Liiketoimintasuunnitelman laatiminen katsastusalan yritykselle

Tämän diplomityön päätavoitteena oli laatia katsastusalan yritykselle liiketoimintasuunnitelma, joka luo perustan yrityksen johtamiselle ja jatkokehittämiselle.Katsastus Kovalainen Oy tarvitsee jatkuvaan käyttöönsä yrityksen toimintaa ohjaavan viitekehyksen. Ensimmäisenä alaongelmana oli selvittää, mitä liiketoiminnaneri osa-alueita liiketoimintasuunnitelma käsittelee? Onnistuneen liiketoimintasuunnitelman yhtenä peruspilarina voidaan pitää sitä, kuinka hyvin se soveltuu kohdeyrityksen käyttöön ja onko sen sisältämä tieto oleellista juuri kohdeyritykselle? Toinen alaongelma ratkaistiin vastaamalla kysymykseen: Millä tavoin yrityksestä ja sen toimintaympäristöstä kyetään erottamaan juuri se oleellisin tieto liiketoimintasuunnitelman luomiseksi? Kolmanneksi alaongelmaksi muodostui kysymys siitä, kuinka liiketoimintasuunnitelman viitekehys ja empiirinen tieto yhdistetään toimivaksi kokonaisuudeksi, jota yritys voi hyödyntää. Työn teoriaosuus on tehty kirjallisuustutkimuksena ja siinä esitellään liiketoimintasuunnitelmaan kuuluvat osa-alueet teorian näkökulmasta. Empiirisen osuuden tiedot on kerätty pääasiassa haastatteluiden avulla. Empiiristä aineistoa on kerätty myös käyttämällä hyväksi jo olemassa olevaa dokumentoitua tietoa yrityksestä, kuten yrityksen tilinpäätös- ja markkinaosuusraportteja. Liiketoimintasuunnitelmaan kuuluva yrityksen sisäinen analyysi auttoi yrityksen johtoa identifioimaan ja priorisoimaan ne toiminnot ja tekijät, jotka eniten vaikuttavat yrityksen menestymiseen ja kilpailukykyyn. Kyseisen analysoinnin avulla huomattiin, että suurimmat puutteet ja kehitystoimenpiteet koskivat Katsastus Kovalaisen markkinointia ja katsastustiloja.Toimintaympäristön analysoinnin tuloksena huomattiin, että Katsastus Kovalaisenmarkkinaosuus on jo 40 prosenttia, jota voidaan pitää sen verran suurena, että tärkeimmäksi tekijäksi tulevaisuudessa katsottiin nykyisen markkinaosuuden säilyttäminen muun muassa pitämällä nykyiset asiakkaat tyytyväisenä.

Database Rights in Safe European Home: The Path to More Rigorous Protection of Information

