Worm burdens in outbred and inbred laboratory rats with morphometric data on Syphacia muris (Yamaguti, 1935) Yamaguti, 1941 (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea)

Syphacia muris worm burdens were evaluated in the rat Rattus norvegicus of the strains Wistar (outbred), Low/M and AM/2/Torr (inbred), maintained conventionally in institutional animal houses in Brazil. Morphometrics and illustration data for S. muris recovered from Brazilian laboratory rats are provided for the first time since its proposition in 1935.

Caracterização anatomopatológica, microbiológica e parasitológica de ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) em diferentes idades

Os ratos Wistar são amplamente empregados como modelo animal na pesquisa biomédica e o controle sanitário dos biotérios é essencial para garantir a qualidade dos experimentos. O objetivo do estudo foi a caracterização do estado sanitário da colônia de ratos Wistar em sistema de criação convencional e para tanto determinar as bactérias, fungos, virus e parasitos, bem como caracterizar as lesões anatomopatológicas do sistema respiratório. Foram utilizados 273 ratos (N), machos (M) e fêmeas (F), das faixas etárias 4, 8, 12, 16 a 20 semanas e entre 12 a 18 meses, para as determinações de peso e condição corpórea (N=273, 140M, 133F); avaliação bacteriológica de orofaringe, mucosa intestinal e lavado traqueobrônquico (N=40, 20M, 20F); determinação de anticorpos para vírus e bactérias (N=20, 10M, 10F); exame parasitológico (N=60, 30M, 30F); identificação molecular de Mycoplasma pulmonis em amostras de pulmão (N=25, 15M, 10F), e caracterização anatomopatológica da cavidade nasal, orofaringe, laringe, traqueia e pulmão (N=106, 53M, 53F). Foram realizadas ainda avaliações microbiológicas das salas dos ratos em três períodos com isolamento de Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium spp. O peso se mostrou homogêneo dentro da faixa etária e gênero, com apenas sete animais magros (2,56%) e nove em sobrepeso (3,30%). Não foram isoladas bactérias patogênicas na orofaringe, mucosa intestinal e lavado traqueobrônquico por cultivo. Mycoplasma pulmonis foi determinado em 72% das amostras pulmonares e em 100% dos soros testados. Em 35% foram detectados anticorpos para Reovirus tipo III e em 100% para bacilos associados ao epitélio respiratório ciliado. Syphacia muris foi diagnosticada em 91,67%, Eimeria spp. em 3,33% e Entamoeba muris em 1,67%. Lesões relacionadas a infecção por agentes exógenos foram observadas em cavidade nasal e na orofaringe, laringe e traqueia a partir da 4 semanas de idade e, em pulmão desde as 12 semanas, com aumento de frequência de ocorrência e do grau de progressão, com o avançar da idade, nos vários segmentos estudados. Concluímos que a caracterização do estado sanitário dos ratos permite conhecer as particularidades do modelo biológico utilizado e compor base de dados para auxiliar no desenho e na interpretação experimental dos pesquisadores, além de garantir uma base para o programa de monitorização sanitária de biotérios em condições similares

Giardia muris and Giardia duodenalis groups: ultrastructural differences between the trophozoites

Trophozoites of the Giardia muris group from hamsters, domestic rats and mice and of the Giardia duodenalis group from hamsters and domestic rats were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The basic ultrastructure of the trophozoites was similar. Differences were shown in the morphology of the ventrolateral flange of the trophozoites of Giardia muris and Giardia duodenalis groups. Marginal plates are less developed in the species of the Giardia duodenalis group. In this group, the distal extremity of the lateral flange is short and thick and the marginal plate does not penetrate into the distal extremity of the flange. In the Giardia muris group, the ventro-lateral flange is well developed and narrow and the marginal plate penetrates the distal extremity of the flange. The osmiophilic lamella, which accompanies the dorsal surface of the marginal plate is seen only in the Giardia muris group.

Ensaio terapêutico na infecção por Giardia muris em camundongo com metronidazole, tinidazole, secnidazole e furazolidone

Foi testado in vivo a sensibilidade de Giardia muris a quatro drogas comumente usadas no tratamento da giardíase humana. Foram utilizados 7 grupos de animais, com 12 camundongos cada, sendo que o grupo controle recebeu apenas solução salina 0,15M (0,5ml/animal). Os demais grupos receberam em dose única: metronidazole e furazolidone (500mg/kg), tinidazole e secnidazole (200mg/kg). A eficácia das drogas foi avaliada através da contagem de cistos nas fezes e pela ausência de trofozoítos no intestino. O metronidazole foi a droga mais eficaz. Os cortes histológicos mostraram diferenças entre o padrão da mucosa intestinal de animais normais e parasitados. No entanto, não se observou diferença entre o padrão de mucosa de animais infectados tratados e não tratados, o que sugere que estas alterações podem ser causadas pelo parasito e não pelas drogas.

