The status of olfactory function and the striatal dopaminergic system in drug-induced parkinsonism

Olfactory impairment has been reported in drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP), but the relationship between dopaminergic dysfunction and smell deficits in DIP patients has not been characterized. To this end, we studied 16 DIP patients and 13 patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test and [(123)I] FP-CIT SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography). DIP patients were divided based on normal (n = 9) and abnormal (n = 7) putamen dopamine transporter binding. Nineteen healthy age- and sex-matched subjects served as controls of smell function. Patients with DIP and pathological putamen uptake had abnormal olfactory function. In this group of patients, olfactory TDI scores (odor threshold, discrimination and identification) correlated significantly with putamen uptake values, as observed in PD patients. By contrast, DIP patients with normal putamen uptake showed odor functions-with the exception of the threshold subtest-similar to control subjects. In this group of patients, no significant correlation was observed between olfactory TDI scores and putamen uptake values. The results of our study suggest that the presence of smell deficits in DIP patients might be more associated with dopaminergic loss rather than with a drug-mediated dopamine receptor blockade. These preliminary results might have prognostic and therapeutic implications, as abnormalities in these individuals may be suggestive of an underlying PD-like neurodegenerative process.

Association between parental guilt and oral health problems in preschool children

Parents may feel guilty about their children's oral problems, which can affect their quality of life. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of parental guilt and its association with early childhood caries (ECC), traumatic dental injuries (TDI) and malocclusion (AMT) in preschool children. All 2 to 5 year-old children (N = 305), and their parents, seeking dental care at the University of São Paulo Dental School one-week Screening Programme, were asked to participate in the study, and 260 agreed. Children were examined by two calibrated dentists, and their parents answered a socioeconomic and ECOHIS questionnaire; the question on guilt was used as the dependent variable. Regression analyses examined the association between parental guilt and ECC, TDI, AMT and socioeconomic factors. A total of 35.8% of parents felt guilty. This was only associated with caries severity. No association was found between guilt and TDI, AMT or socioeconomic factors. ECC was present in 63.8% of the children; the mean (± sd) dmf-t score was 7.29 (± 2.78). Thus, the number of parents feeling guilty increases with the increase of their children's dental caries severity. Parental guilt is related to caries but is not associated with TDI or AMT.

Impact of dental caries and trauma on quality of life among 5- to 6-year-old children: perceptions of parents and children.

OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of dental caries and traumatic dental injuries (TDI) on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of 5- to 6-year-olds according to both self- and parental reports. METHODS A total of 335 pairs of parents and children who sought dental screening at the Dental School, University of São Paulo, completed the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for 5-year-old children (SOHO-5), which consists of a child self-report and a parental proxy-report version. Three calibrated examiners assessed the experience of caries according to primary teeth that were decayed, indicated for extraction due to caries, or filled (def-t). TDI were classified into uncomplicated and complicated injuries. Poisson regression models were used to associate the different clinical and sociodemographic factors to the outcome. RESULTS Overall, 74.6% of children reported an oral impact, and the corresponding estimate for parental reports was 70.5%. The mean (standard deviation) SOHO-5 scores in child self-report and parental versions were 3.32(3.22) and 5.18(6.28), respectively. In both versions, caries was associated with worse children's OHRQoL, for the total score and all SOHO-5 items (P < 0.001). In contrast, TDI did not have a negative impact on children's OHRQoL, with the exception of two items of the parental version and one item of the child self-report version. In the final multivariate adjusted models, there was a gradient in the association between caries experience and child's OHRQoL with worse SOHO-5 score at each consecutive level with more severe caries experience, for both child and parental perceptions [RR (CI 95%) = 6.37 (4.71, 8.62) and 10.81 (7.65, 15.27)], respectively. A greater family income had a positive impact on the children's OHRQoL for child and parental versions [RR (CI 95%) = 0.68 (0.49, 0.94) and 0.70 (0.54, 0.90)], respectively. CONCLUSIONS Dental caries, but not TDI, is associated with worse OHRQoL of 5- to 6-year-old children in terms of perceptions of both children and their parents. Families with higher income report better OHRQoL at this age, independent of the presence of oral diseases.

