Termos singulares, transcategoriais e Summa Genera na lógica de Aristóteles

Quais termos são suscetíveis de operações silogísticas? Para importantes intérpretes da lógica aristotélica - especialmente Ross, Patzig e Lukasiewicz - a resposta tende a introduzir um único e homogêneo grupo de termos, aqueles de generalidade intermediária (τὰ µεταξὺ). Fundamentada basicamente na classificação tripartite de entes que aparece no capítulo 27 de Primeiros Analíticos I, essa opinião atribui à silogística a exclusão de (i) termos singulares (como "Sócrates" e "este homem"), (ii) transcategoriais (como "ente" e "um"), bem como dos chamados (iii) summa genera ("substância", "qualidade", "quantidade", etc.). Em nossa opinião, esses resultados não derivam dos textos de Aristóteles, mas de leituras, traduções e interpretações impróprias das passagens centrais da discussão. Neste artigo, faremos um novo exame desses textos, a fim de mostrar que Aristóteles jamais afastou de sua lógica os tipos de termos que os intérpretes não hesitam em excluir da silogística. Assim, esperamos reintroduzir termos singulares, transcategoriais e summa genera, no domínio da silogística aristotélica.

Summa rerum genera esse tantum duo: substantiam nimirum & accidens, ex suffragio ampliss. facult. philos. in florentissimo ad Auram Athenaeo, sub umbone ... dn. mag. Simonis Tålpo, met & log. professoris famigeratissimi, consistorii Acad. assessoris gravissimi nec non annexae Pijkensis pastoris longe fidelissimi. Summos in philosophia honores aditurus dissertatione philosophica ad sobrie philosophantium examen modeste delata statuere conabitur Jeremias Wallenius J. f. Tavastensis. Ad diem 21. Nov. anni redempti orbis M. DC. XC. IV. Horis pomeridianis in auditorio maximo

Invokaatio: A.J.

Summa plantarum :quae hactenus innotuerunt methodo Linnaeana per genera et species digesta, illustrata, descripta /a Fulgentio Vitman ...

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Summa plantarum :quae hactenus innotuerunt methodo Linnaeana per genera et species digesta, illustrata, descripta /a Fulgentio Vitman ...

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Summa plantarum :quae hactenus innotuerunt methodo Linnaeana per genera et species digesta, illustrata, descripta /a Fulgentio Vitman ...

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Summa plantarum :quae hactenus innotuerunt methodo Linnaeana per genera et species digesta, illustrata, descripta /a Fulgentio Vitman ...

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Summa plantarum :quae hactenus innotuerunt methodo Linnaeana per genera et species digesta, illustrata, descripta /a Fulgentio Vitman ...

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Summa plantarum :quae hactenus innotuerunt methodo Linnaeana per genera et species digesta, illustrata, descripta /a Fulgentio Vitman ...

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Joannis Raji ... Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta : in quâ notae maxime characteristicae exhibentur, quibus stirpium genera tum summa, tum infima cognoscuntur & à se mutuo dignoscuntur, non necessariis omissis ; accedit Methodus graminum, juncorum et cyperorum specialis, eodem auctore.

Mode of access: Internet.

Caroli A Linnè ... Systema vegetabilium : secundum classes, ordines et genera a clar. Willdenowio partim, partique a summa plantarum desumpta adjecta Appendice plantarum officinaliam cum characteristics et differntiis specificis &c. /

Stafleu and Cowan, 2d ed.

Gender identification of five genera of stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini) based on wing morphology

Currently, the identification of pollinators is a critical necessity of conservation programs. After it was found that features extracted from patterns of wing venation are sufficient to discriminate among insect species, various studies have focused on this structure. We examined wing venation patterns of males and workers of five stingless bee species in order to determine if there are differences between sexes and if these differences are greater within than between species. Geometric morphometric analyses were made of the forewings of males and workers of Nannotrigona testaceicornis, Melipona quadrifasciata, Frieseomelitta varia, and Scaptotrigona aff. depilis and Plebeia remota. The patterns of males and workers from the same species were more similar than the patterns of individuals of the same sex from different species, and the patterns of both males and workers, when analyzed alone, were sufficiently different to distinguish among these five species. This demonstrates that we can use this kind of analysis for the identification of stingless bee species and that the sex of the individual does not impede identification. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis of bee wing images can be a useful tool for biodiversity studies and conservation programs.

New eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) from banana and heliconia in Northeastern Brazil-two new genera and three new species

A new genus and new species of the mite family Eriophyidae (Phyllocoptinae), namely Cothrix erugata n. sp. et n. gen., is described from Heliconia stricta Huber (Heliconiaceae). In addition, one new genus and two new species of Diptilomiopidae, namely Rhyncadicrus asperulus n. sp. et n. gen. from banana, Musa acuminata Colla x Musa balbisiana Colla (genomic group AAB) (Musaceae) and Catarhinus granatus n. sp. from Heliconia bihai L., are described and illustrated. The mites were collected in the State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. All were vagrants on the lower leaf surfaces of their host plants and no visible damage symptoms were observed.