Morfologia do Mycobacterium leprae hominis e do M. leprae muris: estudo baseado na microscopia electrônica e de contraste de fases

Hansen's Bacillus: By electron microscopy this bacillus shows membrane and halo, this being more visible when sorrounding the globi or bundles of bacilli; shows, also, free granules of various sizes which were before considered as dust of the dyes; shows external granules bound with the membrane and some times branching. By phases contrast microscopy examining leproma suspensions and subcataneous lymph at 400 x we saw many free granules with intense rotatory movement; granulated bacilli with screw, skip or stroke motion, producing slow progressive motion. All such elementes are surrounded by a halo, corresponding to the classical gloea. By a patient and delayed examination we were able to see that the internal granules are motile and help the progression of the bacilli, giving the impression that the cytoplasm is liquid. By a lasting observation we could see the larger granules form prolapse, like a pseudopode and abandon the bacilli and going in very rapid rotatory movement. There are branched bacilli; there are pedunculated fred granules like comets. The addition of a drop of formol at the preparation stops all movements. Stefansky's Bacillus: Repeated examination by RCA electron microscope, type EMU-25 of fresh suspensions of rat lepromas, led us to confirm the close relationship between human and murine leprosy agents. We examined also material from carabo (Lepra bubalorum) from Java, but due to fixation, the material was unsuitable for comparative studies. The Stefansky's bacilli showed also emmbranes and halos, internal or external granules (smaller than those of Hansen's bacillus). The bacilli shaded by chromium look thicker and shorter than those of Hansen. Due to electron bombardment both, Hansen's and Stefansky's baccilli suffer considerable alterations in their structure, showing black barrs of chromatin condensation at their extremities as also in their centers. By phase microscopy the Stefansky's bacilli showed elements with 1, 2 (bipolar), 3 or more internal small granules, developing identical movements as those of Hansen. The globi seem to be non-motile but the free bacilli appearing around the globi show intense movement. At 1000 x the examination is less satisfactory than at 400 x. The addition of formol solution in the preparation suppresses all movements, even the brownian, but the material becomes more suitable for the study of static morphology of the bacilli. CONCLUSION - The electron and phases contrast microscopy of leprous material from different types and phases of the disease may explain some of the unknown aspects of the biology and morphology of the bacilli.

Patterns of infection with the nematodes Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera in conventionally maintained laboratory mice

Data on the frequency, distribution and mean intensity of the helminth fauna recovered from outbred and inbred mice conventionally maintained in Brazilian animal houses, are reported. The oxyurid nematodes Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera presented overall frequencies of 91.5% and 8.5%, respectively. The frequency of S. obvelata in animals of three groups out of the four investigated ranged from 9% to 74% and A. tetraptera from 17% to 83%, since animals of one of the groups were negative for helminths. Infections due to a single species were observed in 62% of the animals, compared to 16% related to associations. The frequency of single infections in each group varied from 58.6% to 100% whereas associations varied from 24.1% to 41.4%. The analysis of specific mean intensities showed that S. obvelata was represented by 13.35 to 66.58 specimens/host and A. tetraptera by 5.85 to 16.75 specimens/host.

1.° Opus cujus titulus est : quadripartitum numerorum, sive de arithmetica libri quatuor ; authore Magistro Joanne de Muris, Canonico Parisiensi. — 2.° Ejusdem epistola versibus scripta ad Philippum de Vitriaco, Episcopum Meldensem, de numerorum fractionibus.

Colbertinus

Syphacia sp. (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) in coprolites of Kerodon rupestris Wied, 1820 (Rodentia: Caviidae) from 5,300 years BP in northeastern Brazil

We present the results of paleoparasitological analyses in coprolites of Kerodon rupestris, rodent endemic to rocky areas of Brazil's semiarid region. The coprolites were collected from excavations at the archaeological site of Toca dos Coqueiros, in the National Park of Serra da Capivara, southeastern of state of Piauí. Syphacia sp. (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) eggs were identified in coprolites dated at 5,300 ± 50 years before present. This is the first record of the genus Syphacia in rodent coprolites in the Americas.