1. Introduction "The one that has compiled ... a database, the collection, securing the validity or presentation of which has required an essential investment, has the sole right to control the content over the whole work or over either a qualitatively or quantitatively substantial part of the work both by means of reproduction and by making them available to the public", Finnish Copyright Act, section 49.1 These are the laconic words that implemented the much-awaited and hotly debated European Community Directive on the legal protection of databases,2 the EDD, into Finnish Copyright legislation in 1998. Now in the year 2005, after more than half a decade of the domestic implementation it is yet uncertain as to the proper meaning and construction of the convoluted qualitative criteria the current legislation employs as a prerequisite for the database protection both in Finland and within the European Union. Further, this opaque Pan-European instrument has the potential of bringing about a number of far-reaching economic and cultural ramifications, which have remained largely uncharted or unobserved. Thus the task of understanding this particular and currently peculiarly European new intellectual property regime is twofold: first, to understand the mechanics and functioning of the EDD and second, to realise the potential and risks inherent in the new legislation in economic, cultural and societal dimensions. 2. Subject-matter of the study: basic issues The first part of the task mentioned above is straightforward: questions such as what is meant by the key concepts triggering the functioning of the EDD such as presentation of independent information, what constitutes an essential investment in acquiring data and when the reproduction of a given database reaches either qualitatively or quantitatively the threshold of substantiality before the right-holder of a database can avail himself of the remedies provided by the statutory framework remain unclear and call for a careful analysis. As for second task, it is already obvious that the practical importance of the legal protection providedby the database right is in the rapid increase. The accelerating transformationof information into digital form is an existing fact, not merely a reflection of a shape of things to come in the future. To take a simple example, the digitisation of a map, traditionally in paper format and protected by copyright, can provide the consumer a markedly easier and faster access to the wanted material and the price can be, depending on the current state of the marketplace, cheaper than that of the traditional form or even free by means of public lending libraries providing access to the information online. This also renders it possible for authors and publishers to make available and sell their products to markedly larger, international markets while the production and distribution costs can be kept at minimum due to the new electronic production, marketing and distributionmechanisms to mention a few. The troublesome side is for authors and publishers the vastly enhanced potential for illegal copying by electronic means, producing numerous virtually identical copies at speed. The fear of illegal copying canlead to stark technical protection that in turn can dampen down the demand for information goods and services and furthermore, efficiently hamper the right of access to the materials available lawfully in electronic form and thus weaken the possibility of access to information, education and the cultural heritage of anation or nations, a condition precedent for a functioning democracy. 3. Particular issues in Digital Economy and Information Networks All what is said above applies a fortiori to the databases. As a result of the ubiquity of the Internet and the pending breakthrough of Mobile Internet, peer-to-peer Networks, Localand Wide Local Area Networks, a rapidly increasing amount of information not protected by traditional copyright, such as various lists, catalogues and tables,3previously protected partially by the old section 49 of the Finnish Copyright act are available free or for consideration in the Internet, and by the same token importantly, numerous databases are collected in order to enable the marketing, tendering and selling products and services in above mentioned networks. Databases and the information embedded therein constitutes a pivotal element in virtually any commercial operation including product and service development, scientific research and education. A poignant but not instantaneously an obvious example of this is a database consisting of physical coordinates of a certain selected group of customers for marketing purposes through cellular phones, laptops and several handheld or vehicle-based devices connected online. These practical needs call for answer to a plethora of questions already outlined above: Has thecollection and securing the validity of this information required an essential input? What qualifies as a quantitatively or qualitatively significant investment? According to the Directive, the database comprises works, information and other independent materials, which are arranged in systematic or methodical way andare individually accessible by electronic or other means. Under what circumstances then, are the materials regarded as arranged in systematic or methodical way? Only when the protected elements of a database are established, the question concerning the scope of protection becomes acute. In digital context, the traditional notions of reproduction and making available to the public of digital materials seem to fit ill or lead into interpretations that are at variance with analogous domain as regards the lawful and illegal uses of information. This may well interfere with or rework the way in which the commercial and other operators have to establish themselves and function in the existing value networks of information products and services. 4. International sphere After the expiry of the implementation period for the European Community Directive on legal protection of databases, the goals of the Directive must have been consolidated into the domestic legislations of the current twenty-five Member States within the European Union. On one hand, these fundamental questions readily imply that the problemsrelated to correct construction of the Directive underlying the domestic legislation transpire the national boundaries. On the other hand, the disputes arisingon account of the implementation and interpretation of the Directive on the European level attract significance domestically. Consequently, the guidelines on correct interpretation of the Directive importing the practical, business-oriented solutions may well have application on European level. This underlines the exigency for a thorough analysis on the implications of the meaning and potential scope of Database protection in Finland and the European Union. This position hasto be contrasted with the larger, international sphere, which in early 2005 does differ markedly from European Union stance, directly having a negative effect on international trade particularly in digital content. A particular case in point is the USA, a database producer primus inter pares, not at least yet having aSui Generis database regime or its kin, while both the political and academic discourse on the matter abounds. 5. The objectives of the study The above mentioned background with its several open issues calls for the detailed study of thefollowing questions: -What is a database-at-law and when is a database protected by intellectual property rights, particularly by the European database regime?What is the international situation? -How is a database protected and what is its relation with other intellectual property regimes, particularly in the Digital context? -The opportunities and threats provided by current protection to creators, users and the society as a whole, including the commercial and cultural implications? -The difficult question on relation of the Database protection and protection of factual information as such. 6. Dsiposition The Study, in purporting to analyse and cast light on the questions above, is divided into three mainparts. The first part has the purpose of introducing the political and rationalbackground and subsequent legislative evolution path of the European database protection, reflected against the international backdrop on the issue. An introduction to databases, originally a vehicle of modern computing and information andcommunication technology, is also incorporated. The second part sets out the chosen and existing two-tier model of the database protection, reviewing both itscopyright and Sui Generis right facets in detail together with the emergent application of the machinery in real-life societal and particularly commercial context. Furthermore, a general outline of copyright, relevant in context of copyright databases is provided. For purposes of further comparison, a chapter on the precursor of Sui Generi, database right, the Nordic catalogue rule also ensues. The third and final part analyses the positive and negative impact of the database protection system and attempts to scrutinize the implications further in the future with some caveats and tentative recommendations, in particular as regards the convoluted issue concerning the IPR protection of information per se, a new tenet in the domain of copyright and related rights.

