Prévention de la récidive et non-adhérence aux programmes d'intervention obligatoires chez les contrevenants de la conduite avec facultés affaiblies par l'alcool

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Substance use disorder comorbidity with schizophrenia in families of Mexican and Central American Ancestry

artículo -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro Investigación en Biología Molecular y Celular, 2010. Este documento es privado debido a limitaciones de derechos de autor.

Theoretical study on the molecular and electronic properties of some substances used for diabetes mellitus treatment

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease that affects a large number of people, and the number of problems associated with the disease has been increasing in the past few decades. These problems include cardiovascular disorders, blindness and the eventual need to amputate limbs. Therefore, the quality of life for people living with DM is less than it is for healthy people. In several cases, metabolic syndrome (MS), which can be considered a disturbance of the lipid metabolism, is associated with DM. In this work, two drugs used to treat DM, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, were studied using theoretical methods, and their molecular properties were related to the biological activity of these drugs. From the results, it was possible to correlate the properties of each substance-particularly electronic properties-with the biological interactions that are linked to their pharmacological effects. These results suggest that there are future prospects for designing or developing new drugs based on the correlation between theoretical and experimental properties.

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a cross-sectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.

Alcohol use disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: The importance of appropriate dual-diagnosis

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and clinical associated factors of alcohol use disorders (AUD) comorbidity in a large clinical sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods: A cross-sectional study including 630 DSM-IV OCD patients from seven Brazilian university services, comparing patients with and without AUD comorbidity. The instruments of assessment used were a demographic and clinical questionnaire including evaluation of suicidal thoughts and acts and psychiatric treatment, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I), the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale, the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories and the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Current or past alcohol and other psychoactive substances use, abuse and dependence were assessed using the SCID-I (section E) and corroborated by medical and familial history questionnaires. Results: Forty-seven patients (7.5%) presented AUD comorbidity. Compared to OCD patients without this comorbidity they were more likely to be men, to have received previous psychiatric treatment, to present: lifetime suicidal thoughts and attempts and to have higher scores in the hoarding dimension. They also presented higher comorbidity with generalized anxiety and somatization disorders, and compulsive sexual behavior. Substance use was related to the appearance of the first O.C. symptoms and symptom amelioration. Conclusions: Although uncommon among OCD treatment seeking samples, AUD comorbidity has specific clinical features, such as increased risk for suicidality, which deserve special attention from mental health professionals. Future studies focused on the development of specific interventions for these patients are warranted. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quality of life assessment of patients with schizophrenic spectrum disorders from Psychosocial Care Centers

OBJECTIVE: Assessing the quality of life and the clinical and social-demographic factors associated in schizophrenic spectrum patients (ICD-10 F20-F29) attending CAPS at the programmatic area 3.0. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of schizophrenic spectrum patients who have been enrolled in 2008 in CAPS in programmatic area (AP) 3 at Rio de Janeiro city, using MINIPLUS to assess schizophrenia spectrum disorder and use of psychoactive substances, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) to assess psychiatric symptoms and Quality of Life Scale (QLS-BR) to assess the quality of life. RESULTS: Seventy nine patients were included, of whom 74 (93.7%) presented some impairment in quality of life. The most frequently affected area was occupational performance. Variables that showed a significant association with severe impairment of quality of life were: marital status, race, occupation, who patients lived with, homelessness, having children, previous psychiatric hospitalization, negative symptoms and symptoms designated as not applicable (being characterized by a lack of typical positive and negative symptoms). CONCLUSION: The knowledge of these factors should be crucial to implement health policies and psychosocial rehabilitation programs focused on improving the quality of life of these patients.

Eating disorders, overeating and pathological attatchment to food: Independent or addictive disorders?

The thesis of this book is that there are connections between eating disorders and substance abuse. There are similarities in the craving for food to the cravings for substances of addiction; people with eating disorders experience symptoms similar to those of classic addiction. With the increase in obesity in the West, this book hopes to focus future studies on more effective treatment.This resource was contributed by The National Documentation Centre on Drug Use.

L'adolescent consommateur de substances face au réseau de soins [Substance abuse adolescents and the health care network]

Substance user adolescents were asked to report on each contact they had had with any type of care providers since they had begun to use alcohol or illegal drugs regularly. Primary care doctors and social workers represent the main access to the care network. In one out of two contacts substance use was not discussed.

Correlation between depressive symptoms and quality of life in users of psychoactive substances

Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between the presence of depressive symptoms and quality of life in users of psychoactive substances from Psychosocial Attention Centers in Mato Grosso. Method: A cross-sectional analytical study, conducted in Psychosocial Attention Centers, with 109 users. The instruments used were: Medical Outcomes Study 36, Beck Depression Inventory, socio-demographic variables and the use of psychoactive substances. A Tukey analysis and a Spearman correlation were conducted with a significance level of α<0,05. Results: The most affected domains of quality of life were emotional, social and mental health aspects, besides the strong correlation between depressive symptoms and quality of life. Conclusion: The use of psychoactive substances and the presence of symptoms significantly interfere in the life of users, which can compromise the motivation to the treatment, negatively affecting the quality of life in this population.



Addiction: l'égalité face aux substances [Addiction: are women and men equal?]

When illicit drugs are taken, men and women have a different biological response to drug used. Likewise, gender differences show more stigmas, more complex familial environment, and more history of sexual abuse for drug addicted women. The expression of psychiatric co-morbidities differs according to gender, with increased mood disorders, eating disorders, anxiety, and post traumatic disorders among drug addicted women.