The utility of rapid participatory appraisal for community assessment, diagnosis, and policy development

The selection of a model to guide the understanding and resolution of community problems is an important issue relating to the foundation of public health practice: assessment, policy development, and assurance. Many assessment models produce a diagnosis of community weaknesses, but fail to promote planning and interventions. Rapid Participatory Appraisal (RPA) is a participatory action research model which regards assessment as the first step in the problem solving process, and claims to achieve assessment and policy development within limited resources of time and money. Literature documenting the fulfillment of these claims, and thereby supporting the utility of the model, is relatively sparse and difficult to obtain. Very few articles discuss the changes resulting from RPA assessments in urban areas, and those that do describe studies conducted outside the U.S.A. ^ This study examines the utility of the RPA model and its underlying theories: systems theory, grounded theory, and principles of participatory change, as illustrated by the case study of a community assessment conducted for the Texas Diabetes Institute (TDI), San Antonio, Texas, and subsequent outcomes. Diabetes has a high prevalence and is a major issue in San Antonio. Faculty and students conducted the assessment by informal collaboration between two nursing and public health assessment courses, providing practical student experiences. The study area was large, and the flexibility of the model tested by its use in contiguous sub-regions, reanalyzing aggregated results for the study area. Official TDI reports, and a mail survey of agency employees, described policy development resulting from community diagnoses revealed by the assessment. ^ The RPA model met the criteria for utility from the perspectives of merit, worth, efficiency, and effectiveness. The RPA model best met the agencies' criteria (merit), met the data needs of TDI in this particular situation (worth), provided valid results within budget, time, and personnel constraints (efficiency), and stimulated policy development by TDI (effectiveness). ^ The RPA model appears to have utility for community assessment, diagnosis, and policy development in circumstances similar to the TDI diabetes study. ^

Influencia del porcentaje de biodiésel en el rendimiento térmico de un motor diésel ligero ensayado en Tráfico real.

La utilización de biocombustibles derivados de aceites vegetales es una opción válida para contribuir a la reducción de emisiones de CO2 y extender la vida de los combustibles convencionales. El biodiésel (mezcla de ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos) mezclado con gasóleo en motores diesel es una opción ya conocida, pero el análisis del comportamiento del motor en un vehículo ligero en tráfico real es aun un tema poco investigado. El objeto de esta ponencia es presentar la metodología de ensayo y los resultados obtenidos en un trabajo de investigación sobre el efecto que la variación del porcentaje de biodiesel en gasóleo tiene en las prestaciones del motor y su rendimiento térmico en tráfico urbano real. Las medidas se han realizado con equipos embarcados en un vehículo y utilizando el biodiesel producido en la Universidad de la Frontera en Temuco (Chile) mezclado en proporciones diferentes con gasóleo suministrado por Repsolypf, S.A., caracterizado en laboratorio. Los ensayos se han realizado en la ciudad de Madrid con un SEAT León TDI 2.0 con un solo conductor y aplicado dos estilos de conducción diferentes: agresiva y eficiente, caracterizadas según trabajos anteriores. Los resultados obtenidos en consumo de combustible no son los que cabía esperar en base al poder calorífico y la densidad de la mezcla, y no siguen los obtenidos en otras investigaciones realizadas en banco de pruebas. Para explicar esta discrepancia se aportan los resultados de un estudio de la energía aportada por el motor en cada instante seguido de una análisis estadístico de todo el volumen de datos obtenidos para presentar los resultados en una nueva forma que muestra cómo la potencia demandada en el vehículo es menor y el rendimiento térmico del motor diesel mejora al aumentar el porcentaje de biodiesel.