Buddhism and the earth : environmental thought in early Buddhist philosophy

Introduction Fundamental to the philosophy of Buddhism, is the insight that there is "unsatisfactohness" (dukkha) in the world and that it can be eliminated through the practice of the Noble Eight Fold Path. Buddhism also maintains that the world as we experience and entities that exist are bereft of any substantiality. Instead existence is manifest through dependent origination. All things are conditional; nothing is permanent. However, inherent in this dependent existence is the interconnectedness of all beings and their subjection to the cosmic law of karma. Part of cultivating the Eight Fold path includes a deep compassion for all other living things, 'trapped' within this cycle of dependent origination. This compassion or empathy (karuna) is crucial to the Buddhist path to enlightenment. It is this emphasis on karuna that shows itself in Mahayana Buddhism with respect to the theory of the boddhisatva (or Buddha-to-be) since the boddhisatva willingly postpones his/her own enlightenment to help others on the same path. One of the ramifications of the theory of dependent origination is that there is no anthropocentric bias placed on humans over the natural world. Paradoxically the doctrine of non-self becomes an ontology within Buddhism, culminating in the Mayahana realization that a common boundary exists between samsara and nirvana. Essential to this ontology is the life of dharma or a moral life. Ethics is not separated from ontology. As my thesis will show, this basic outlook of Buddhism has implications toward our understanding of the Buddhist world-view with respect to the current human predicament concerning the environment. While humans are the only ones who can 4 attain "Buddhahood", it is because of our ability to understand what it means to follow the Eight fold path and act accordingly. Because of the interconnectedness of all entities {dharmas), there is an ontological necessity to eliminate suffering and 'save the earth' because if we allow the earth to suffer, we ALL suffer. This can be understood as an ethical outlook which can be applied to our interaction with and treatment of the natural environment or environment in the broadest sense, not just trees plants rocks etc. It is an approach to samsara and all within it. It has been argued that there is no ontology in Buddhism due to its doctrine of "non-self". However, it is a goal of this thesis to argue that there does exist an original ontology in Buddhism; that according to it, the nature of Being is essentially neither "Being nor non-being nor not non-being" as illustrated by Nagarjuna. Within this ontology is engrained an ethic or 'right path' (samma marga) that is fundamental to our being and this includes a compassionate relationship to our environment. In this dissertation I endeavour to trace the implications that the Buddhist worldview has for the environmental issues that assail us in our age of technology. I will explore questions such as: can the Buddhist way of thinking help us comprehend and possibly resolve the environmental problems of our day and age? Are there any current environmental theories which are comparable to or share common ground with the classical Buddhist doctrines? I will elucidate some fundamental doctrines of early Buddhism from an environmental perspective as well as identify some comparable modern environmental theories such as deep ecology and general systems theory, that seem to share in the wisdom of classical Buddhism and have much to gain from a deeper appreciation of Buddhism.

