Phytosociology of halophilic species from the genus "Tamarix L. (Tamaricaceae)" on the island of Gran Canaria

[EN] Forested Tamarix L. species found in the Canary Islands as in the Western Mediterranean Basin and the Saharo-Arabian area are included in the class Nerio-Tamaricetea within the order Tamaricetalia africanae order recognized by the Canaries that does not include Tamarix africana Poir., and the halophilic and halotolerant their communities are included in the alliance Tamaricion boveano-canariensis with the new partnership Atriplici ifniensis Tamaricetum canariensis endemic to the Canary Islands, which is also poor in the characteristic species of the class and to be defined almost exclusively for Tenerife requires a broader review.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 281–319

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from South Africa: Alanphillipsia aloeicola from Aloe sp., Arxiella dolichandrae from Dolichandra unguiscati, Ganoderma austroafricanum from Jacaranda mimosifolia, Phacidiella podocarpi and Phaeosphaeria podocarpi from Podocarpus latifolius, Phyllosticta mimusopisicola from Mimusops zeyheri and Sphaerulina pelargonii from Pelargonium sp. Furthermore, Barssia maroccana is described from Cedrus atlantica (Morocco), Codinaea pini from Pinus patula (Uganda), Crucellisporiopsis marquesiae from Marquesia acuminata (Zambia), Dinemasporium ipomoeae from Ipomoea pes-caprae (Vietnam), Diaporthe phragmitis from Phragmites australis (China), Marasmius vladimirii from leaf litter (India), Melanconium hedericola from Hedera helix (Spain), Pluteus albotomentosus and Pluteus extremiorientalis from a mixed forest (Russia), Rachicladosporium eucalypti from Eucalyptus globulus (Ethiopia), Sistotrema epiphyllum from dead leaves of Fagus sylvatica in a forest (The Netherlands), Stagonospora chrysopyla from Scirpus microcarpus (USA) and Trichomerium dioscoreae from Dioscorea sp. (Japan). Novel species from Australia include: Corynespora endiandrae from Endiandra introrsa, Gonatophragmium triuniae from Triunia youngiana, Penicillium coccotrypicola from Archontophoenix cunninghamiana and Phytophthora moyootj from soil. Novelties from Iran include Neocamarosporium chichastianum from soil and Seimatosporium pistaciae from Pistacia vera, Xenosonderhenia eucalypti and Zasmidium eucalyptigenum are newly described from Eucalyptus urophylla in Indonesia. Diaporthe acaciarum and Roussoella acacia are newly described from Acacia tortilis in Tanzania. New species from Italy include Comoclathris spartii from Spartium junceum and Phoma tamaricicola from Tamarix gallica. Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Acremoniopsis from forest soil and Collarina from water sediments (Spain), Phellinocrescentia from a Phellinus sp. (French Guiana), Neobambusicola from Strelitzia nicolai (South Africa), Neocladophialophora from Quercus robur (Germany), Neophysalospora from Cotymbia henryi (Mozambique) and Xenophaeosphaeria from Grewia sp. (Tanzania). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 281-319

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from South Africa: Alanphillipsia aloeicola from Aloe sp., Arxiella dolichandrae from Dolichandra unguiscati, Ganoderma austroafricanum from Jacaranda mimosifolia, Phacidiella podocarpi and Phaeosphaeria podocarpi from Podocarpus latifolius, Phyllosticta mimusopisicola from Mimusops zeyheri and Sphaerulina pelargonii from Pelargonium sp. Furthermore, Barssia maroccana is described from Cedrus atlantica (Morocco), Codinaea pini from Pinus patula (Uganda), Crucellisporiopsis marquesiae from Marquesia acuminata (Zambia), Dinemasporium ipomoeae from Ipomoea pes-caprae (Vietnam), Diaporthe phragmitis from Phragmites australis (China), Marasmius vladimirii from leaf litter (India), Melanconium hedericola from Hedera helix (Spain), Pluteus albotomentosus and Pluteus extremiorientalis from a mixed forest (Russia), Rachicladosporium eucalypti from Eucalyptus globulus (Ethiopia), Sistotrema epiphyllum from dead leaves of Fagus sylvatica in a forest (The Netherlands), Stagonospora chrysopyla from Scirpus microcarpus (USA) and Trichomerium dioscoreae from Dioscorea sp. (Japan). Novel species from Australia include: Corynespora endiandrae from Endiandra introrsa, Gonatophragmium triuniae from Triunia youngiana, Penicillium coccotrypicola from Archontophoenix cunninghamiana and Phytophthora moyootj from soil. Novelties from Iran include Neocamarosporium chichastianum from soil and Seimatosporium pistaciae from Pistacia vera, Xenosonderhenia eucalypti and Zasmidium eucalyptigenum are newly described from Eucalyptus urophylla in Indonesia. Diaporthe acaciarum and Roussoella acacia are newly described from Acacia tortilis in Tanzania. New species from Italy include Comoclathris spartii from Spartium junceum and Phoma tamaricicola from Tamarix gallica. Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Acremoniopsis from forest soil and Collarina from water sediments (Spain), Phellinocrescentia from a Phellinus sp. (French Guiana), Neobambusicola from Strelitzia nicolai (South Africa), Neocladophialophora from Quercus robur (Germany), Neophysalospora from Cotymbia henryi (Mozambique) and Xenophaeosphaeria from Grewia sp. (Tanzania). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

