A novel technique to produce polygenic resistance to anthracnose in Stylosanthes capitata

An improved cultivar, based on 17 genotypes of S. capitata and six of S.macrocephala, was developed at the wEmbrapa Beef Cattle Research Center, Campo Grande, Brazil. The aim was to create durable, race non-specific resistance to anthracnose controlled by polygenic factors. A mass hybridisation technique was employed to produce a high degree of genetic diversity and sizeable quantities of seed of hybrid-derived progenies of Brazilian and Venezuelan genotypes of S. capitata. Outcrossing resulted in a significant improvement in the forage production of progeny of Venezuelan accessions. The multicross was evaluated in multilocational trials, each representing a large tract of country in the Cerrados ecosystem along a north-south transect from lat.6degrees S to 20degrees S. The genetic shift that occurred in S. capitata was a key element in the formation of the new cultivar. It is a complex mixture of two species, and a recombination of much desired forage traits of Brazilian x Venezuelan genotypes, high forage and seed yields coupled with anthracnose resistance. The new cultivar with its diverse genetic make-up has a wide application in the acid-soil savannas of tropical America. It was released by Embrapa for the Cerrados in 2000.

Resistência de progênies de Stylosanthes capitata e S. macrocephala à antracnose causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Tratamento térmico para superação da dormência em sementes de Stylosanthes SW. (fabaceae papilionoideae)

Stylosanthes SW. é um gênero de leguminosa tropical com grande potencial de uso, como forrageira, no Brasil. Em geral, esse gênero possui dormência em suas sementes, dificultando a germinação uniforme, importante para o estabelecimento da pastagem. Vários trabalhos têm explorado o uso de temperaturas elevadas, com bons resultados não só na superação da dormência em sementes de forrageiras como na erradicação de pragas de sementes, visando à diminuição do uso de pesticidas. Dessa forma, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do tratamento térmico na superação da dormência de sementes de Stylosanthes capitata, S. guianensis e S. macrocephala, estas foram expostas a temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70ºC, durante 5, 10 e 15 horas. Posteriormente, as sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação com quatro repetições de 100 sementes para cada tratamento. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado pelo teste de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). Para sementes de S. macrocephala e S. capitata, o uso de temperaturas elevadas propicia a superação da dormência. Para a primeira espécie, o tratamento mais eficiente é submeter as sementes à temperatura de 60ºC por 15 horas , enquanto que, para as sementes de S. capitata, a temperatura de 70ºC é a mais indicada.

Nematofauna fitopatogênica de sementes comerciais de forrageiras tropicais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e quantificar a nematofauna fitopatogênica de sementes de forrageiras, destinadas aos mercados interno e externo. Examinaram-se sementes de Brachiaria brizantha (cvs. Marandu e Xaraés), B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, Panicum maximum (cvs. Massai, Mombaça e Tanzânia) e Stylosanthes capitata e S. macrocephala, componentes da cultivar Estilosantes Campo Grande. As extrações foram realizadas por flotação centrífuga, em solução de sacarose com caulim. Nas gramíneas, encontraram-se os gêneros Aphelenchoides e Ditylenchus. O maior número de espécimes de Aphelenchoides spp. foi observado nas sementes de 'Marandu', e, em seguida, nas sementes de 'Xaraés', 'Basilisk' e 'Tanzânia'. Quanto à densidade populacional de Ditylenchus spp., os maiores valores foram observados nas sementes de 'Marandu', 'Xaraés' e 'Basilisk'. Os resultados sugerem que pelo menos duas espécies de Aphelenchoides e Ditylenchus estão associadas às sementes de gramíneas forrageiras, destinadas ao mercado interno. Fitonematóides não são detectados em sementes de 'Estilosantes Campo Grande', tampouco nas cultivares Marandu, Mombaça e Tanzânia, destinadas à exportação.

Estado nutricional e produção de laranjeira 'Pêra' em função da vegetação intercalar e cobertura morta

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da cobertura morta e da vegetação intercalar composta por gramíneas e leguminosas perenes nas propriedades químicas do solo e no estado nutricional de plantas de laranjeira 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) enxertada em limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck). Os tratamentos testados foram: T1, Brachiaria ruziziensis R. Germ. & Evrard na entrelinha sem cobertura morta na linha; T2, B. ruziziensis na entrelinha e cobertura morta na linha; T3, B. ruziziensis consorciada com amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi Krap. & Greg) na entrelinha e cobertura morta na linha; T4, B. ruziziensis e estilosantes (Stylosanthes capitata, S. macrocephala e S. guianensis) na entrelinha e cobertura morta na linha; T5, capim-marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitch.) na entrelinha e cobertura morta na linha; T6, amendoim forrageiro na entrelinha e cobertura morta na linha; T7, estilosantes na entrelinha e cobertura morta na linha. A leguminosa estilosantes proporcionou aumento da concentração foliar de N em relação à vegetação intercalar composta por B. ruziziensis. A cobertura morta não reduziu a disponibilidade de N para as plantas cítricas. Verificou-se correlação entre a densidade do sistema radicular na camada superficial do solo com a concentração foliar de P e produção de frutos.

