Facing Structural Disadvantage: The Role of Ingroup Connectedness

This thesis focuses on the social-psychological factors that help coping with structural disadvantage, and specifically on the role of cohesive ingroups and the sense of connectedness and efficacy they entail in this process. It aims to complement existing group-based models of coping that are grounded in a categorization perspective to groups and consequently focus exclusively on the large-scale categories made salient in intergroup contexts of comparisons. The dissertation accomplishes this aim through a reconsideration of between-persons relational interdependence as a sufficient and independent antecedent of a sense of groupness, and the benefits that a sense of group connectedness in one's direct environment, regardless of the categorical or relational basis of groupness, might have in the everyday struggles of disadvantaged group members. The three empirical papers aim to validate this approach, outlined in the first theoretical introduction, by testing derived hypotheses. They are based on data collected with youth populations (15-30) from three institutions in French-speaking Switzerland within the context of a larger project on youth transitions. Methods of data collection are paper-pencil questionnaires and in-depth interviews with a selected sub-sample of participants. The key argument of the first paper is that members of socially disadvantaged categories face higher barriers to their life project and that a general sense of connectedness, either based on categorical identities or other proximal groups and relations, mitigates the feeling of powerlessness associated with this experience. The second paper develops and tests a model that defines individual needs satisfaction as antecedent of self-group bonds and the efficacy beliefs derived from these intragroup bonds as the mechanism underlining the role of ingroups in coping. The third paper highlights the complexities that might be associated with the construction of a sense of groupness directly from intergroup comparisons and categorization-based disadvantage, and points out a more subtle understanding of the processes underling the emergence of groupness out of the situation of structural disadvantage. Overall, the findings confirm the central role of ingroups in coping with structural disadvantage and the importance of an understanding of groupness and its role that goes beyond the dominant focus on intergroup contexts and categorization processes.

Does living in a disadvantaged area mean fewer opportunities to purchase fresh fruit and vegetables in the area? Findings from the Brisbane food study

Understanding the particularly low intake of fruits and vegetables among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups is an important issue for public health. This study investigated whether access to retail outlets is similar across areas of varying socioeconomic disadvantage in an Australian urban setting, in terms of distance, the numbers of local shops, and their opening hours. This ecological cross-sectional study used 50 randomly sampled census collection districts and their nearby shopping environment (i.e. within 2.5 km), and generally found minimal or no socioeconomic differences in shopping infrastructure. Important methodological and social/economic issues may explain this contrast with overseas findings.

Erbium, chromium : yttrium scandium gallium garnet laser for caries removal: influence on bonding of a self-etching adhesive system

This study evaluated the influence of the dental substrates obtained after the use of different caries removal techniques on bonding of a self-etching system. Forty, extracted, carious, human molars were ground to expose flat surfaces containing caries-infected dentine surrounded by sound dentine. The caries lesions of the specimens were removed or not (control-G1) either by round steel burs and water-cooled, low speed, handpiece (G2), or by irradiation with an erbium, chromium:yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser (2W, 20 Hz, 35.38 J/cm(2), fiber G4 handpiece with 0.2826 mm(2), non-contact mode at a 2 mm distance, 70% air/20% water-G3) or using a chemo-mechanical method (Carisolv-G4). Caries-infected, caries-affected and sound dentines were submitted to a bonding system followed by construction of a resin-based composite crown. Hour-glass shaped samples were obtained and submitted to a micro-tensile bond test. The bond strength data were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA), complemented by Tukey`s test (P <= 0.05). The samples of sound dentine presented higher bond strengths than did samples of caries-affected dentine, except for the groups treated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser. The highest bond strengths were observed with the sound dentine treated with burs and Carisolv. The bond strengths to caries-affected dentine were similar in all groups. Additionally, bonding to caries-affected dentine of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser and Carisolv groups was similar to bonding to caries-infected dentine. Thus, caries-affected dentine is not an adequate substrate for adhesion. Moreover, amongst the caries removal methods tested, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation was the poorest in providing a substrate for bonding with the tested self-etching system.