柽柳科植物系统学及生态学研究

本文主要开展了以下两方面的研究：1．柽柳科系统学研究基于核核糖体DNA ITS序列，并结合形态特征，论证了山柽柳属（Myrtama（Royle）Ovcz＆Kinz）是一个自然的属。山怪柳属是怪柳属向水柏枝属进化过程中的中间过渡阶段，表现出许多“杂合”的性状，但系统学关系与水柏枝属更为接近，柽柳属、由柽柳属、水柏枝属同属于怪柳族Tamariceae；基于18S（nrDNA），rbcL（cpDNA），和tRNA Ser／Gly（cpDNA）间隔区分子序列，并结合形态特征，支持红砂属（holonachna Ehren）．为一个独立属的分类学意见，并认为红砂属是柽柳科共同祖先向琵琶柴属进化过程中的一个分支，与琵琶柴属关系很近，两者同属于红砂族Reaumurieae。画出了柽柳科系统演化关系图，并认为红砂族较为古老，柽柳族较为进化，由红砂族演化出柽柳族， 而柽柳属为联结红砂族和柽柳族的中间联结。首次较全面的研究了怪柳属植物的地理学。柽柳属是典型的旧世界温带分布属，伊朗一吐兰地区的西亚亚区是现存本属植物的现代分布中心和分化中心；根据柽柳属植物的现代地理分布、形态演化趋势、现有的化石及地质历史资料推测，柽柳属起源于古地中海热带成分盛行的早第三纪始新世，具有起源古老的性质，并且随着晚第三纪古地中海的退缩、气候逐渐干旱而得到进一步发展，产生许多新的以温带成分为主适应旱生环境的现代柽柳属种类。分析了怪柳属植物的形态变异，比较了怪柳科18种植物营养枝解剖结构，并对国产柽柳属植物进行了分支分类学和分子生物学研究，在此基础之上对国产柽柳属植物有争议的种进行了分类学修订。认为短毛怪柳为刚毛怪柳的一个变种，恢复其学名Tamarix hispida Var．Karelinii（Bge）Baum，而甘蒙柽柳（Traustromogolica Nakai）、白花柽柳（T.albiflonum M．T．Liu）、多花柽柳（T.hohenackeri Bge）为自然的分类学种。日．柽柳科生态学研究全，调查了新疆境内柽柳属植物的分布及群落特征，并对重点调查的塔里木河中游柽柳群落及刚毛柽柳盐淇群落特性进行详细描述。发现塔里木河中游怪柳随着地下水埋深的逐渐增加而表现出从繁茂到衰退到死亡这样一个生长规律，说明柽柳生存和发展总是与分布区的地下水位相联系，此外，怪柳群落与胡杨林一起构成了荒漠河岸林独特的景观；刚毛柽柳群落种类贫乏，根据种类组成及分布生境将刚毛柽柳群落划分为三大群丛组，而以刚毛柽柳为建群种构成的广裹盐漠属于比较脆弱的生态系统，仅具有相对稳定性。首次开展了柽柳科分子生态学研究。利用RAPD分析技术对新疆境内10个刚毛柽柳居群进行了遗传结构特征分析，认为刚毛柽柳遗传变异丰富，变异主要分布在居群间；维持刚毛柽柳遗传多态现象的机制主要是基因流的隔离；刚毛柽柳的繁育系统属于一种自交和不完全异交混合的交配类型。刚毛柽柳天然居群的遗传多样性丰富，遗传分化较大，反映了刚毛柽柳对环境广泛的适应性。