Fluorescence energy transfer detection as a homogeneous DNA diagnostic method

A homogeneous DNA diagnostic assay based on template-directed primer extension detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, named template-directed dye-terminator incorporation (TDI) assay, has been developed for mutation detection and high throughput genome analysis. Here, we report the successful application of the TDI assay to detect mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, the human leukocyte antigen H (HLA-H) gene, and the receptor tyrosin kinase (RET) protooncogene that are associated with cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis, and multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2, respectively. Starting with total human DNA, the samples are amplified by the PCR followed by enzymatic degradation of excess primers and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates before the primer extension reaction is performed. All these standardized steps are performed in the same tube, and the fluorescence changes are monitored in real time, making it a useful clinical DNA diagnostic method.

Vzgli͡a︡d Pushkina na dramu.

Őtdi͡e︡lʹnyĭ ottisk iz LVII ch. Zapisok Istoriko-filologicheskago fakulʹteta Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago universiteta.

Ivan Andreevich Krylov kak dramaturg /

Őtdi͡e︡lʹnyĭ ottisk iz E̋zhegodnika imperatorskikh teatrov s̋ezona 1893-1894 gg.

Toxicokinetics of domoic acid in a nonhuman primate model (Macaca fascicularis)

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Caratterizzazione dei fenotipi e della risposta infiammatoria delle vie aeree nell'asma da isocianati

