Greenhouse gas emission associated with sugar production in southern Brazil

Background: Since sugarcane areas have increased rapidly in Brazil, the contribution of the sugarcane production, and, especially, of the sugarcane harvest system to the greenhouse gas emissions of the country is an issue of national concern. Here we analyze some data characterizing various activities of two sugarcane mills during the harvest period of 2006-2007 and quantify the carbon footprint of sugar production.Results: According to our calculations, 241 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent were released to the atmosphere per a ton of sugar produced (2406 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per a hectare of the cropped area, and 26.5 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per a ton of sugarcane processed). The major part of the total emission (44%) resulted from residues burning; about 20% resulted from the use of synthetic fertilizers, and about 18% from fossil fuel combustion.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the most important reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from sugarcane areas could be achieved by switching to a green harvest system, that is, to harvesting without burning. © 2010 de Figueiredo et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

The relation of applied science to sugar production in Hawaii.

Mode of access: Internet.

Sugar and ethanol production as a rural development strategy in Brazil: Evidence from the state of Sao Paulo

Sugar and ethanol production are key components of Brazil`s rural development and energy strategies, yet in recent years sugar production has been widely criticized for its environmental and labor practices. This study examines the relationship between rural development and sugarcane, ethanol, and cattle production in the state of Sao Paulo. Our results suggest that the value added components of sugarcane production, which include sugar refining and ethanol production, may have a strong positive affect on local human development in comparison to primary agricultural production activities and other land uses. These results imply that sugar production, when accompanied by a local processing industry can stimulate rural development. However, this paper also highlights the significant environmental and social harms generated by the sugar industry at large, which may undermine its development benefits if not addressed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Fuzzy Goal Programming model for solving aggregate production-planning problems under uncertainty: A case study in a Brazilian sugar mill

This paper proposes a Fuzzy Goal Programming model (FGP) for a real aggregate production-planning problem. To do so, an application was made in a Brazilian Sugar and Ethanol Milling Company. The FGP Model depicts the comprehensive production process of sugar, ethanol, molasses and derivatives, and considers the uncertainties involved in ethanol and sugar production. Decision-makings, related to the agricultural and logistics phases, were considered on a weekly-basis planning horizon to include the whole harvesting season and the periods between harvests. The research has provided interesting results about decisions in the agricultural stages of cutting, loading and transportation to sugarcane suppliers and, especially, in milling decisions, whose choice of production process includes storage and logistics distribution. (C)2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The genome of the recently domesticated crop plant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) is an important crop of temperate climates which provides nearly 30% of the world's annual sugar production and is a source for bioethanol and animal feed. The species belongs to the order of Caryophylalles, is diploid with 2n = 18 chromosomes, has an estimated genome size of 714-758 megabases and shares an ancient genome triplication with other eudicot plants. Leafy beets have been cultivated since Roman times, but sugar beet is one of the most recently domesticated crops. It arose in the late eighteenth century when lines accumulating sugar in the storage root were selected from crosses made with chard and fodder beet. Here we present a reference genome sequence for sugar beet as the first non-rosid, non-asterid eudicot genome, advancing comparative genomics and phylogenetic reconstructions. The genome sequence comprises 567 megabases, of which 85% could be assigned to chromosomes. The assembly covers a large proportion of the repetitive sequence content that was estimated to be 63%. We predicted 27,421 protein-coding genes supported by transcript data and annotated them on the basis of sequence homology. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence for the separation of Caryophyllales before the split of asterids and rosids, and revealed lineage-specific gene family expansions and losses. We sequenced spinach (Spinacia oleracea), another Caryophyllales species, and validated features that separate this clade from rosids and asterids. Intraspecific genomic variation was analysed based on the genome sequences of sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima; progenitor of all beet crops) and four additional sugar beet accessions. We identified seven million variant positions in the reference genome, and also large regions of low variability, indicating artificial selection. The sugar beet genome sequence enables the identification of genes affecting agronomically relevant traits, supports molecular breeding and maximizes the plant's potential in energy biotechnology.