ESTABLISHMENT TECHNIQUES FOR TROPICAL LEGUMES IN THE UNDERSTORY OF A EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION

This study evaluated establishment methods for a mixture of herbaceous forage legumes [Centrosema acutifolium, Clitoria ternatea, Pueraria phaseoloides, Stylosanthes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata + S. macrocephala), Calopogonium mucunoides, Lablab purpureus, Arachis pintoi, and Aeschynomene villosa] under the shade of an Eucalyptus grandis plantation submitted to thinning (40%) 8 years after planting in Anhembi, São Paulo (22°40'S, 48°10'W, altitude of 455 m). The experiment started in December 2008 and consisted of the comparison of the following four types of seed incorporation by light disc harrowing: (1) broadcast sowing without seed incorporation; disc harrowing before (2) or after (3) planting, and (4) disc harrowing before and after planting. Ninety days after planting, the number of legume plants/m2 and the percentage of ground cover by the plants varied between the treatments tested; however, the treatments had no effect on the dry matter accumulation of forage legumes. Disc harrowing before planting yielded superior results compared to the treatments without disc harrowing and disc harrowing after planting. At the end of the experimental period, the plots contained Arachis, Centrosema, Stylosanthes, and Pueraria. The dry matter accumulated by Centrosema corresponded to 73% of total dry matter yield of the plots. The participation of Arachis, Centrosema and Stylosanthes in final dry matter composition of the plots varied according to establishment method. The advantages of the use of species mixtures rather than monocultures in the understory of forest plantations were discussed.

Temperatura de germinação em sementes de estilosantes

Nos últimos anos, com o lançamento de novas cultivares de estilosantes, o uso destas tem se expandido e, consequentemente, a venda de sementes com as devidas exigências de boletins de análises. Dentre as condições consideradas ideais para a germinação destaca-se a temperatura. Objetivou-se neste trabalho, avaliar a germinação de sementes de Stylosanthes capitata e S. macrocephala submetidas às temperaturas constantes de 20, 25, 30 e 35 ºC, e às temperaturas alternadas de 20-30 ºC, 20-35 ºC e 25-35 ºC. Conclui-se que para o teste de germinação de sementes de Stylosanthes capitata e S. macrocephala, deve-se utilizar as temperaturas alternadas de 20-30 ºC ou de 20-35 ºC ou a temperatura constante de 25 ºC.

Nematofauna fitopatogênica de sementes comerciais de forrageiras tropicais

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Mastigação simulada e digestão ácido-enzimática de sementes de leguminosas forrageiras tropicais

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simulated chewing in the laboratory on the survival of seeds of four tropical forage legumes (butterfly pea, Clitorea ternatea; estilosantes, Stylosanthes capitata/S. macrocephala 'Campo Grande; archer, Macrotyloma axillare and perennial soybean, Neonotonia wightii) submitted to different periods of acid enzymatic digestion in vitro. Three trials were conducted to observe the percentage of destroyed seeds by the mastication; to compare the germination of the seeds (intact seeds, simulated mastication, scarification with sandpaper, mastication and scarification with sandpaper). And, finally the seeds were incubated at 39oC with hydrochloric acid and pepsin for: 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. The percentages of not destroyed seeds in mastication (archer, 91,5; perennial soybean, 88.0; butterfly pea, 82.1, and estilo, 81.1), associated with the beneficial effects of scarification on germination (64.7, 60.0, 92.0 e 87.3%, respectively) and the effects of time of acid-enzymatic digestion (75% higher if they stay 24 hours in HCl + pepsin) associated to the hard and not permeable coats of legume seeds, allow a high potential for resistance, and to pass intact through the digestive tract of cattle, being able to germinate when defecated in the pastures. However, estilo should not be included in the feeding of cattle for this purpose, because it do not resists the acid-enzyme digestion.

