refraction for water soluble (amide functionalized) nanotubes. Two photon absorption coefficient, beta(0) similar to 250 cm/GW (650 cm/GW) and nonlinear index, gamma similar to 15 cm(2)/pW (-30 cm(2)/pW) are obtained from the theoretical fit in the saturation limit to the data for two types of nanotubes.

No More HF: Teflon-Assisted Ultrafast Removal of Silica to Generate High-Surface-Area Mesostructured Carbon for Enhanced CO2 Capture and Supercapacitor Performance

An innovative technique to obtain high-surface-area mesostructured carbon (2545m(2)g(-1)) with significant microporosity uses Teflon as the silica template removal agent. This method not only shortens synthesis time by combining silica removal and carbonization in a single step, but also assists in ultrafast removal of the template (in 10min) with complete elimination of toxic HF usage. The obtained carbon material (JNC-1) displays excellent CO2 capture ability (ca. 26.2wt% at 0 degrees C under 0.88bar CO2 pressure), which is twice that of CMK-3 obtained by the HF etching method (13.0wt%). JNC-1 demonstrated higher H-2 adsorption capacity (2.8wt%) compared to CMK-3 (1.2wt%) at -196 degrees C under 1.0bar H-2 pressure. The bimodal pore architecture of JNC-1 led to superior supercapacitor performance, with a specific capacitance of 292Fg(-1) and 182Fg(-1) at a drain rate of 1Ag(-1) and 50Ag(-1), respectively, in 1m H2SO4 compared to CMK-3 and activated carbon.