Joannis de Muris tractatus de mensurandi ratione.

Colbertinus

1.° Joannis de Muris tractatus de mensurandi ratione. — 2.° Anonymi opus cujus is est titulus : liber practicorum geometriae. — 3.° Aultre maniere de mesurer par le gnomon, c'est a scavoir par le dos de l'astrolabe. — 4.° Alius tractatus de geometria practica. — 5.° Traité d'arithmetique.

Colbertinus

1.° Joannis Campani theorica planctarum. — 2.° Canon tabulae tabularum : authore Magistro Joanne de Muris.

Colbertinus

1.° Descriptio instrumenti cujusdam astronomici, quod Saphea vocatur : authore Joanne de Lineriis ; accedunt ejusdem canones. — 2.° Turketi tractatus, qui horizon dicitur, editus à Magistro Francone de Polonia ; sive liber de nominibus partium instrumenti astronomici, quod dicitur Turketus, et de ejusdem utilitatibus. — 3.° Opus cujus is est titulus : libri duo de motibus planetarum per instrumenta manualiter mota : hujusce operis initio haec antiqua manu annotata reperias ; Magister Henricus Arnault, Medicus Alemannus de Zuvolis, qui olim Divione domicilium elegit, superiorem litteram scripsit, et hunc librum suo labore compilavit, clarus scientia horologiorum ; qui in aede beati Stephani Divionensis sepultus media navi, plurimùm laudis sibi reliquit anno 1460. — 4.° Liber proportionum musicalium : authore Magistro Joanne de Muris, olim Canonico Parisiensi. — 5.° Philonis liber de ingeniis aquarum : finis desideratur.

Colbertinus

Giardia muris and Giardia duodenalis groups: ultrastructural differences between the trophozoites

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ensaio terapêutico na infecção por Giardia muris em camundongo com metronidazole, tinidazole, secnidazole e furazolidone

Foi testado in vivo a sensibilidade de Giardia muris a quatro drogas comumente usadas no tratamento da giardíase humana. Foram utilizados 7 grupos de animais, com 12 camundongos cada, sendo que o grupo controle recebeu apenas solução salina 0,15M (0,5ml/animal). Os demais grupos receberam em dose única: metronidazole e furazolidone (500mg/kg), tinidazole e secnidazole (200mg/kg). A eficácia das drogas foi avaliada através da contagem de cistos nas fezes e pela ausência de trofozoítos no intestino. O metronidazole foi a droga mais eficaz. Os cortes histológicos mostraram diferenças entre o padrão da mucosa intestinal de animais normais e parasitados. No entanto, não se observou diferença entre o padrão de mucosa de animais infectados tratados e não tratados, o que sugere que estas alterações podem ser causadas pelo parasito e não pelas drogas.

Reclassification of Actinobacillus muris as Muribacter muris gen. nov. comb. nov.

To reinvestigate the taxonomy of [Actinobacillus] muris, 474 strains mainly from mice and rats were characterized by phenotype and 130 strains selected for genotypic characterization by 16S rRNA and partial rpoB gene sequencing. The type strain was further investigated by whole genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequences showed one monophyletic group with intra group similarities of 96.7 % and 97.2 % for 16S rRNA and rpoB genes, respectively. The lowest 16S rRNA similarity to the closest related valid named taxon outside the group was 95.9 % to the type strain of [Pasteurella] pneumotropica. The closest related taxon based on rpoB sequence comparison was 'Haemophilus influenzae-murium' with 88.4 %. A new genus, Muribacter is proposed based on a distinct phylogenetic position based on 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequence comparisons with major divergence to the existing genera of Pasteurellaceae. The new genus includes the characteristics of [Actinobacillus] muris with the emendation that acid formation from (-)-D-mannitol is variable as well the hydrolysis of esculin while the α-glucosidase test is positive. There is no requirement for exogenously supplied nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (V factor) for the majority of strains investigated, however, one strain was found positive. The major fatty acids of the type strain of Muribacter muris were C 14:0, C 14:0 3OH/C 16:1 ISOI, C 16:1 ω7c and C 16:0 which is in line with most genera of Pasteurellaceae. The type strain of Muribacter muris is CCUG 16938T ( = NCTC 12432T = ATCC 49577T).