First consumption ever of multiple substances: applying an expert-based taxonomy to a Swiss national sample of adolescents.

The use of multiple legal and illegal substances by adolescents is a growing concern in all countries, but since no consensus about a taxonomy did emerge yet, it is difficult to understand the different patterns of consumption and to implement tailored prevention and treatment programs directed towards specific subgroups of the adolescent population. Using data from a Swiss survey on adolescent health, we analyzed the age at which ten legal and illegal substances were consumed for the first time ever by applying a method combining the strength of both automatic clustering and use of substance experts. Results were then compared to 30 socio-economic factors to establish the usefulness of and to validate our taxonomy. We also analyzed the succession of substance first use for each group. The final taxonomy consists of eight groups ranging from non-consumers to heavy drug addicts. All but four socio-economic factors were significantly associated with the taxonomy, the strongest associations being observed with health, behavior, and sexuality factors. Numerous factors influence adolescents in their decision to first try substances or to use them on a regular basis, and no factor alone can be considered as an absolute marker of problematic behavior regarding substance use. Different processes of experimentation with substances are associated with different behaviors, therefore focusing on only one substance or only one factor is not efficient. Prevention and treatment programs can then be tailored to address specific issues related to different youth subgroups.

L'entretien motivationnel, une nouvelle "panacée" dans la prise en charge de patients toxicodépendants ? Une revue de littérature [Motivational interviewing, the new "panacea" for treatment of substance use disorders ? A review of literature]

Cet article aborde l'entretien motivationnel (EM), considéré comme un style thérapeutique centré sur le client et directif, visant à développer la motivation au changement par l'exploration et la résolution de l'ambivalence (Miller, W.R., Rollnick, S., 2002. Motivational interviewing: preparing people for change. The Guilford Press, New York, p. 25). Après une brève présentation théorique de ce style thérapeutique, nous présentons un survol des principaux résultats empiriques relatifs à la question de son efficacité dans la prise en charge des troubles liés à l'utilisation de substances psychoactives. Malgré un corpus important de travaux qui mettent en évidence les effets de l'EM, la question des « ingrédients actifs » reste encore relativement peu explorée. Quelques hypothèses permettant de mieux comprendre le succès de l'EM sont évoquées.

État de stress post-traumatique comorbide, facteurs de risque et de protection parmi des individus itinérants en traitement pour des troubles liés à l’utilisation de substances

Peu d’études explorent les fréquences de traumas et d’état de stress posttraumatique (ÉSPT) chez les itinérants, spécifiquement parmi ceux avec des troubles liés à l’utilisation de substances (TUS). L’objectif principal de cette étude était de mesurer les fréquences de trauma et d’ÉSPT parmi les usagers en traitement pour des TUS à Montréal. L’autre objectif était de vérifier les différences entre ceux ayant ou non un ÉSPT. 51 individus itinérants, 9 femmes et 42 hommes, ont constitué l’échantillon. L’âge moyen était de 46 ans (SD = 7.19). Les participants ont vécu en moyenne 4.24 (SD = 2.06) types de trauma. 49% de l’échantillon avaient potentiellement un diagnostic d’ÉSPT. La majorité avait: un parent alcoolique, vécu un trauma dans l’enfance et un soutien social faible. Les participants qui avaient potentiellement un diagnostic d’ÉSPT: avaient un parent alcoolique, vécurent un trauma dans l’enfance et utilisaient davantage de stratégies de coping inadaptées.

La quétiapine dans le traitement des troubles liés à l’utilisation de substances psychoactives.

Contexte Les troubles liés à l’utilisation de substances psychoactives (TUS) sont associés à une variété de troubles psychiatriques entre autre une instabilité comportementale et affective. Plusieurs études suggèrent que les antipsychotiques atypiques peuvent être utiles dans le traitement de la toxicomanie. L’objectif principal de la présente étude à devis ouvert est d’évaluer l’efficacité de la quétiapine sur les variables reliés à la toxicomanie chez des poly-toxicomanes sans psychose comorbide entrant en désintoxication. Méthodes Dans le cadre d’une étude pharmacologique à devis ouvert d’une durée de 12 semaines, trente-trois polytoxicomanes entrant en désintoxication et répondant à un ou plusieurs critères d’abus/dépendance à une substance du DSM-IV ont été recrutés. Les patients présentant un autre trouble comorbide à l’Axe I ont été exclus. Les envies de consommer, les quantités consommées, les jours de consommation ainsi que la sévérité de la toxicomanie ont été évalués au point de départ (semaine 0) et à la fin de l’étude (semaine 12). Les symptômes psychiatriques et dépressifs furent aussi évalués. Résultats 26 des 33 patients complétèrent plus de 9 semaines de traitement. Les résultats relatifs à la dernière observation reportée (LOCF) ont montré une amélioration significative des envies de consommer, des quantités consommées, des jours de consommation, de la sévérité de la toxicomanie et des symptômes psychiatriques et dépressifs. Conclusions Nos résultats ne peuvent être attribués en soi aux effets pharmacologiques de la quétiapine, et ce compte tenu d’abord du type d’étude à devis ouvert à laquelle nous avons procédée, ainsi que le petit nombre de sujets impliqués et enfin le fait que les participants étaient impliqués dans une thérapie intensive. Ceci dit, nos résultats suggèrent quand même que la quétiapine peut être bénéfique dans le traitement des toxicomanes entrant en désintoxication. Des études randomisées sont de mises pour déterminer la pertinence de ces résultats.

Alcohol use disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: The importance of appropriate dual-diagnosis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)