Two new genera, Provitellus and Ovipusillus, and four new species of Monorchiidae (Digenea) from carangid fishes of queensland, Australia

Two new genera and four new species of monorchiid digeneans are described from the Great Barrier Reef and Moreton Bay, Queensland. Provitellus turrum n. g., n. sp. from Pseudocaranx dentex and Trachinotus coppingeri is characterised by the presence of vitelline follicles in the forebody, a single testis, a unipartite terminal organ and filamented eggs. Ovipusillus mayu n. g., n. sp. from Gnathanodon speciosus is characterised by the presence of two testes, vitelline follicles overlapping the ventral sucker and a large, complex cirrus-sac that contains a coiled eversible ejaculatory duct joined by the pars prostatica halfway along its length. Paramonorcheides pseudocaranxi n. sp. from Pseudocaranx dentex differs from other species described in this genus in the longer flatter forebody, entire ovary and the well-developed cirrus-sac. Chrisomon gaigai n. sp. from Trachinotus coppingeri and T botla is characterised by the unflattened forebody and transversely oval pharynx. Chrisomon is redefined to include species of Lasiotocus with a vitellarium composed of clusters of tubular acini, creating the following new combinations: C. albulae n. comb. for L. albulae Overstreet, 1969, C. ulua n. comb, for L. ulua Yamaguti, 1970 and C. weke n. comb, for L. weke Yamaguti, 1970. The diagnosis of Lasiotocus is amended accordingly and the new combinations, L. polynemi n. comb. and L. sunderbanensis n. comb., are created for C.polynemi Dutta, Hafeezullah & Manna, 1994 and C. sunderbanensis Dutta, Hafeezullah B Manna, 1994, respectively. Extrapolation of our collection data suggests that there may be as many as 80 species of monorchiids infecting carangid fishes in Australia and 180 species infecting carangids in all oceans of the world. The latter figure greatly exceeds the number of monorchiids described from all host families to date.

The status of the genera Hysterolecithoides Yamaguti, 1934, Neotheletrum Gibson & Bray, 1979 and Machidatrema Leon-Regagnon, 1998 (Digenea : Hemiuroidea), including a description of M. leonae n. sp from Australian waters

A diagnosis is given for the lecithasterid genus Hysterolecithoides Yamaguti, 1934, which is now found to have two to six (possibly seven) vitelline masses. The species H. frontilatus (Manter, 1969) is returned to the genus, having been considered a member of the bunocotylid genus Neotheletrum by recent authors. It is redescribed from Siganus nebulosus, Moreton Bay, and S. doliatus, Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia, with emphasis on the presence of Juel's organ, a uterine seminal receptacle and the blind sac associated with the genital atrium. It differs from its congeners in the trajectory of the pars prostatica which recurves dorsally to the sinus-sac. Oligolecithoides Shen, 1982 is synonymised with Hysterolecithoides and O. trilobatus Shen, 1982 is synomised with H. epinepheli Yamaguti, 1934. Machidatrema Leon-Regagnon, 1998 is diagnosed, and found to be close to Hysterolecithoides, but differs in the lack of a blind-sac projecting from the dorsal genital atrium, by its tandem testes, the coiling of the uterus between the testes and the ovary, and the ventral excretory pore. M. leonae n. sp. is described from Siganus fuscescens, S. lineatus, S. doliatus, S. corallinus, S. vulpinus and Scarus globiceps at Heron Island, Queensland. It differs from its closest congener, M. akeh, in the muscular and tegumental flap over the genital pore and details of the terminal genitalia. M. chilostoma (Machida, 1980) and M. kyphosi (Yamaguti, 1970) are redescribed from Kyphosus vaigiensis from Heron Island. Neotheletrum Gibson & Bray, 1979 is diagnosed: it differs from Hysterolecithoides in its confluent excretory arms, blind seminal receptacle (no Juel's organ) and uniformly tripartite vitellarium. A cladistic analysis suggests that M. chilostoma and M. kyphosi are not best accommodated in Machidatrema, that Machidatrema (sensu stricto) is monophyletic and that Hysterolecithoides is paraphyletic. Hysterolecithoides and Machidatrema are considered hysterolecithine lecithasterids, whilst Neotheletrum is retained as an opisthadenine bunocotylid.

Molecular evidence for definition of genera in the Oxylobium group (Fabaceae : Mirbelieae)

The circumscription of Oxylobium and related genera has been problematic for nearly 200 years. Traditional definitions of genera in the group have relied on morphological features of the leaves, flower, and fruit that overlap extensively between genera. Therefore sequences of cpDNA (trnL-F intron and spacer) and nrDNA (ITS) were used to estimate the phylogeny of the group in an attempt to redefine the genera as monophyletic groups. Oxylobium sens. str. was found to be a well supported clade in both data sets, with the inclusion of Mirbelia oxylobioides. No other genus in the group was supported by these data, except Gastrolobium sens. lat. Some species groups within Chorizema, Mirbelia, and Podolobium were supported but relationships among these, Oxylobium and Gastrolobium differed significantly between the chloroplast and nuclear data sets. No group supported by the molecular data had a morphological synapomorphy, not even Oxylobium or Gastrolobium. Therefore it may be necessary to adopt a much broader generic concept in this group than has been done previously. Incongruence between the two molecular data sets, and very short internal basal branches in both, suggest a rapid early radiation in this group, possibly combined with hybridization and lineage sorting.