Simulating the impact on health of internalising the cost of carbon in food prices combined with a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages

Rising greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) have implications for health and up to 30 % of emissions globally are thought to arise from agriculture. Synergies exist between diets low in GHGEs and health however some foods have the opposite relationship, such as sugar production being a relatively low source of GHGEs. In order to address this and to further characterise a healthy sustainable diet, we model the effect on UK non-communicable disease mortality and GHGEs of internalising the social cost of carbon into the price of food alongside a 20 % tax on sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs). Developing previously published work, we simulate four tax scenarios: (A) a GHGEs tax of £2.86/tonne of CO2 equivalents (tCO2e)/100 g product on all products with emissions greater than the mean across all food groups (0.36 kgCO2e/100 g); (B) scenario A but with subsidies on foods with emissions lower than 0.36 kgCO2e/100 g such that the effect is revenue neutral; (C) scenario A but with a 20 % sales tax on SSBs; (D) scenario B but with a 20 % sales tax on SSBs. An almost ideal demand system is used to estimate price elasticities and a comparative risk assessment model is used to estimate changes to non-communicable disease mortality. We estimate that scenario A would lead to 300 deaths delayed or averted, 18,900 ktCO2e fewer GHGEs, and £3.0 billion tax revenue; scenario B, 90 deaths delayed or averted and 17,100 ktCO2e fewer GHGEs; scenario C, 1,200 deaths delayed or averted, 18,500 ktCO2e fewer GHGEs, and £3.4 billion revenue; and scenario D, 2,000 deaths delayed or averted and 16,500 ktCO2e fewer GHGEs. Deaths averted are mainly due to increased fibre and reduced fat consumption; a SSB tax reduces SSB and sugar consumption. Incorporating the social cost of carbon into the price of food has the potential to improve health, reduce GHGEs, and raise revenue. The simple addition of a tax on SSBs can mitigate negative health consequences arising from sugar being low in GHGEs. Further conflicts remain, including increased consumption of unhealthy foods such as cakes and nutrients such as salt.

Raising Cane in the 'Glades: The Global Sugar Trade and the Transformation of Florida

Over the last century, the Everglades underwent a metaphorical and ecological transition from impenetrable swamp to endangered wetland. At the heart of this transformation lies the Florida sugar industry, which by the 1990s was at the center of the political storm over the multi-billion dollar ecological “restoration” of the Everglades. Raising Cane in the ’Glades is the first study to situate the environmental transformation of the Everglades within the economic and historical geography of global sugar production and trade. Using, among other sources, interviews, government and corporate documents, and recently declassified U.S. State Department memoranda, Gail M. Hollander demonstrates that the development of Florida’s sugar region was the outcome of pitched battles reaching the highest political offices in the U.S. and in countries around the world, especially Cuba—which emerges in her narrative as a model, a competitor, and the regional “other” to Florida’s “self.” Spanning the period from the age of empire to the era of globalization, the book shows how the “sugar question”—a label nineteenth-century economists coined for intense international debates on sugar production and trade—emerges repeatedly in new guises. Hollander uses the sugar question as a thread to stitch together past and present, local and global, in explaining Everglades transformation.

Starch mobilization and sucrose accumulation in the pulp of Keitt mangoes during postharvest ripening

Sugar is a determinant for the quality of mangoes, but information about its accumulation is scarce. Although starch can contribute to sugar production during ripening, not much is known about the enzymes involved. This work presents the changes in carbohydrate and enzymes during the development and ripening of Keitt mangoes. Starch disappearance was concomitant to a fivefold increase of sucrose, the most abundant sugar of the ripe fruits. The activities of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, phosphorylase and isoamylase were detected in the pulp, and while alpha-amylase increased parallel to the starch content, beta-amylase presented a 20-fold increase during ripening. On the other hand, high phosphorylase activity was observed when fruits were still accumulating starch, and lowered during ripening. Isoamylase was detected during development and increased slightly during ripening, which would be in agreement to the expected role for isoamylases as acting on both subproduct of starch synthesis and degradation.