塔里木沙漠公路防护林对极端环境胁迫的生理生态响应

论文对塔里木沙漠公路防护林对环境胁迫的生理生态响应及稳定性进行了研究。研究内容包括防护林不同树种对环境胁迫的响应、防护林的环境效应及防护林系统的稳定性初步研究。其中，在塔里木沙漠公路防护林建设方面，主要开展了防风固沙植物种的选择和防沙固沙植物灌溉技术研究；在防护林与环境之间的相互关系方面，通过塔里木沙漠公路防护林树种对环境胁迫如：高温、干旱、风沙和盐分等的响应研究，阐明植物在逆境胁迫下的生理生态特性和适应逆境的内在机理，为沙漠腹地的防护林树种选择和人工绿地建设提供科学依据；同时，通过对防护林地固定样方的长期监测，探讨了防护林对恶劣环境条件的改善作用；通过对防护林及其周边环境的长期监测，发现了影响防风固沙林稳定性的限制因素，初步建立了沙漠公路防护林稳定性评价的综合指标体系。在对防护林引种植物进行野外栽培试验、生态生理试验、种源试验、大规模造林示范基础上，应用SPSS统计软件包进行判别分析，评价89种引种植物的适应性，将引种植物划分为完全适应、一般适应和不适应三类。采用主成分分析法（PCA）研究了防护林树种对干旱环境的生理响应并对植物的抗早性进行排序，在此基础上提出了防护林树种应以灌木树种梭梭归改勿砂lon anllnodendronB岁）、白梭梭（Haloxylon Perscuyn Bge）、多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima Ldb．）和头状沙拐枣（Callugonum caput-medusae Schrenk）等为主。在实验的基础上，发现沙漠极端环境下高温胁迫可导致植物细胞膜透性、膜脂过氧化作用的增强及植物叶片或同化枝的失水，而树木体内渗透调节物质积累和保护酶活性的提高是植物抵御这种胁迫的主要机制。在长期定位监测和样方调查的基础上，应用系统生态学系统模型分析了咸水灌溉条件下防护林地土壤的水盐动态和平衡，分析了植物各营养器官盐分离子含量的变化，认为经过筛选的防护林树种基本上不存在盐害，植物能够生存的主要原因在于植物本身耐盐、避盐和泌盐的生理特性及沙地水、盐的强烈渗漏。通过防护林区内外的风沙观测，发现防护林有效改变了风沙流的结构，降低了风速，增加了沙丘的稳定程度。同时，对防护林地风沙土的理化特性进行定点的长期监测，应用通径系数分析等方法分析了土壤酶和微生物的活性与土壤质地的关系，发现防护林的建立改善了风沙土的质地，提高了土壤酶和微生物的活性，使风沙土向有利于提高其肥力质量的方向发展。本文首次把层次分析法（AHP）应用到防护林系统的稳定性初步研究，结果初步表明：塔里木沙漠公路防护林系统处于相对脆弱状态，恶劣的气候条件是系统稳定的主要干扰因素，它的剧烈波动使生态系统常常偏离稳定状态，使系统的组成结构发生变化，影响生态系统功能的发挥。人工措施可在一定程度改善沙漠公路防护林系统的环境质量，有助于提高生态系统的稳定程度。

沙漠-绿洲过渡带四种多年生植物水分关系特征

沙漠 -绿洲过渡带地区植被的可持续性在防止绿洲沙漠化的过程中非常重要。对过渡带主要植物种骆驼刺 (Alhagisparsifolia Shap)、多枝柽柳 (Tamarix ramosissima L ebed.)、胡杨 (Populus euphratica Oliv.)和头状沙拐枣 (Calligonum caput-medusae Schrenk.)水分关系的研究表明 :4种植物的水分恢复状况良好 ,清晨水势一直较高 ,水分亏缺并不严重。渗透势和正午水势的降低幅度不大 ,变化比较平稳 ,更像是一种生长过程中的结果 ,植物的水分胁迫状况并不明显。 4种植物的水势和渗透势都高于典型的荒漠植物 ,属于中生植物的范围。水分参数的变化显示在同样的环境节律下 ,四种植物在水分生理的变化特征上有一致性。一直很高的 RWCp 值表明植物不能适应剧烈的水分损失和较低的水分含量 ,植物需要稳定充足的水分供应来适应塔克拉玛干极端气候条件下的生长环境。植物对环境胁迫也有各自不同的生理适应特点 ,胡杨的ΔΠ值大 ,能忍受较多的水分损失维持气孔的开放 ;骆驼刺的Ψp 值最高 ,水分亏缺的平衡与恢复效果明显 ;C4 植物头状沙拐枣能维持较高的水势和渗透势 ,而盐土植物多枝柽柳能忍受水势的很大降低。夏季一次性灌溉对骆驼刺、多枝柽柳和胡杨水分状况的改善基本没有影响 ,对头状沙拐枣有一定的帮助。植物