Le «travail du négatif» comme purification dans les Leçons sur la philosophie de la religion de Hegel

La purification est une métaphore désignant le moteur de la philosophie de la religion de Hegel. Elle est d’abord à l’œuvre dans la création de la Nature qui se consume pour produire la conscience de soi divine à travers l'esprit humain. En second lieu, elle s’opère dans l’objectivation des productions spirituelles de l’homme qui sont purifiées jusqu'à ce que l’Esprit soit auprès de soi dans le christianisme. La troisième purification est morale et trouve son fondement dans la Genèse, le judaïsme étant le premier à avoir identifié l'unité des natures humaine et divine. Le mythe témoignera également de la culpabilité en tant que l'homme n'exprime pas immédiatement sa divinité, mais sa finitude. La réalisation du divin impliquera donc la purification de la naturalité au profit de la substantialité. Le christianisme explicitera cette tâche par l’héroïsme de Jésus et cet héroïsme se perpétuera jusqu’à ce qu’émergent un individualisme moderne et une religion assurant la cohésion sociale : le protestantisme luthérien. Cet individualisme sera toutefois défectueux puisqu’il produira éventuellement davantage d’égoïsme que de réconciliation, ce qui donnera lieu à certaines critiques de l’analyse hégélienne du christianisme. En effet, Hegel croit toujours que la vitalité religieuse est nécessaire au fonctionnement de l’État, bien qu’elle soit dorénavant incapable de diffuser les sentiments de culpabilité et de responsabilité dans le corps social. Néanmoins, comme les valeurs du christianisme ont été épurées de leur contingence en passant dans les mœurs et dans l’État, il s’avérera que le corps social peut se passer d’une tradition religieuse vivante

Obstáculos epistemológicos no estudo do calor

O propósito deste trabalho é identificar obstáculos epistemológicos no processo de construção de conceitos físicos relacionados ao calor, a partir da epistemologia de Gaston Bachelard. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida, tendo como público alvo, estudantes de terceira série no ensino médio de uma escola pública de Belém. Para a identificação de obstáculos epistemológicos, foi elaborado um questionário de respostas abertas, o qual foi aplicado, primeiramente em uma turma, objetivando a validação do instrumento de investigação. Esse teste orientou a reformulação do questionário para posterior aplicação em outras turmas. As respostas possibilitaram três diferentes estratégias de análise: na primeira focalizou a presença de obstáculos epistemológicos sem restringir alunos ou questões, a partir do qual foi identificada a presença de obstáculo substancialista, experiência primeira, conhecimento geral, verbal, realista e animista; a segunda foi orientada para detectar obstáculos epistemológicos revelados por cada estudante, em todo o conjunto de questões, onde foi verificada a presença de pelo menos um obstáculo epistemológico no conjunto de respostas de cada estudante; a terceira buscou relacionar cada questão (tópico) com os correspondentes obstáculos epistemológicos, onde foi verificado que os obstáculos da experiência primeira e substancialista estavam presentes em respostas de quase todos os tópicos abordados, e os obstáculos do conhecimento geral, verbal, realista e animista, estão presentes em menor freqüência. Na tentativa de contribuir com a melhoria do Ensino de Física, o trabalho apresenta algumas sugestões aos professores, buscando a superação desses obstáculos pelos estudantes.

Morfogênese e morfodinâmica: a evidência geográfica da síntese temporal ocidental

This work seeks to explain the historical perspective of the building temporal western, showing the concepts of morphogenesis and morphodynamics as contemporary representations of geographical science for the synthesis forged about time. In this sense, it is the perspective of time in the Middle Ages, its implications and social substantiality, as interposed to time erected by the rise of a merchant class in Europe, we seek to present the social conception of this category in the West, stating that this not constituted as a supra-social element, but built by the organization itself and internal contradiction of European society. Finally, we saw the delineations drawn by geography, set in propositions about the dynamics of nature and society, such being the latest concepts in terms of the logic of assimilation weather prevailing. For this, we use literature review and comparison of temporal models at different times for the delineation of the contours of the research... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

El problema del status ontológico del universal en Aristóteles

Este trabajo tiene por objeto plantear el problema de la referencia objetiva de los universales en Aristóteles. En primer lugar, analizaré su posición más temprana en el libro I del tratado Sobre las Ideas, donde parece admitir la existencia de "cosas comunes" (koiná) (I). Luego reconstruiré la interpretación porfiriana del universal aristotélico, tal como aparece en su Comentario a las Categorías, como una propiedad idénticamente compartida por una multiplicidad de particulares (II). Por último, atenderé a los argumentos que Aristóteles despliega en Metafísica Z, 13-14 contra la sustancialidad del universal (III). Sostendré que las aporías que Aristóteles encuentra en el platonismo lo conducen más y más a afirmar que no hay nada en la realidad a lo que haga referencia el término universal, con las consecuencias nefastas que esta posición acarrea para su concepción de la ciencia como conocimiento universal y verdadero.