Economia energética por medição de cor em linha do açúcar à saída das centrífugas no processo de refinação da rama de açúcar

Mestrado em Engenharia Química

Reformulação de um Sistema de Gestão de Consumos de Energia

Atualmente a energia é considerada um vetor estratégico nas diversas organizações. Assim sendo, a gestão e a utilização racional da energia são consideradas instrumentos fundamentais para a redução dos consumos associados aos processos de produção do sector industrial. As ações de gestão energética não deverão ficar pela fase do projeto das instalações e dos meios de produção, mas sim acompanhar a atividade da Empresa. A gestão da energia deve ser sustentada com base na realização regular de diagnósticos energéticos às instalações consumidoras e concretizada através de planos de atuação e de investimento que apresentem como principal objetivo a promoção da eficiência energética, conduzindo assim à redução dos respetivos consumos e, consequentemente, à redução da fatura energética. Neste contexto, a utilização de ferramentas de apoio à gestão de energia promovem um consumo energético mais racional, ou seja, promovem a eficiência energética e é neste sentido que se insere este trabalho. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na Empresa RAR Açúcar e apresentou como principais objetivos: a reformulação do Sistema de Gestão de Consumos de Energia da Empresa, a criação de um modelo quantitativo que permitisse ao Gestor de Energia prever os consumos anuais de água, fuelóleo e eletricidade da Refinaria e a elaboração de um plano de consumos para o ano de 2014 a partir do modelo criado. A reformulação do respetivo Sistema de Gestão de Consumos resultou de um conjunto de etapas. Numa primeira fase foi necessário efetuar uma caraterização e uma análise do atual Sistema de Gestão de Consumos da Empresa, sistema composto por um conjunto de sete ficheiros de cálculo do programa Microsoft Excel©. Terminada a análise, selecionada a informação pertinente e propostas todas as melhorias a introduzir nos ficheiros, procedeu-se à reformulação do respetivo SGE, reduzindo-se o conjunto de ficheiros de cálculo para apenas dois ficheiros, um onde serão efetuados e visualizados todos os registos e outro onde serão realizados os cálculos necessários para o controlo energético da Empresa. O novo Sistema de Gestão de Consumos de Energia será implementado no início do ano de 2015. Relativamente às alterações propostas para as folhas de registos manuais, estas já foram implementadas pela Empresa. Esta aplicação prática mostrou-se bastante eficiente uma vez que permitiu grandes melhorias processuais nomeadamente, menores tempos de preenchimento das mesmas e um encurtamento das rotas efetuadas diariamente pelos operadores. Através do levantamento efetuado aos diversos contadores foi possível identificar todas as áreas onde será necessário a sua instalação e a substituição de todos os contadores avariados, permitindo deste modo uma contabilização mais precisa de todos os consumos da Empresa. Com esta reestruturação o Sistema de Gestão de Consumos tornou-se mais dinâmico, mais claro e, principalmente, mais eficiente. Para a criação do modelo de previsão de consumos da Empresa foi necessário efetuar-se um levantamento dos consumos históricos de água, eletricidade, fuelóleo e produção de açúcar de dois anos. Após este levantamento determinaram-se os consumos específicos de água, fuelóleo e eletricidade diários (para cada semana dos dois anos) e procedeu-se à caracterização destes consumos por tipo de dia. Efetuada a caracterização definiu-se para cada tipo de dia um consumo específico médio com base nos dois anos. O modelo de previsão de consumos foi criado com base nos consumos específicos médios dos dois anos correspondentes a cada tipo de dia. Procedeu-se por fim à verificação do modelo, comparando-se os consumos obtidos através do modelo (consumos previstos) com os consumos reais de cada ano. Para o ano de 2012 o modelo apresenta um desvio de 6% na previsão da água, 12% na previsão da eletricidade e de 6% na previsão do fuelóleo. Em relação ao ano de 2013, o modelo apresenta um erro de 1% para a previsão dos consumos de água, 8% para o fuelóleo e de 1% para a eletricidade. Este modelo permitirá efetuar contratos de aquisição de energia elétrica com maior rigor o que conduzirá a vantagens na sua negociação e consequentemente numa redução dos custos resultantes da aquisição da mesma. Permitirá também uma adequação dos fluxos de tesouraria à necessidade reais da Empresa, resultante de um modelo de previsão mais rigoroso e que se traduz numa mais-valia financeira para a mesma. Foi também proposto a elaboração de um plano de consumos para o ano de 2014 a partir do modelo criado em função da produção prevista para esse mesmo ano. O modelo apresenta um desvio de 24% na previsão da água, 0% na previsão da eletricidade e de 28% na previsão do fuelóleo.