Denoising swallowing sound to improve the evaluator's qualitative analysis

Swallowing dynamics involves the coordination and interaction of several muscles and nerves which allow correct food transport from mouth to stomach without laryngotracheal penetration or aspiration. Clinical swallowing assessment depends on the evaluator's knowledge of anatomic structures and of neurophysiological processes involved in swallowing. Any alteration in those steps is denominated oropharyngeal dysphagia, which may have many causes, such as neurological or mechanical disorders. Videofluoroscopy of swallowing is presently considered to be the best exam to objectively assess the dynamics of swallowing, but the exam needs to be conducted under certain restrictions, due to patient's exposure to radiation, which limits periodical repetition for monitoring swallowing therapy. Another method, called cervical auscultation, is a promising new diagnostic tool for the assessment of swallowing disorders. The potential to diagnose dysphagia in a noninvasive manner by assessing the sounds of swallowing is a highly attractive option for the dysphagia clinician. Even so, the captured sound has an amount of noise, which can hamper the evaluator's decision. In that way, the present paper proposes the use of a filter to improve the quality of audible sound and facilitate the perception of examination. The wavelet denoising approach is used to decompose the noisy signal. The signal to noise ratio was evaluated to demonstrate the quantitative results of the proposed methodology. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Videofluoroscopic evaluation of mastication and swallowing in individuals with TMD

To study mastication and swallowing disorders in patients with temporomanclibular disorders (TMD). Objective: To investigate mastication and swallowing disorders in patients with severe TMD referred to surgery. Materials and Methods: Clinical and experimental study involving ten individuals with TMD submitted to deglutition videofluoroscopy. These patients did not have posterior teeth, mastication pain and food replacement in favor of pasty consistence food. The assessment of the oral and pharyngeal phases approached the following aspects: side of onset and preferential side for chewing, premature escape, remains of food residues in the oral cavity or in the pharyngeal recesses, number of necessary swallowing efforts, laryngeal penetration and/or tracheal aspiration. Results: During mastication and the oral phase we observed tongue compensatory movements upon chewing (n = 7; 70%), premature escape (n = 4; 40%), food remains in the cavity after swallowing (n = 5; 50%) and an excessive number of deglutition efforts (n = 5; 50%). On the pharyngeal phase we observed food remains in the valleculae (n = 6; 60%), in the pyriform sinuses (n = 4; 40%); laryngeal penetration (n = 1; 10%) and tracheal aspiration (n = 4; 40%). Conclusion: TMD patients may have alterations in their chewing and swallowing patterns, with laryngeal penetration and/or tracheal aspiration. The study indicates the need for a multidisciplinary assessment because of dysphagia in TMD patients.

Comparação das características da disfagia em pacientes com dermatopolimiosite e esclerose sistêmica

Comparar e caracterizar, por intermédio dos protocolos de avaliação da deglutição, os achados fonoaudiológicos na fase preparatória oral e oral da deglutição nos pacientes avaliados nos dois grupos de doenças (DM/PM e ES). Foram identificados 80 pacientes com diagnóstico de dermatopolimiosite e esclerose sistêmica, de ambos os sexos, atendidos no ambulatório de Colagenoses do serviço de Reumatologia do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE-UERJ). Foram excluídos os indivíduos abaixo de 18 anos e acima de 60 anos (24) e com outras doenças e/ ou comorbidades. Dos 56 pacientes restantes, 73,2% (41) apresentavam ES e 26,8% (15) DM/PM. Após a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, os indivíduos foram submetidos à avaliação clínica estrutural e funcional da deglutição pelo pesquisador, que é fonoaudiólogo. O estudo revelou elevada prevalência de alterações oromiofuncionais e da deglutição na fase preparatória oral e oral propriamente dita nos pacientes com ES para a consistência sólida, que geram disfagia oral e alta, e não somente uma disfagia baixa como tem sido apresentado na literatura médica. O estudo reforçou que as mulheres são as mais acometidas pelas doenças autoimunes e que os homens são em menor número. O fonoaudiólogo deve ser parte integrante da equipe interdisciplinar que atende esses pacientes.

Análise do processo sinérgico da deglutição em pacientes portadores de bronquiectasia atendidos no Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto

A respiração e a deglutição são vitais para o homem. Enquanto a primeira diz respeito a um ato primitivo da vida, a hematose, a segunda trata da manutenção da vida, oferecendo a energia necessária, nutrindo e hidratando, perpassando pelo prazer alimentar, ato tão importante na sociedade contemporânea. A relação funcional entre essas funções ainda não foi totalmente elucidada, porém é crescente o interesse e o número de estudos sobre esta temática. Considerando que a deglutição eficiente tem como pressuposto a capacidade de proteger via aérea inferior, a alteração de deglutição primária ou secundária a um dano pulmonar pode trazer repercussões severas para a integridade do sistema respiratório. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar o processo sinérgico da deglutição em portadores de bronquiectasia, a fim de verificar se há alteração na fisiologia da deglutição e caracterizá-la, assim como, identificar se há correspondência entre alteração da função pulmonar e alteração da deglutição.Para tal foram selecionados randomicamente 30 pacientes na faixa etária de 18 a 65 anos, atendidos no ambulatório de bronquiectasia do HUPE. Destes, 26 indivíduos responderam a um questionário dirigido sobre hábitos alimentares e possíveis dificuldades de alimentação; foram submetidos à avaliação clínica da deglutição; 22 fizeram espirometria no setor de prova de função pulmonar no HUPE e 17 avaliação videofluoroscópica da deglutição. Dos 26 indivíduos estudados 10 eram homens e 16 mulheres, com média de idade de 46,3 anos. Na avaliação clínica da deglutição observaram-se alterações estruturais e funcionais em todos os indivíduos estudados. As principais alterações estruturais detectadas referem-se e a dinâmica laríngea; enquanto na avaliação funcional detectou-se alterações referentes à ejeção oral, dinâmica hiolaríngea, trânsito faríngeo e presença de deglutições múltiplas. Com relação à espirometria 06 indivíduos apresentaram distúrbio obstrutivo leve; 04 distúrbio obstrutivo moderado e 09 distúrbio obstrutivo acentuado. A videofluoroscopia da deglutição corroborou os achados da avaliação clínica da deglutição e evidenciou episódios de penetração e aspiração laríngea Pode-se concluir que: (1) a avaliação clínica da deglutição associada à avaliação videofluoroscópica são métodos eficientes para a análise do processo sinérgico da deglutição; (2) identificou-se alteração do processo sinérgico da deglutição, nos indivíduos avaliados; (3) a ausculta cervical isoladamente, não demonstrou ser um método eficiente para predizer aspiração e/ou penetração laringotraqueal; (4) houve correspondência entre os resultados da avaliação clínica funcional da deglutição e videofluoroscópica, exceto quanto a presença de penetração e/ou aspiração e quanto a capacidade de avaliar a ejeção oral; (5) não foi possível identificar se há correspondência entre alteração da função pulmonar e processo sinérgico da deglutição.

MANIPULANDO A DISFAGIA DE ORIGEN FARINGOESOFAGICA

Non-neoplastic dysphagia originated from motor deficit in the pharynx and from several disorders in the upper esophagus is studied taking into account the basic mechanisms of deglutition in the pharingoesophageal segment. Three groups of patients with dysphagia were investigated with the purpose of discussing the causes of ths symptom. Clinical examinations and electromanometry of the upper digestive tree, test of the laringeal elevation and clinical test of the bolus propulsion through pharynx were carried out. Emotional alterations, gastroesophageal lesions and motor disturbances in the digestive tree, among other, may cause dysphagia and other associated and secondary symptoms. This study points out the role of Otolaryngology in the investigation of swallowing disorders.

Laryngeal mobility and dysphagia

The authors studied the utility of the physical test of laryngeal movement in swallowing disorders of the oropharyngeal region. Measurement and palpation of the larynx during deglutition were performed in the neck of 14 dysphagic patients and in two normal control groups. The normal groups were used to establish the pattern of the movement and the normal values of laryngeal elevation. Control elevation ranged from 1.80 to 2.50 cm. In eight patients laryngeal motion was defective and presented values ranging from zero to 1.50 cm. Palpation during laryngeal movement also revealed unexpected anomalous displacement such as lateral shifting and lowering of the larynx. In six patients with defective laryngeal motion, pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter function were also impaired. Direct measurement and palpation of laryngeal mobility during deglutition is a noninvasive method that can be used to evaluate dysphagia and the risk for aspiration. Also, it allows physical assessment of the evolution of the disorder.

Caracterização e classificação da deglutição orofaríngea do idoso institucionalizado: avaliaçao clínica fonoaudiológica

Pós-graduação em Bases Gerais da Cirurgia - FMB

Using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale to Predict Dysphagia in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose: Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a common manifestation in acute stroke. Aspiration resulting from difficulties in swallowing is a symptom that should be considered due to the frequent occurrence of aspiration pneumonia that could influence the patient's recovery as it causes clinical complications and could even lead to the patient's death. The early clinical evaluation of swallowing disorders can help define approaches and avoid oral feeding, which may be detrimental to the patient. This study aimed to create an algorithm to identify patients at risk of developing dysphagia following acute ischemic stroke in order to be able to decide on the safest way of feeding and minimize the complications of stroke using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NHISS). Methods: Clinical assessment of swallowing was performed in 50 patients admitted to the emergency unit of the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil, with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke, within 48 h after the beginning of symptoms. Patients, 25 females and 25 males with a mean age of 64.90 years (range 26-91 years), were evaluated consecutively. An anamnesis was taken before the patient's participation in the study in order to exclude a prior history of deglutition difficulties. For the functional assessment of swallowing, three food consistencies were used, i.e. pasty, liquid and solid. After clinical evaluation, we concluded whether there was dysphagia. For statistical analysis we used the Fisher exact test, verifying the association between the variables. To assess whether the NIHSS score characterizes a risk factor for dysphagia, a receiver operational characteristics curve was constructed to obtain characteristics for sensitivity and specificity. Results: Dysphagia was present in 32% of the patients. The clinical evaluation is a reliable method of detection of swallowing difficulties. However, the predictors of risk for the swallowing function must be balanced, and the level of consciousness and the presence of preexisting comorbidities should be considered. Gender, age and cerebral hemisphere involved were not significantly associated with the presence of dysphagia. NIHSS, Glasgow Coma Scale, and speech and language changes had a statistically significant predictive value for the presence of dysphagia. Conclusions: The NIHSS is highly sensitive (88%) and specific (85%) in detecting dysphagia; a score of 12 may be considered as the cutoff value. The creation of an algorithm to detect dysphagia in acute ischemic stroke appears to be useful in selecting the optimal feeding route while awaiting a specialized evaluation. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel

Paediatric traffic accident and obstructive sleep apnoea by antrochoanal polyps: case report and literature review

Antrochoanal polyps are hyperplasias of the nasal mucosa, which have their origin in the maxillary sinus and extend through the nasal cavity and the choanae into the naso- and oropharynx. In children antrochoanal polyps represent one of the more frequent manifestations of paediatric nasal polyposis. Most studies on antrochoanal polyps in children report only on nasal obstruction, hyponasal speech and snoring, which are also encountered in the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; i.e. adenoid or tonsillar hyperplasia. Only very few studies report on additional health hazards by antrochoanal polyps ranging from obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome to swallowing disorders and cachexia. We present the case of an 8 year old girl with a bicycle accident caused by excessive daytime sleepiness and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome due to an extensive antrochoanal polyp. After a transnasal polypectomy and meatotomy type II the obstructive sleep apnoea and day time sleepiness resolved completely. Awareness of this additional health hazard is important and correct evaluation and timely diagnosis of a potential antrochoanal polyp is mandatory because minimally invasive rhinosurgery is highly curative in preventing further impending problems.

O efeito imediato da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular na função de deglutição em indivíduos com câncer de cabeça e pescoço após terapia antineoplásica

A estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EENM) é uma recente técnica terapêutica no tratamento das disfagias orofaríngeas. Poucos estudos utilizaram a EENM em casos oncológicos, havendo muitas dúvidas sobre o método de aplicação e os resultados de diferentes condições de estimulação nessa população. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito imediato da EENM sensorial e motora, nas fases oral e faríngea da deglutição, em pacientes após tratamento do câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Para isso foi realizado um estudo transversal intervencional que incluiu 11 pacientes adultos e idosos (mediana de 59 anos) acometidos por câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos ao exame de videofluoroscopia da deglutição, no qual, de modo randomizado, foram solicitadas deglutições de 5 ml de alimentos nas consistências líquida, mel e pudim em três condições distintas: sem estimulação, com EENM sensorial, com EENM motora. Foi classificado o grau da disfunção da deglutição por meio da escala DOSS (Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale), a presença de estase de alimentos (escala de Eisenhuber), de penetração laríngea, aspiração laringotraqueal (Penetration and Aspiration Scale - PAS), além da medida do tempo de trânsito oral e faríngeo (em segundos). Para a comparação dos resultados, considerando os três estímulos aplicados, na escala de resíduos, na escala de penetração aspiração, na escala DOSS e no tempo de trânsito oral e faríngeo foi aplicado o teste de Friedman ou a análise de variância para medidas repetidas (de acordo com a distribuição dos dados). Para todos os testes foi adotado nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que houve melhora com a estimulação sensorial e motora na escala DOSS e na escala PAS para um paciente tratado de câncer de boca e outro de laringe e piora, em ambas as escalas, para dois pacientes (câncer de boca), sendo um para a estimulação motora e outro na sensorial. A aplicação da escala de Eisenhuber permitiu verificar que a EENM, tanto em nível sensorial como motor, modificou de forma variável a presença de resíduos para os casos de câncer de boca, enquanto para o paciente com câncer de laringe houve redução de resíduos em valécula/raiz da língua para a estimulação sensorial e motora, além de aumento de resíduos em parede posterior da faringe com o estímulo motor. Além disso, não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante para o tempo de trânsito oral e faríngeo nas diferentes estimulações para todas as consistências testadas (p>0,05). Diante desses achados, concluiu-se que a EENM, em nível sensorial e motor, apresentou variável impacto imediato nas fases oral e faríngea da deglutição, podendo melhorar a função de deglutição de pacientes com significante disfagia após o tratamento para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço, no que se diz respeito ao grau da disfagia e à presença de penetração e aspiração.

A case study of the resolution of paediatric dysphagia following brainstern injury: clinical and instrumental assessment

The coexistance of a swallowing impairment can severely impact upon the medical condition and recovery of a child with traumatic brain injury [ref.(1): Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 9 (1) (1994) 43]. Limited data exist on the progression or outcome of dysphagia in the paediatric population with brainstem injury. The present prospective study documents the resolution of dysphagia in a 14-year-old female post-brainstem injury using clinical, radiological and endoscopic evaluations of swallowing. The subject presented with a pattern of severe oral-motor and oropharyngeal swallowing impairment post-injury that resolved rapidly for the initial 12 weeks, slowed to gradual progress for weeks 12-20, and then plateaued at 20 weeks post-injury. Whilst a clinically functional swallow was present at 10 months post-injury, radiological examination revealed a number of residual physiological impairments, reduced swallowing efficiency, and reduced independence for feeding, indicating a potential increased risk for aspiration. The data highlight the need for early and continued evaluation and intensive treatment programs, to focus on the underlying physiological swallowing impairment post-brainstem injury, and to help offset any potential deleterious effects of aspiration that may affect patient recovery, such as pneumonia. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Six-month outcome for dysphagia following traumatic brain injury: Radiological assessment

The coexistence of a swallowing impairment, or dysphagia, can severely impact upon the medical condition and recovery of a child with traumatic brain injury (TBI; Logemann, Pepe, & Mackay, 1994). Despite this fact, there is limited data that provide evidence of the progression or outcome of dysphagia in the pediatric population post-TBI (Rowe, 1999). The present study aimed to (1) provide a prospective radiologically based profile of swallowing outcome and (2) determine the clinical significance of any persistent physiological swallowing deficits by investigating the presence/absence of any coexistent respiratory complications. Seven children with moderate/severe TBI were evaluated via an initial videofluoroscopic swallowing assessment (VFSS) at an average of 24.1 days postinjury, during the acute phase of management. A follow-up VFSS was conducted at an average of 7 months, 3 weeks postinjury. The physiological impairment, swallowing safety, swallowing efficiency, and functional swallowing outcomes of the acute phase post-TBI were compared with reassessment results at 6 months post-TBI. The presence/absence of lower respiratory tract infection/respiratory complications in the past 6 months postinjury were recorded.VFSS revealed a number of residual physiological oropharyngeal swallowing impairments and reduced swallowing efficiency. However, all participants presented with clinically safe and functional swallowing outcomes at 6 months post-TBI, with no recent history of respiratory complication. This study indicates good functional swallowing and respiratory outcomes for patients at 6-months post-TBI despite the presence of persistent physiological swallowing impairment.

Breathing, swallowing and voice in laryngeal disorsers

The aim of this work was to examine how breathing, swallowing and voicing are affected in different laryngeal disorders. For this purpose, we examined four different patient groups: patients who had undergone total laryngectomy, anterior cervical decompression (ACD), or injection laryngoplasty with autologous fascia (ILAF), and patients with dyspnea during exercise. We studied the problems and benefits related to the automatic speech valve used for the rehabilitation of speech in laryngectomized patients. The device was given to 14 total laryngectomized patients who used the traditional valve especially well. The usefulness of voice and intelligibility of speech were assessed by speech pathologists. The results demonstrated better performance with the traditional valve in both dimensions. Most of the patients considered the automatic valve a helpful additional device but because of heavier breathing and the greater work needed for speech production, it was not suitable as a sole device in speech rehabilitation. Dysphonia and dysphagia are known complications of ACD. These symptoms are caused due to the stretching of tissue needed during the surgery, but the extent and the recovery from them was not well known before our study. We studied two patient groups, an early group with 50 patients who were examined immediately before and after the surgery and a late group with 64 patients who were examined 3 9 months postoperatively. Altogether, 60% reported dysphonia and 69% dysphagia immediately after the operation. Even though dysphagia and dysphonia often appeared after surgery, permanent problems seldom occurred. Six (12 %) cases of transient and two (3 %) permanent vocal cord paresis were detected. In our third study, the long-term results of ILAF in 43 patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis were examined. The mean follow-up was 5.8 years (range 3 10). Perceptual evaluation demonstrated improved results for voice quality, and videostroboscopy revealed complete or partial glottal closure in 83% of the patients. Fascia showed to be a stable injection material with good vocal results. In our final study we developed a new diagnostic method for exertional laryngeal dyspnea by combining a cardiovascular exercise test with simultaneous fiberoptic observation of the larynx. With this method, it is possible to visualize paradoxal closure of the vocal cords during inspiration, which is a diagnostic criterion for vocal cord dysfunction (VCD). We examined 30 patients referred to our hospital because of suspicion of exercise-induced vocal cord dysfunction (EIVCD). Twenty seven out of thirty patients were able to perform the test. Dyspnea was induced in 15 patients, and of them five had EIVCD and four high suspicion of EIVCD. With our test it is possible to set an accurate diagnosis for exertional laryngeal dyspnea. Moreover, the often seen unnecessary use of asthma drugs among these patients can be avoided.