El problema del status ontológico del universal en Aristóteles

Este trabajo tiene por objeto plantear el problema de la referencia objetiva de los universales en Aristóteles. En primer lugar, analizaré su posición más temprana en el libro I del tratado Sobre las Ideas, donde parece admitir la existencia de "cosas comunes" (koiná) (I). Luego reconstruiré la interpretación porfiriana del universal aristotélico, tal como aparece en su Comentario a las Categorías, como una propiedad idénticamente compartida por una multiplicidad de particulares (II). Por último, atenderé a los argumentos que Aristóteles despliega en Metafísica Z, 13-14 contra la sustancialidad del universal (III). Sostendré que las aporías que Aristóteles encuentra en el platonismo lo conducen más y más a afirmar que no hay nada en la realidad a lo que haga referencia el término universal, con las consecuencias nefastas que esta posición acarrea para su concepción de la ciencia como conocimiento universal y verdadero.

El problema del status ontológico del universal en Aristóteles

Este trabajo tiene por objeto plantear el problema de la referencia objetiva de los universales en Aristóteles. En primer lugar, analizaré su posición más temprana en el libro I del tratado Sobre las Ideas, donde parece admitir la existencia de "cosas comunes" (koiná) (I). Luego reconstruiré la interpretación porfiriana del universal aristotélico, tal como aparece en su Comentario a las Categorías, como una propiedad idénticamente compartida por una multiplicidad de particulares (II). Por último, atenderé a los argumentos que Aristóteles despliega en Metafísica Z, 13-14 contra la sustancialidad del universal (III). Sostendré que las aporías que Aristóteles encuentra en el platonismo lo conducen más y más a afirmar que no hay nada en la realidad a lo que haga referencia el término universal, con las consecuencias nefastas que esta posición acarrea para su concepción de la ciencia como conocimiento universal y verdadero.

WAKING (TO) THINKING BEING: A STUDY OF EDUCATION, METAPHYSICS, MIND, AND LANGUAGE

This dissertation articulates the basic aims and achievements of education. It recognizes language as central to thinking, and philosophy and education as belonging profoundly to one another. The first step is to show that although philosophy can no longer claim to dictate the foundations of knowledge or of disciplines of inquiry, it still offers an exceptionally general level of self-understanding. Education is equally general and faces a similar crisis of self-identity, of coming to terms with reality. Language is the medium of thought and the repository of historical mind; so a child’s acquisition of language is her acquisition of rational freedom. This marks a metaphysical change: no longer merely an animal, she comes to exercise her powers of rationality, transcending her environment by seeking and expressing reasons for thinking and doing. She can think about herself in relation to the universe, hence philosophize and educate others in turn. The discussion then turns to the historical nature of language. The thinking already embedded in language always anticipates further questioning. Etymology serves as a model for philosophical understanding, and demonstrates how philosophy can continue to yield insights that are fundamental, but not foundational, to human life. The etymologies of some basic educational concepts disclose education as a leading out and into the midst of Being. The philosophical approach developed in previous chapters applies to the very idea of an educational aim. Discussion concerning the substantiality of educational ideals results in an impasse: one side recommends an open-­ended understanding of education’s aims; the other insists on a definitive account. However, educational ideals exhibit a conceptual duality: the fundamental achievements of education, such as rational freedom, are real; but how we should understand them remains an open question. The penultimate chapter investigates philosophical thinking as the fulfillment of rational freedom, whose creative insights can profoundly transform our everyday activities. That this transformative self-understanding is without end suggests the basic aims of education are unheimlich. The dissertation concludes with speculative reflection on the shape and nature of language, and with the suggestion that through education reality awakens to itself.