RIASSUNTO Premesse: Nonostante l’asma sia stata considerata per anni come un’unica malattia, studi recenti ne dimostrano l’eterogeneità. L’intento di caratterizzare tale eterogeneità ha condotto a studiare molteplici sottogruppi ovvero “fenotipi”. Nell’asma comune questo approccio è stato utilizzato da svariati anni, meno invece nell’asma occupazionale. Poco è noto anche riguardo alle caratteristiche della risposta infiammatoria nel corso dei test di provocazione bronchiale specifici (SIC) con isocianati valutata con metodiche non invasive; in particolare l’origine dell’incremento di ossido nitrico misurato ad un flusso espiratorio di 50 ml/s (FeNO50) precedentemente riscontrato, se sia alveolare o bronchiale, i livelli di dimetilarginina asimmetrica (ADMA) e la temperatura dell’aria espirata (EBT). Scopi dello studio: 1) verificare se anche per l’asma occupazionale (OA) da isocianati siano individuabili dei fenotipi o se essa ne rappresenti uno unico 2) studiare l’infiammazione delle vie aeree sperimentalmente indotta tramite:  la misurazione dell’NO frazionato mediante i parametri “flow-independent” che stimano sia la regione alveolare, ovvero la concentrazione di NO alveolare (CaNO), che la regione bronchiale ovvero il flusso di NO a livello bronchiale (JawNO), la concentrazione di NO a livello della parete bronchiale (CawNO) e la diffusione di NO all’interfaccia lume-parete bronchiale (DawNO);  la misurazione dell’ADMA nel condensato dell’aria esalata (EBC);  la misurazione dell’EBT. Materiali e metodi: Per lo studio sulla fenotipizzazione dell’asma da isocianati sono stati esaminati pazienti risultati positivi al test di provocazione bronchiale specifico con isocianati nel periodo compreso tra il 1988 e il 2013. Mediante l’utilizzo di un approccio multivariato dato dall’analisi gerarchica dei cluster e di un ampio pool di variabili appropriate abbiamo studiato se i soggetti affetti da asma professionale da isocianati rappresentino uno o più cluster. Mediante un altro approccio multivariato, dato dall’analisi delle k-medie, si sono individuate le caratteristiche che differenziano in maniera significativa i soggetti distribuiti nei diversi cluster. Per il secondo scopo dello studio dal 2012 al 2015 abbiamo reclutato soggetti afferiti presso il nostro centro per sospetta asma professionale. In questi pazienti in corso di sham-test e di SIC con isocianati fino a 24 post test sono stati monitorati e misurati: la funzionalità respiratoria incluso il test di provocazione bronchiale aspecifico con metacolina, l’NO frazionato, l’ADMA nell’EBC e l’EBT. Risultati: L’utilizzo dell’analisi gerarchica dei cluster ci ha portati a stabilire che i 187 pazienti studiati non costituiscono un unico gruppo omogeneo ma possono essere suddivisi in 3 cluster. L’applicazione poi del metodo multivariato delle k-medie, su tre cluster, ci ha consentito di individuare due cluster di pazienti sensibilizzati a TDI con prevalente risposta late al SIC e un cluster di pazienti sensibilizzati a MDI con prevalente risposta early al SIC. I soggetti appartenenti ai due cluster dei TDI differiscono fra di loro in maniera significativa per l’età alla diagnosi e all’esordio dei sintomi respiratori, la distribuzione per sesso, il BMI, la distribuzione in quanto abitudine al fumo, l’IT, il FEV1 basale % del predetto, l’età di inizio esposizione, gli anni di latenza e la durata dell’esposizione. Per quanto riguarda invece lo studio del profilo infiammatorio delle vie aeree abbiamo reclutato 25 pazienti, 18 maschi e 7 femmine. Nel gruppo dei SIC-positivi FeNO50 è aumentato significativamente a 24 ore dal test (mediana 111.8 ppb [IQR, 167.5]; p<0.05) se confrontato con lo sham (58.6 ppb [74.7]). I livelli di JawNO hanno manifestato il medesimo time-course con un incremento significativo post 24 ore dall’esposizione (6.6 nL/s [81]; p <0.05) se confrontato con lo sham (3.3 nL/s [3.7]). Non sono state riscontrate significative variazioni negli altri parametri. Non sono state riscontrate significative variazioni dell’ADMA nell’EBC e dell’EBT in entrambi i gruppi. Conclusioni: L’asma da isocianati è una patologia eterogenea come l’asma comune. Gli elementi principali che differenziano i cluster di asma professionale da isocianati sono l’agente sensibilizzante e il tipo di risposta al SIC (cluster 3 vs cluster 1 e 2). Anche nell’ambito dell’asma indotta dallo stesso agente (TDI) si sono evidenziati due cluster in cui quello con peggiore funzionalità respiratoria è rappresentato da soggetti più anziani alla diagnosi e con maggiore durata dell’esposizione. I motivi per cui l’asma occupazionale risulta essere eterogenea possono essere un differente meccanismo d’azione dei monomeri o una diversa suscettibilità degli individui appartenenti ai diversi cluster sia in termini di insorgenza della malattia sia in termini di evoluzione della stessa. L’assetto infiammatorio delle vie aeree nel corso del SIC non si caratterizza nei soggetti sensibilizzati ad isocianati né con un incremento dell’ADMA né con un incremento dell’EBT. Si riscontra invece un aumento di FeNO50 dovuto esclusivamente ad un aumentato flusso di NO dalla parete bronchiale al lume. Abbiamo perciò dimostrato che la misurazione del FeNO50 nel corso del SIC può fornire informazioni aggiuntive al monitoraggio funzionale spirometrico, anche perché la broncoostruzione e la risposta infiammatoria delle vie aeree si sono rivelate dissociate.

A computer based approach to improve the dietary and physical activity patterns of a diverse group of adolescents