Adubação nitrogenada da cultura do milho consorciada com plantas de cobertura no sistema de semeadura direta

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

Consórcio entre milho e leguminosas, produção de palha e manejo do nitrogênio no feijão “de inverno” em região com verão chuvoso e inverno seco

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Relação entre número de estegmata na epiderme foliar e intensidade da antracnose em Stylosanthes spp

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o número de estegmata em cinco espécies de Stylosanthes e relacioná-lo à severidade da antracnose. Quantificaram-se os estegmata em secções foliares paradérmicas, coradas com safranina a 1%. A antracnose foi avaliada no 12º dia, depois da inoculação de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. As espécies apresentaram número semelhante de estegmata na epiderme foliar, à exceção de S. guianensis, que apresentou menor quantidade. Maior severidade da antracnose foi observada em S. macrocephala e, em seguida, em S. capitata. Não foi constatada correlação significativa entre número de estegmata na epiderme foliar e a severidade da doença.

Pathogenic variation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infecting Stylosanthes spp. in a center of diversity in Brazil

Pathogenic variation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infecting species of the tropical pasture legume Stylosanthes at its center of diversity was determined from 296 isolates collected from wild host population and selected germ plasm of S. capitata, S. guianensis, S. scabra, and S. macrocephala in Brazil. A putative host differential set comprising 11 accessions was selected from a bioassay of 18 isolates on 19 host accessions using principal component analysis. A similar analysis of anthracnose severity data for a subset of 195 isolates on the 11 differentials indicated that an adequate summary of pathogenic variation could be obtained using only five of these differentials. of the five differentials, S. seabrana 'Primar' was resistant and S. scabra 'Fitzroy' was susceptible to most isolates. A cluster analysis was used to determine eight natural race clusters using the 195 isolates. Linear discriminant functions were developed for eight race clusters using the 195 isolates as the training data set, and these were applied to classify a test data set of the remaining 101 isolates. All except 11 isolates of the test data set were classified into one of the eight race clusters. Over 10% of the 296 isolates were weakly pathogenic to all five differentials and another 40% were virulent on just one differential. The unclassified isolates represent six new races with unique virulence combinations, of which one isolate is virulent on all five differentials. The majority of isolates came from six field sites, and Shannon's index of diversity indicated considerable variation between sites. Pathogenic diversity was extensive at three sites where selected germ plasm were under evaluation, and complex race clusters and unclassified isolates representing new races were more prevalent at these sites compared with sites containing wild Stylosanthes populations.

Pupal Development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at Different Moisture Values in Four Soil Types

This study aimed to evaluate adult emergence and duration of the pupal stage of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and emergence of the fruit fly parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), under different moisture conditions in four soil types, using soil water matric potential Pupal stage duration in C capitata was influenced differently for males and females In females, only soil type affected pupal stage duration, which was longer in a clay soil In males, pupal stage duration was individually influenced by moisture and soil type, with a reduction in pupal stage duration in a heavy clay soil and in a sandy clay, with longer duration in the clay soil As allude potential decreased, duration of the pupal stage of C capitata males increased, regardless of soil type C capitata emergence was affected by moisture, regardless of soil type, and was higher in drier soils The emergence of D longicaudata adults was individually influenced by soil type and moisture factors, and the number of emerged D longicaudata adults was three times higher in sandy loam and lower in a heavy clay soil Always, the number of emerged adults was higher at higher moisture conditions C capitata and D longicaudata pupal development was affected by moisture and soil type, which may facilitate pest sampling and allow release areas for the parasitoid to be defined under field conditions.

Determination of the median lethal concentration (LC(50)) of mycoinsecticides for the control of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The aim of this study was to determine the median lethal concentration (LC(50)) of the commercial products Boveril WP (R) (Beauveria bassiana) and Metarril WP (R) (Metarhizium anisopliae) on the larvae and pupae of the fruit Ceratitis capitata. Insects used in this study came from a laboratory colony. The evaluated product concentrations were 10.00, 15.00, 20.00 and 25.00 g/L of water, which correspond, respectively, to 5.00x10(9), 7.50x10(9), 10.00x10(9) and 12.50x10(9) viable conidia/L of water for the two products, and in the control only water was applied. Third instar larvae and pupae of C. capitata were used in this study. Results showed an overall mortality of larvae with all conidial concentrations of M. anisopliae. The LC(50) values for larvae were 2.99 and 2.97 g/L for Boveril (R) and Metarril (R), respectively, while for pupae they were 3.12 and 4.74 g/L for Boveril (R) and Metarril (R), respectively. The high pathogenicity demonstrated by lower conidial concentrations of the tested products may mean greater efficiency from both economic and environmental points of view.