New records of interesting xenophytes in the Iberian Peninsula. V

As a continuation of previous research on the naturalization of non-native vascular plants in the Iberian Peninsula new chorological data are presented for 16 xenophytes recorded between 2010 and 2014, mostly in the provinces of Huelva and Barcelona (Spain) and in the Algarve and Estremadura (Portugal). For each taxon details about distribution, habitats occupied, previous records, degree of naturalization, etc. are provided. Lachenalia bulbifera and Cyperus albostriatus are probably reported for the first time in the wild in Europe, as are Gamochaeta filaginea, and Dysphania anthelmintica and Oenothera lindheimeri for Portugal and Spain respectively. Cosmos bipinnatus is cited as a novelty for the Algarve (Portugal). Newly reported or confirmed for the province of Huelva are: Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Epilobium brachycarpum, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Ficus microcarpa, Tamarix parviflora and Tamarix ramosissima, while Atriplex semibaccata, Chloris truncata, and Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus are new for Barcelona. Finally, Passiflora caerulea is a novelty for both Barcelona and Huelva provinces.

The Tamaricetea arceuthoidis: a new class for the continental riparian thickets of the Middle East, Central Asia and the subarid regions of the Lower Volga valley

The new class, the Tamaricetea arceuthoidis, is described covering riparian and intermittent shrubby vegetation of the Irano-Turanian Region in the southwestern and Central Asia and the Lower Volga valley. The dominating species are species of the genus Tamarix that refer high water table in arid and semi-arid habitats with high to moderate salinity. This new class is an ecological analogon of the Nerio-Tamaricetea occurring in the Mediterranean Basin.

Salt removing species

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Vegetation changes in a river oasis on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert in China between 1956 and 2000

The indigenous vegetation surrounding the river oases on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert has drastically diminished due to overexploitation as a source of fodder, timber and fuel for the human population. The change in the spatial extent of landscape forms and vegetation types around the Qira oasis was analyzed by comparing SPOT satellite images from 1998 with aerial photographs from 1956. The analysis was supplemented by field surveys in 1999 and 2000. The study is part of a joint Chinese-European project with the aim of assessing the current state of the foreland vegetation, of gathering information on the regeneration potential and of suggesting procedures for a sustainable management. With 33 mm of annual precipitation, plants can only grow if they have access to groundwater, lakes or rivers. Most of the available water comes into the desert via rivers in the form of seasonal flooding events resulting from snow melt in the Kun Lun Mountains. This water is captured in canal systems and used for irrigation of arable fields. Among the eight herbaceous and woody vegetation types and the type of open sand without any plant life that were mapped in 2000 in the oasis foreland, only the latter, the oasis border between cultivated land and open Populus euphratica forests and Tamarix ramosissima-Phragmites australis riverbed vegetation could be clearly identified on the photographs from 1956. The comparison of the images revealed that the oasis increased in area between 1956 and 2000. Shifting sand was successfully combated near to the oasis borders but increased in extent at the outward border of the foreland vegetation. In contrast to expectations, the area covered with Populus trees was smaller in 1956 than today due to some new forests in the north of the oasis that have grown up since 1977. Subfossil wood and leaf remnants of Populus euphratica that were found in many places in the foreland must have originated from forests destroyed before 1956. In the last 50 years, the main Qira River has shifted its bed significantly northward and developed a new furcation with a large new bed in 1986. The natural river dynamics are not only an important factor in forming the oasis’ landscape but also in providing the only possible regeneration sites for all occurring plant species. The conclusion of the study is that the oasis landscape has changed considerably in the last 50 years due to natural floodings and to vegetation degradation by human overexploitation. The trend towards decreasing width of the indigenous vegetation belt resulting from the advancing desert and the expansion of arable land is particularly alarming because a decrease in its protective function against shifting sand can be expected in the future.