Diet and physical activity patterns have been implicated as major factors in the increasing prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity. It is estimated that between 16 and 33 percent of children and adolescents in the United States are overweight (CDC, 2000). Moreover, the CDC estimates that less than 50% of adolescents are physically active on a regular basis (CDC, 2003). Interventions must be focused to modify these behaviors. Facilitating the understanding of proper nutrition and need for physical activity among adolescents is the first step in preventing overweight and obesity and delaying the development of chronic diseases later in life (Dwyer, 2000). The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of students receiving one of two forms of education (both emphasizing diet and physical activity), to determine whether a computer based intervention (CBI) program using an interactive, animated CD-ROM would elicit a greater behavior change in comparison to a traditional didactic intervention (TDI) program. A convenience sample of 254 high school students aged 14-19 participated in the 6-month program. A pre-test post-test design was used, with follow-up measures taken at three months post-intervention. ^ No change was noted in total fat, saturated fat, fruit/vegetables, or fiber intake for any of the groups. There was also no change in perceived self-efficacy or perceived social support. Results did, however, indicate an increase in nutrition knowledge for both intervention groups (p<0.001). In addition, the CBI group demonstrated more positive and sustained behavior changes throughout the course of the study. These changes included a decrease in BMI (ppre/post<0.001, ppost/follow-up<0.001), number of meals skipped (ppre/post<0.001), and soda consumption (ppre/post=0.003, ppost/follow-up=0.03) and an increase in nutrition knowledge (ppre/post<0.001, ppre/follow-up <0.001), physical activity (ppre/post<0.05, p pre/follow-up<0.01), frequency of label reading (ppre/follow-up <0.0l) and in dairy consumption (ppre/post=0.03). The TDI group did show positive gains in some areas post intervention, however a return to baseline behavior was shown at follow-up. Findings of this study suggest that compared to traditional didactic teaching, computer-based nutrition and health education has greater potential to elicit change in knowledge and behavior as well as promote maintenance of the behavior change over time. ^

Impact of oral diseases and disorders on oral health-related quality of life of preschool children

BACKGROUND The presence of oral diseases and disorders can produce an impact on the quality of life of preschool children and their parents, affecting their oral health and well-being. However, socioeconomic factors could confound this association, but it has not been yet tested at this age. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of early childhood caries (ECC), traumatic dental injuries (TDI) and malocclusions on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children between 2 and 5 years of age adjusted by socioeconomic factors. METHODS Parents of 260 children answered the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) (six domains) on their perception of the children's OHRQoL and socioeconomic conditions. Two calibrated dentists (κ>0.8) examined the severity of ECC according to dmft index, and children were categorized into: 0=caries free; 1-5=low severity; ≥6=high severity. TDI and malocclusions were examined according to Andreasen & Andreasen (1994) classification and for the presence or absence of three anterior malocclusion traits (AMT), respectively. OHRQoL was measured through ECOHIS domain and total scores, and poisson regression was used to associate the different factors with the outcome. RESULTS In each domain and overall ECOHIS scores, the severity of ECC showed a negative impact on OHRQoL (P<0.001). TDI and AMT did not show a negative impact on OHRQoL nor in each domain (P>0.05). The increase in the child's age, higher household crowding, lower family income and mother working out of home were significantly associated with OHRQoL (P<0.05). The multivariate adjusted model showed that the high severity of ECC (RR=3.81; 95% CI=2.66, 5.46; P<0.001) was associated with greater negative impact on OHRQoL, while high family income was a protective factor for OHRQoL (RR=0.93; 95% CI=0.87, 0.99; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The severity of ECC and a lower family income had a negative impact on the OHRQoL of preschool children and their parents.

BPA occupational exposure assessment in Europe: a scientific gap

Bisphenol A (BPA), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane one is of the greatest volume industrial chemicals utilized in the world with increased production every year. Environmental exposure to this xenoestrogen is considered a generalized phenomenon with a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of4 µg/kg body weight/day established by the European Food Safety Authority. Several studies have focused in estimate human daily intake and potential associated health effects of environmental exposures, however despite of the massive BPA production and consumption in European countries, with policarbonate and epoxy resins as the major applications, occupational exposure to BPA have been overlooked and considered safe by the European authorities.

Estudios histórico-jurídico sobre la Real Cédula del 15 de Julio de 1802

Licenciado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociales

La guerra frente al derecho internacional y el protocolo de Río de Janeiro

Licenciado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociales