Suomalaisten julkisesti listattujen senttiosakkeiden suoriutuminen verrattuna OMX Helsinki Small Cap -indeksin muihin osakkeisiin

Senttiosakkeista tehtyjä tutkimuksia on olemassa hyvin rajoitetusti, ja ne ovat keskittyneet lähinnä senttiosakelistautumisiin. Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan suomalaisia julkisesti noteerattuja senttiosakkeita ja niiden suoriutumista kymmenen vuoden ajanjaksolla vuosina 2006–2015. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, onko suomalaisiin julkisesti noteerattuihin senttiosakkeisiin sijoittaminen kannattavaa toimintaa ja minkälaisia tuottoja on odotettavissa senttiosakkeisiin sijoittamalla. Tutkimusaineisto koostui tutkielmassa tehdyn määritelmän mukaisista senttiosakkeista ja muista Small Cap -indeksin osakkeista, joita kutsuttiin puolestaan ei-senttiosakkeiksi. Tuotot laskettiin osakkeiden päivittäisistä tuottoindekseistä. Tuottoja verrattiin lyhyellä, keskipitkällä ja pitkällä aikavälillä. Tuottojen tarkastelun tueksi senttiosakkeille ja ei-senttiosakkeille laskettiin seuraavat menestysmittarit: Sharpen luku, Treynorin indeksi ja Jensenin alfa. Lopuksi verrattiin vielä seuraavia tunnuslukuja: ROE (%), E/P-luku, P/B-luku, osinkotuotto-% ja velan suhde omaan pääomaan (%). Saatujen tulosten perusteella suomalaiset julkisesti noteeratut senttiosakkeet ovat lyhyellä aikavälillä kannattavia sijoituskohteita, mutta mitä pidemmäksi tarkasteluperiodi kasvoi, sitä huonommin ne suoriutuivat. Lisäksi senttiosakkeet hävisivät kaikilla tarkasteluperiodeilla ei-senttiosakkeille. Suurimmat positiiviset tuotot olivat kuitenkin yksittäisillä senttiosakkeilla. Senttiosakkeisiin havaittiin liittyvän paljon riskejä, kuten suuri volatiliteetti, suuret negatiiviset tuotot ja konkurssin mahdollisuus. Myös kaikki menestysmittarit ja tunnusluvut indikoivat senttiosakkeiden olevan ei-senttiosakkeita huonompia sijoituskohteita. Sijoittajien on oltava erityisen tarkkoja senttiosakkeiden kanssa, sillä niihin sijoittaminen on pitkälti verrattavissa uhkapelaamiseen.

Kielellinen merkitys emergenttinä prosessina: esimerkkinä suomen adessiivi

Tutkielmassa tarkastelen sitä, miten monimerkityksinen kielellinen ilmaus voidaan ymmärtää, eli miten vastaanottaja tavoittaa kielellisen viestin merkityksen. Tutkielmassa keskeisessä asemassa on kielellisen merkin tulkinnan riippuvuus siitä kontekstista, jossa merkki esiintyy, ja polysemian käsittäminen kielellisen merkin abstrahoinniksi irti konteksteista. Tarkastelen myös sitä, kuinka paljon kontekstia kielellisen merkin tulkintaan tarvitaan. Esittelen prototyyppien ympärille rakentuvia sumearajaisia kategorioita ennen kaikkea Eleanor Roschin tutkimusten kautta. Tältä pohjalta tarkastelen käsitystä, jonka mukaan ihminen kielellistä ilmausta muodostaessaan valitsee hallitsemiensa kielellisten merkkien joukosta ne, jotka parhaiten täyttävät tarkoituksensa kokonaisilmauksessa eli toimivat tietyssä kokonaisprosessin osafunktiossa. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan tähän liittyen emergenssiä, yleistä tieteenfilosofista käsitettä, jolla viitataan tavallisesti sellaisten ilmiöiden syntyyn, jotka ovat laadullisesti uudenlaisia ja joita ei voi ennustaa alkuehtojen pohjalta. Tutkimusongelmaa lähestyn käyttämällä esimerkkinä suomen adessiivia. Adessiivin merkitystehtävien esittelyssä käytän käsitteellisenä apuvälineenä Ronald W. Langackerin kognitiivista kielioppia. Tutkimusaineistona on sanomalehti Karjalaisen vuosikerran 1999 ne adessiivimuotoiset substantiivit, jotka esiintyvät vähintään kymmenen kertaa, lausekonteksteineen. Aineiston laajuus on noin 18 000 lausetta. Johtopäätöksenä tutkimusaineistosta todetaan, että suurimmalle osalle adessiivitapauksista on löydettävissä merkitystehtävä kantasanan semanttisen luonteen avulla; tämä tarkoittaa, että lausekontekstistaan irrotettu adessiivimuotoinen sana saa suurimmaksi osaksi saman tulkinnan kuin lausekontekstissaan. Toisena johtopäätöksenä todetaan, että merkityksen määräytyminen lausekontekstin kautta ei ole systemaattista tai lineaarista, ts. sama lausekonteksti johtaa eri sananmuodoilla eri merkitystulkintaan. Tämän katson olevan osoitus merkityksen emergenssistä.

Suomen ja Liettuan kielen nominaalimuodoista : vertaileva näkökulma

Tämän maisterintutkielman tutkimusalueena on liettuan kielioppi. Liettua on yksi vanhakantaisimmista yhä puhuttavista indoeurooppalaisista kielistä, joiden balttilaiseen ryhmään kuuluu sen ohella enää ainoastaan latvia. Liettuan kieli on Suomessa varsin tuntematon, vaikka valtaosa sen puhujista asuu täältä verrattain lyhyen matkan päässä. Siitä ei tätä kirjoitettaessa ole ilmestynyt suomen kielellä juuri muuta oppimateriaalia kuin yksi suppeahko asiointisanasto ja pieni sanakirja. Mitään varsinaista oppikirjaa tai kielioppia ei ole kirjoitettu. Tämän työn yhtenä tarkoituksena onkin siten paikata kielen melkoista suomeksi painetun oppimateriaalin puutetta. Työn varsinaiseksi tutkimuskohteeksi on otettu osa suomen ja liettuan kielten verbijärjestelmästä – nominaalimuodot ja niiden käyttö. Nominaalimuodoilla tarkoitetaan ei-finiittisiä verbimuotoja, jotka eivät voi yksinään esiintyä lauseen predikaattina ja joita käytetään nimensä mukaisesti nominien tavoin. Työssä luodaan ensinnä verrattain laaja katsaus suomen kielen infinitiiveihin ja partisiippeihin, minkä jälkeen siirrytään perusteellisesti tarkastelemaan liettuan kielen tärkeimpiä nominaalimuotoja: infinitiiviä, partisiippia, puolipartisiippia, adverbiaalipartisiippia ja supiinia. Tarkastelun pääpaino kohdistuu partisiippeihin. Yhtenä työn tavoitteista on esitellä, mitä eri nominaalimuotoja kielissä esiintyy, miten ne muodostetaan ja mihin tarkoituksiin niitä käytetään. Tämän lisäksi työhön sisältyy vertaileva näkökulma: siinä halutaan selvittää, millaisia tärkeimpiä yhtäläisyyksiä ja eroja kielten nominaalimuotojen välillä esiintyy. Käytetty lähestymistapa on siten kontrastiivinen eli kielten synkroniseen vertailuun perustuva. Kielten nominaalimuotojen välisten erojen ja yhteisten piirteiden valaisemiseksi työhön on sisällytetty molemmilla kielillä runsaasti esimerkkejä ja muotojen muodostamissääntöjä kuvaavia taulukoita. Suomen kielen osalta työn tärkeimpinä lähteinä ovat Nykysuomen käsikirja ja Iso suomen kielioppi. Liettuan verbimuotoja kuvaavat taulukot ja lisäksi monet esimerkkilauseista perustuvat puolestaan Liettuan kielen instituutin julkaisemaan teokseen Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Työn loppuosassa on laajahko liettuankielinen tiivistelmä, joka tekee työstä käyttökelpoisen myös liettuaa äidinkielenään puhuvalle, suomen kielestä kiinnostuneelle henkilölle. Tehtyjen vertailujen tärkeimpinä johtopäätöksinä voidaan todeta, että suomen kielen nominaalimuodoista infinitiivien käyttöalue on liettuan infinitiivin sovellusaluetta laajempi. Erityisesti suomen toisen ja kolmannen infinitiivimuodon eri käyttötarkoituksia kohti löytyy liettuan kielestä useita eri nominaalimuotoja. Sen sijaan suomen I ja II partisiippi sekä liettuan partisiippi ovat verrattain usein käyttötavoiltaan toisiaan muistuttavia. Avainsanat: liettuan kieli, verbit, nominaalimuodot, vertaileva kielentutkimus

Suomen Taideyhdistyksestä Ateneumiin : Fredrik Cygnaeus, Carl Gustaf Estlander ja taidekokoelman roolit

From the Finnish Art Society to the Ateneum: Fredrik Cygnaeus, Carl Gustaf Estlander and the Roles of the Art Collection My dissertation deals with the Finnish Art Society and the development of its collection in the evolving field of the visual arts from the foundation of the society in 1846 to its exhibition in the Ateneum, a palace of art that was opened to the public in Helsinki in 1888. The main questions that it addresses are why and how the collection came into being, what its purpose was and what kind of future prospects were projected for it in the rapidly evolving field of the visual arts. I have examined the subject of my study from the perspectives of institutional history, the organisation of the field of art and the history of art collections. The prisms through which I have viewed the subject are the history of museums in Europe, the written history of art, the art association movement and the organisation of art education in relation to an ideology of enlightenment. Thus the activities of the Finnish Art Society are here mirrored for the first time in a wider context and the history of its collection located on the map of European collections. My research shows that the history of the collection of the Finnish Art Society initially depended on certain players in the visual arts and their particular leanings. The most important of these custodians were two long-serving chairmen of the society, Fredrik Cygnaeus (1807 1881) and Carl Gustaf Estlander (1834 1910). When the foundations for art activities had been laid through the establishment of the society, Cygnaeus and Estlander began to plan how the field of art might be moulded so as to improve the level of training for artists and to improve the quality of the collections and the opportunities for their display. Cygnaeus campaigned for the establishment of the Finnish Fine Arts Academy, while Estlander saw opportunities to combine the visual and applied arts. The findings of my research bring new information about the history of the collection of the Finnish Art Society, its profile, the professional abilities of those who were mainly responsible for developing it and the relationship between it and plans for reforming art education. The major findings are connected with the position of the collection in the field of art at different stages of its development. Despite the central monopoly of the Finnish Art Society in the field of art, the position of the collection was closely bound up with leading players in the field of art and their personal interests. This subservience also created an impediment to its full-blown enhancement and purposeful profiling, and it remained evident for a long time when the collection was seeking its own place in the Finnish art world.

Suomen rautakautiset kulkuset, kellot ja kelloriipukset : äänimaiseman arkeologiaa

The thesis addresses the problem of Finnish Iron Age bells, pellet bells and bell pendants, previously unexplored musical artefacts from 400–1300 AD. The study, which contributes to the field of music archaeology, aims to provide a gateway to ancient soundworlds and ideas of music making. The research questions include: Where did these metal artefacts come from? How did they sound? How were they used? What did their sound mean to the people of the Iron Age? The data collected at the National Museum of Finland and at several provincial museums covers a total of 486 bells, pellet bells and bell pendants. By means of a cluster analysis, each category was divided into several subgroups. The subgroups, which all seem to have a different dating and geographical distribution, represent a spread of both local and international manufacturing traditions. According to an elemental analysis, the material varies from iron to copper-tin, copper-lead and copper-tin-lead alloys. Clappers, pellets and pebbles prove that the bells and pellet bells were indisputably instruments intended for sound production. Clusters of small bell pendants, however, probably produced sound by jingling against each other. Spectrogram plots reveal that the partials of the still audible sounds range from 1 000 to 19 850 Hz. On the basis of 129 inhumation graves, hoards, barrows and stray finds, it seems evident that the bells, pellet bells and bell pendants were fastened to dresses and horse harnesses or carried in pouches and boxes. The resulting acoustic spaces could have been employed in constructing social hierarchies, since the instruments usually appear in richly furnished graves. Furthermore, the instruments repeatedly occur with crosses, edge tools and zoomorphic pendants that in the later Finnish-Karelian culture were regarded as prophylactic amulets. In the Iron Age as well as in later folk culture, the bell sounds seem to have expressed territorial, social and cosmological boundaries.

Meillä ei ole ikuisia ystäviä eikä ikuisia vihollisia. Ikuisia ovat meidän omat etumme. : Suomen suhteet Kiinan kansantasavaltaan 1949 - 1989

"We have neither Eternal Friends nor Eternal Enemies. We have only Eternal Interests .Finland's Relations with China 1949-1989 The study focuses on the relations between Finland and the People s Republic of China from 1949-1989 and examines how a small country became embroiled in international politics, and how, at the same time, international politics affected Finnish-Chinese relations and Finland s China policy formulation. The study can be divided into three sections: relations during the early years, 1949-1960, before the Chinese and Soviet rift became public; the relations during the passive period during the 1960s and 1970s; and the impact of China s Open Door policy on Finland s China policy from 1978-1989. The diplomatically challenging events around Tiananmen Square and the reactions which followed in Finland bring the study to a close. Finland was among the first Western countries to recognise the People s Republic and to establish diplomatic relations with her, thereby giving Finland an excellent position from which to further develop good relations. Finland was also the first Western country to sign a trade agreement with China. These two factors meant that Finland was able to enjoy a special status with China during the 1950s. The special status was further strengthened by the systematic support of the government of Finland for China's UN membership. The solid reputation earned in the 1950s had to carry Finland all the way through to the 1980s. For the two decades in between, during the passive policy period of the 1960s and 1970s, relations between Finland and the Soviet Union also determined the state of foreign relations with China. Interestingly, however, it appeared that President Urho Kekkonen was encouraged by Ambassador Joel Toivola to envisage a more proactive policy towards China, but the Cultural Revolution cut short any such plan for nearly twenty years. Because of the Soviet Union, Finland held on to her passive China policy, even though no such message was ever received from the Soviet Union. In fact, closer relationships between Finland and China were encouraged through diplomatic channels. It was not until the presidency of Mauno Koivisto that the first high-level ministerial visit was made to China when, in 1984, Foreign Minister Paavo Väyrynen visited the People s Republic. Finnish-Chinese relations were lifted to a new level. Foreign Minister Väyrynen, however, was forced to remove the prejudices of the Chinese. In 1985, when the Speaker of the Finnish Parliament, Erkki Pystynen visited China he also discovered that Finland s passive China policy had caused misunderstandings amongst the Chinese politicians. The number of exchanges escalated in the wake of the ground-breaking visit by Foreign Minister Väyrynen: Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa visited China in 1986 and President Koivisto did so in 1988. President Koivisto stuck to practical, China-friendly policies: his correspondence with Li Peng, the attitude taken by the Finnish government after the Tiananmen Square events and the subsequent choices made by his administration all pointed to a new era in relations with China.

Järjestö jäänmurtajana : Suomen merimiesunioni työmarkkinaosapuolena ja suomalaisten laivatyöntekijöiden turvallisuuden vankentajana 1944-1980

Like an Icebreaker: The Finnish Seamen s Union as collective bargaining maverick and champion of sailors social safety 1944-1980. The Finnish Seamen's Union (FSU), which was established on a national basis in 1920, was one of the first Finnish trade unions to succeed in collective bargaining. In the early 1930s, the gains made in the late 1920s were lost, due to politically based internal rivalries, the Great Depression, and a disastrous strike. Unexpectedly the FSU survived and went on promoting the well-being of its members even during World War II. After the war the FSU was in an exceptionally favorable position to exploit the introduction of coordinated capitalism, which was based on social partnership between unions, employers and government. Torpedoes, mines and confiscations had caused severe losses to the Finnish merchant marine. Both ship-owners and government alike understood the crucial importance of using the remaining national shipping capacity effectively. The FSU could no longer be crushed, and so, in 1945, the union was allowed to turn all ocean-going Finnish ships into closed shops. The FSU also had another source of power. After the sailors of the Finnish icebreaker fleet also joined its ranks, the FSU could, in effect, block Finnish foreign trade in wintertime. From the late 1940s to the 1960s the union started and won numerous icebreaker strikes. Finnish seamen were thus granted special pension rights, reductions on income taxes and import duties, and other social privileges. The FSU could neither be controlled by union federations nor intimidated by employers or governments. The successful union and its tactically clever chairperson, Niilo Välläri, were continuously but erroneously accused of syndicalism. Välläri did not aim for socialism but wanted the Finnish seamen to get all the social benefits that capitalism could possibly offer. Välläri s policy was successfully followed by the FSU until the late 1980s when Finnish ship-owners were allowed to flag their vessels outside the national registry. Since then the FSU has been on the defensive and has yielded to pay cuts. The FSU members have not lost their social benefits, but they are under constant fear of losing their jobs to cheap foreign labor.

Teatteri liikkeessä : Työväenteatterit Suomen teatterikentällä ja työväenliikkeessä kaksiteatterijärjestelmän syntyyn asti vuonna 1922

Workers' theatres in Finland until 1922 The topic of this dissertation is the workers' theatres in Finland before the year 1922. The main question is: why did these amateur theatres within the workers' associations become part of the professional theatre field in the 1910s by getting state subsidy as local theatre institutions? How is it possible that they received this status even after the civil war in 1918 when new professional theatres were founded all over the country? The study also asks, what kind of position did workers' theatres have in the workers' associations and in the workers' movement, what did the Social Democrats and Communists think of theatre and in particular of workers' theatre, and what kind of repertoire did the workers' theatres perform? It is a particular feature of Finland that the professional theatre field was not organised and that the workers’ movement had a relatively strong political position. The study concludes that some workers' theatres were the only steady theatre institutions in their surroundings, and thus functioned as local popular theatres performing to all social groups. Although amateur-based, they started to resemble professional theatres. Even though the Social Democratic Party did not have a specific theatre policy, the leaders of the Party appreciated and supported the workers' theatres as educational institutions and worked for their artistic improvement. The workers' theatres were also largely approved of and seen as people's theatres thought to unite and educate the nation and the working class. This reveals the need for national consensus, in the 1910s against the Russian government who worked to dissolve the autonomous position of the Finnish state, and after the civil war (1918) against the threat of a communist revolution. A wave of agitating proletarian theatre was felt in Finland in the early 1920s but it was marginalised by the large anti-communist majority.

Salaiset aseveljet : Suomen ja Saksan turvallisuuspoliisiyhteistyö 1933-1944

Salaiset aseveljet deals with the relations and co-operation between Finnish and German security police authorities, the Finnish valtiollinen poliisi and the German Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) and its predecessors. The timeframe for the research stretches from the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 to the end of German-Finnish co-belligerency in 1944. The Finnish Security Police was founded in 1919 to protect the young Finnish Republic from the Communists both in Finland and in Soviet Russia. Professional ties to German colleagues were maintained during the 1920 s, and quickly re-established after the Nazis rose to power in Germany. Typical forms of co-operation concentrated on the fight against both domestic and international Communism, a concern particularly acute in Finland because of her exposed position as a neighbour to the Soviet Union. The common enemy proved to be a powerful unifying concept. During the 1930 s the forms of co-operation developed from regular and routine exchanges of information into personal acquaintancies between the Finnish Security Police top personnel and the highest SS-leadership. The critical period of German-Finnish security police co-operation began in 1941, as Finland joined the German assault on the Soviet Union. Together with the Finnish Security Police, the RSHA set up a previously unknown special unit, the Einsatzkommando Finnland, entrusted with the destruction of the perceived ideological and racial enemies on the northernmost part of the German Eastern Front. Joint actions in northern Finland led also members of the Finnish Security Police to become participants in mass murders of Communists and Jews. Post-war criminal investigations into war crimes cases involving former security police personnel were invariably stymied because of the absence of usually both the suspects and the evidence. In my research I have sought to combine the evidence gathered through an exhaustive study of Finnish Security Police archival material with a wide selection of foreign sources. Important new evidence has been gathered from archives in Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Sweden and the United States. Piece by piece, it has become possible to draw a comprehensive picture of the ultimately fateful relationship of the Finnish Security Police to its mighty German colleague.

Ajatuksista operaatioiksi : Suomen armeijan hyökkäysoperaatioiden suunnittelu jatkosodassa

In the research on the Continuation War, interest in the events themselves had exceeded the interest in military planning. Careful consideration has not been given to the planning process and the options that were available. This study shows how the planning of these operations was carried out and identifies the persons responsible. Contrary to earlier research this study shows that persons other than Field-Marshal Carl Gustaf Mannerheim and Quartermaster-General Aksel Airo took part in the planning. Furthermore, the plan was to carry out the operations further east than was ultimately done. The operation plans were coordinated by the Operations Department of Headquarters, which had the opportunity to influence on both Mannerheim and Airo. Part of the actual planning was made outside Headquarters, but final decisions were taken at Headquarters. It is worth observing that many times Mannerheim asked President Risto Ryti for his opinion concerning these operations. The Germans tried to influence the Finnish plans, but the Finns took their decisions independently, although they took German requests into account. It is well-known that the attack by the Finnish forces was stopped at the end of the year 1941. It is less well-known that the Finns planned new attacks until the autumn of 1942. At that point the Finns were convinced that the Germans would lose the war. The Finns were thus prepared to keep advancing should the Germans progress in the direction of Leningrad. This study shows that the Finnish military leaders worked for Finland s own plans and their cooperation with the Germans was directed to achieving this goal. In other words, Finland tried expand eastward with the help of the Germans. This purpose was particularly evident in the planning of the operations in the Hanko district and the Karelian Isthmus in the summer and autumn of 1941, in the Sorokka district in the spring of 1942 and around Lake Ladoga in the summer and autumn of 1942. The Finns reduced their activities when Germans took over responsibility for the operations. However, at the same time the Finns tried to support Germans in passive ways. The Finns justified the decrease in their activities with lack of Finnish forces and numerous defeats. Earlier research has shown that Finland was an active operator in the Continuation War and tried to take back the areas lost in the Winter War. In this study that view becomes more precise and clear especially with regard to Field-Marshal Mannerheim and other high military leaders. There is clear indication that the Finns would have attacked much further east had a German success made such an attack possible.

"Lipun juureen!" : Suomen lippu toteemina nuoressa tasavallassa

Tutkielma käsittelee Suomen lippua toteemina. Ajallisesti tutkimus sijoittuu itsenäisyyden ajan alkuun. Työn teoreettinen lähtökohta on idea kansallislipusta kansakunnan itseensä kohdistuvan palvonnan merkkinä. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan lippuun liittyvän veriuhrin ja uhrivalmiuden merkitystä suomalaisen kansakunnan rakentamisessa: uhrien kautta kansakunta saa elinvoimaa ja lippu liehuu suoritetun uhrin merkkinä. Tutkielman aluksi käsitellään nationalismitutkimusta ja kansallisuusaatteen traditioita sekä pohditaan lipputotemismin teoriaa. Toteemi pyrkii sisällyttämään itseensä koko yhteiskunnan: ihmisten tavoitellessa tiettyä objektia he sisäistävät itseensä sen ideaalit. Työn empiirinen osuus käsittää vuosina 1917-1918 julkisuudessa ja eduskunnassa käydyn keskustelun Suomen lipun väreistä ja merkityksestä. Ennen kansalaissotaa etenkin suomenkielisen maaseutuväestön kannattama sinivalkoinen väriyhdistelmä oli suuresta kannatuksestaan huolimatta puolustusasemissa virallisia vaakunavärejä vastaan, mutta vuoden 1918 tapahtumat muuttivat asetelman. Punainen väri sai väistyä, mutta punalipun pelko ei ollut ainoa asiaa selittävä tekijä. Etenkin nuori suomenkielinen sivistyneistö, joka oli kannattanut punakeltaisia värejä, palasi sodan jälkeen isiensä sinivalkoiseen perinteeseen. Taustalla oli syyllisyys: sinivalkoinen edusti paluuta idealistiseen ja harmoniseen esiseksuaaliseen tilaan punakeltaisen liehuessa hyökkäävän ja yksilöllisen materialismin merkkinä. 1920-luvulla työväestö ryhmittyi punalipun perään sosialidemokraattien noustessa vaa'ankieliasemaan heidän omaksuessaan valtakunnanlipun osaksi järjestötomintaansa vuonna 1927; kansallinen lippukulttuuri alkoi vähitellen kehittyä liputuskäytäntöjen vakiintuessa. Valtion ja sen laitosten sekä kuntien harjoittaman virallisen liputuksen ohella kahden kansalaisjärjestön lipputyö oli merkityksellistä. Itsenäisyyden Liitto ja Suomalaisuuden Liitto pyrkivät levittämään Suomen lippuja ja lipun sanomaa maan eri puolille. Itsenäisyyden Liitto nousi 1920-luvun lopulla tärkeimmäksi järjestöksi, sillä sille lippuasia oli todellinen pakkomielle. Liiton toiminta heijastaa totemismin teoriaa hyvin: lipun sanattomien ideaalien omaksuminen oli ainoa kansaa eheyttävä tekijä, koko valtakuntaa peittävä yhtenäinen lippumeri todiste yhteiskunnallisesta ja kieliriidattomasta yksimielisyydestä. Liiton sanoma kuului lyhyesti: kuoleminen lipun vaatimien arvojen - yksimielisen ja eheän kansan - puolesta oli itsestäänselvää, vaikeampaa oli elää oikealla tavalla vailla puolueriitojen sävyttämiä yksilöllisen itsekeskeisiä pyyteitä vain kansakokonaisuutta palvellen. Itsenäisyyden Liitto kehitti eteenpäin 1920-luvun puolivälissä esitettyä ideaa erityisestä Suomen lipun päivästä, joka sijoitettiin juhannukseksi. Ensimmäisen kerran lippupäivää vietettiin vuonna 1927 ja seuraavasta vuodesta lähtien liitto järjesti juhannuksena lippujuhlia ympäri maata. Itsenäisyyspävänä liitto järjesti virallisen lipunnostoseremonian Helsingissä Tähtitorninmäellä vuodesta 1928 alkaen. 1920- ja 30-lukujen vaihteessa lapuanliike ja työväentalojen pakkoliputukset sekä kommunistien aktivoitunut toiminta kärjistivät toteemien suhteet, mutta ilmiö oli monessa mielessä viimeinen kouristus ennen lipputoteemien suhteiden lientymistä, joka alkoi 1930-luvun puolivälissä. Tutkielman lähdeaineistona on käytetty tarkasteltujen järjestöjen arkistokokoelmia, laajasti lehdistöä sekä aikalaiskirjallisuutta. Oman osansa muodostavat valtiopäiväasiakirjat. Avainsanat: Suomen lippu, lippukulttuuri, totemismi, uhri, nationalismi

Infinitiivi ja sen infiniittisyys : Tutkimus suomen kielen itsenäisistä A-infinitiivikonstruktioista

"Infinitive and its infinity" advocates an approach to infinitives that differs from most previous descriptions in several ways. Infinitives are generally considered to be an illustrative example of an inherently subordinated verb category. This is due to the fact that they are morphologically reduced and are allegedly not able to function as the only predicate of an independent clause. While former descriptions have thus treated infinitives as a linguistic category heavily dependent on the finite verb, my claim is that Finnish A-infinitives (e.g. juosta to run , olla to be ) can be used as independent grammatical units: they need not be either dependent or subordinated, but can have an equal status with finite constructions. In other words, they can be conceptually and interactionally non-dependent. Theoretically, the main objective of the thesis is to discover the nature of non-finite conceptualization and the ways in which it is utilized in everyday interactions. This is accomplished by contrasting finite and non-finite conceptualization with respect to the morphosyntactic marking of person, tense and modality. I argue that the morphologically reduced nature of infinitives can be used as an interactional resource. Independent A-infinitive constructions designate verbal processes that profile no participants, lack any connection with time, and present states of affairs as intensional, structural spaces. Consequently, they provide the interactants with a conceptual alternative in contrast to finite predications that are in Finnish always grammatically anchored to time, modality and person. The deictically unanchored character of A-infinitive constructions makes them highly affective and reflexive in nature. I discuss my findings primarily in the light of Cognitive Grammar. I have drawn insight from various other fields, too: among the theories that are touched upon are interactional linguistics, functional-typological linguistics, and studies on the poetic and metapragmatic use of language. The study is based on empirical data interpreted in qualitative terms. Analyses are based on 980 examples coming mainly from written language. Some 20 examples of spoken data are analyzed as well. In sum, the thesis presents a critical statement towards the finite-verb centred outlook on language and shows that analyzing non-finite elements as such reveals new aspects of grammar and interaction. This is to acknowledge the fact that infinitives, albeit prototypically participating in the coding of dependent events, can also be used outside of the context of the finite verb. Such a view poses several new research questions, as a linguistic category generally seen to code dependent, less prominent states of affairs , now is viewed on as possessing a full cognitive and pragmatic potential.

Naiset rajalla : Kyöpeli, Nainen, Naara(s), Neitsyt, Morsian, Akka ja Ämmä Suomen paikannimissä

Women at the boundary. Kyöpeli ( ghost, devil, elf, fairy, enchantress, witch ), Nainen ( woman ), Naara(s) ( female animal, derogatory term for a woman ), Neitsyt ( young, [virgin] woman ), Morsian ( bride ), Akka ( old woman, wife, grandmother ) and Ämmä ( [old] woman, wife, grandmother ) in Finnish place names This study examines a total of about 4,000 Finnish place names which include a specific that refers to a woman: Kyöpeli, Nainen, Naara(s), Neitsyt, Morsian, Akka or Ämmä. The study has two main objectives. First, to interpret the place names in the data, that is, to examine the words included in the data and establish their background and to differentiate names of different ages. In establishing the background of a name, the type of place (e.g. lake, hill or marsh) and its location, as well as the semantics of the feminine specific, are taken into account. The connotations of words referring to a woman are also studied. Words that refer to a woman are often affective and susceptible to changes in meaning, which is reflected in the history of place names. The second main objective is to recognise and highlight mythological place names. Mythology is pivotal for the interpretation of many place names with a feminine specific. The criteria for mythological names have not been explicitly discussed in Finnish onomastics until now, and I seek to determine such criteria in this study with the help of the data. Mythological place names often refer to large and significant natural localities, which are in many cases important boundaries for the community. Names for smaller localities may also be mythological if they refer to a place with a key location or a special topography (e.g. steep or rocky places). I also discuss the stories involved with specific places in the data, such as stories about supernatural beings. Each of the name groups discussed in the study has its own profile. For example, Naara(s) names are so old that naara is no longer understood to refer to a woman. These names have thus often been misinterpreted in onomastics. Names beginning with Morsian, on the other hand, appear to be of fairly recent origin and may be attributed to an international cautionary tale. Names beginning with Nais, Neitsyt, Akka and Ämmä highlight the duality of the data. They include both old names for important natural localities or boundaries and more recent names for modest dwellings, small cultivated areas and useless marshy ponds. This distribution of place names may reflect a cultural shift that changed the status of women in the community.

Toiminta ja tarkoite : Tutkimus suomen pronominista

The study describes the use and meaning of the Finnish demonstrative pronouns, focus being on the pronoun "tämä" (roughly 'this'). The Finnish demonstrative system is a three way one, the other two demonstratives are "tuo" ('that') and "se" ('it'). The data consisted of 12 half hours of video- and tape-recorded face-to-face and telephone conversations. The method for the study was ethnomethodological conversation analysis (CA); in addition to CA, the theoretical framework consisted of functional linguistics and linguistic anthropology. First, the study dealt with the syntactic distribution of the three demonstratives. The pronouns were analysed according to whether they are before or after the verb, and whether they compose an NP on their own or are determinants of a lexical NP. The study suggested that the form and the placement of the NP presents the referent as continuous/discontinuous or given/new. Givenness of a referent was defined as "identified adequately for the purposes of the on-going action". The so-called dislocated utterances were considered separately. It was found that left-dislocations are used for inserting referents in a particular relation to the on-going activity. Right-dislocations offer a solution for the sometimes competing motivations of newness and continuity: they are used for securing the identifiability of a referent that is implied to be continuous. Second, the study focussed on analysing the meaning of the pronouns according to three dimensions of reference: referential, indexical and relational. It was found that the demonstratives can organize interactional or spatial context. When organizing interactional context, the demonstrative pronouns express the role of identifying the referent in relation to the on-going activity. The pronoun "tämä" expresses that the referent is referentially open and the characterization of the referent is given in the on-going turn. Furthermore, it expresses asymmetry of the indexical ground: it expresses that the participants of a conversation do not share a mutual understanding of the activity at that particular time. In addition, the referent of the pronoun "tämä" is central for understanding the on-going action. Centrality could be understood as the relational feature of the pronoun. However, it is a consequence of the referential and indexical features of "tämä". The pronoun "tuo" also expresses referential openness, but it implies indexical symmetry. The pronoun "se" implies that the referent is known enough, and implies indexical symmetry. When used spatially, the pronouns may refer to a physical space or to a situation. They express or imply that the speaker is inside or outside the referent. The pronoun "tämä" implies inclusion, and the pronoun "tuo" expresses exclusion.

Päivä päivältä enemmän ja enemmän : Suomen toistokonstruktioita

Day by day more and more. Repetitive constructions in Finnish The study describes syntactic repetition in Finnish. Under investigation are short repetitive constructions in which the construction is connected by a morpheme, for example, päivä päivältä day by day , uudelleen ja uudelleen again and again . The study is a qualitative corpus-based study. It has three study questions. First, the study analyses the grammatical structure of repetitive constructions. Secondly, repetition is an iconic phenomenon, and the study investigates the motivation for repetition. Why and where is repetition used? Thirdly, the study will tentatively explain the syntactic productivity of the constructions. Syntactic repetition has semantic and pragmatic functions of which three are the most interesting. Firstly, it changes the aspectual interpretation of utterances. Durative situations become continuative, and semelfactive iterative. Secondly, repetition is also used to intensify expressions. Thirdly, repetition can be used to express superlative meanings. Repetition has many pragmatic functions. For example, it carries affective meanings in conversation. Repetition can also be used as an expressive tool in narrative contexts.