Food and nutrient intake and attitudes

Poverty has been consistently associated with poorer health. The factors driving this association with poorer health among disadvantaged groups have been extensively investigated and include economic, ecological, psycho-social and structural factors.

Low-income Groups and Behaviour Change Interventions: A review of intervention content and effectiveness

This is the second paper in a series, Kicking Bad Habits, on how people can be encouraged to adopt healthy behaviour. Looking at interventions targeted specifically at low-income groups, this paper asks which interventions are effective in getting people to quit smoking, eat healthily and exercise. It reveals that the most frequently used techniques are providing information and encouraging people to set goals, which can be particularly effective at changing behaviour in disadvantaged groups.

Association entre consommation de drogues illicites et symptomatologie dépressive à l’adolescence : une étude longitudinale auprès de jeunes Québécois fréquentant l’école secondaire en milieu défavorisé

L’usage de drogues illicites et la symptomatologie dépressive sont associés, mais la nature de cette association demeure mal comprise. Une clarification des mécanismes en jeu est nécessaire afin de pouvoir intervenir sur la cooccurrence des deux phénomènes, dont les conséquences individuelles et sociales sont lourdes. Ces efforts de clarification débutent à l’adolescence, moment où sont typiquement initiés la consommation de substances et les problèmes affectifs. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à clarifier la nature des associations entre l’usage de certaines des drogues illicites les plus fréquemment consommées et les symptômes dépressifs chez les adolescents. Les données utilisées proviennent d’une cohorte de l’échantillon longitudinal de la Stratégie d’Intervention Agir Autrement (SIAA) comprenant plus de 3000 jeunes fréquentant des écoles en milieu défavorisé du Québec, qui ont été suivis pendant leur secondaire (2003-2007). Le premier article empirique de la thèse porte sur la relation entre l’usage de cannabis et la symptomatologie dépressive. Cette étude a examiné l’existence d’associations prospectives bidirectionnelles entre les deux phénomènes du début (13-14 ans) à la fin du secondaire (16-17 ans). Les analyses ont considéré des liens directs, mais également des liens indirects via deux facteurs reflétant des appartenances sociales normatives et non normatives : l’attachement à l’école et l’affiliation à des pairs déviants et consommateurs de drogues. Les résultats indiquent que les symptômes dépressifs et l’usage de cannabis peuvent représenter des facteurs de risque mutuels et suggèrent qu’un mécanisme indirect impliquant une érosion des attaches normatives pourrait jouer un rôle dans des cascades développementales reliant les deux manifestations. Le deuxième article empirique visait à déterminer si l’usage de deux drogues de synthèse, le MDMA (ecstasy) et les méth/amphétamines (speed), à 15-16 ans était associé au développement de symptômes dépressifs élevés un an plus tard, en prenant en considération des facteurs confondants potentiels. Tel qu’attendu, les résultats montrent une prédiction de la symptomatologie dépressive par l’usage de MDMA et de méth/amphetamines, particulièrement lorsque cet usage est concomitant. Ces résultats représentent une des premières évidences d’un risque posé par l’usage de drogues de synthèse par rapport au développement de symptômes affectifs chez les jeunes.

Lessons in ethnonephrology

Only recently has the nephrology community moved beyond a fairly singular focus on terminal kidney failure to embrace population-based studies of earlier stages of disease, its markers and risk factors, and of interventions. Observations in developing countries, and in minority, migrant, and disadvantaged groups in westernized countries, have promoted these developments. We are only beginning to interpret renal disease in the context of public health history, social and health transitions, changing population demography, and competing mortality. Its intimate relationships to other health issues are being progressively exposed. Perspectives on the multideterminant etiology of most disease and the pedestrian nature of most risk factors are maturing. We are challenged to reconcile epidemiologic patterns with morphology in diseased renal tissue, and to consider structural markers, such as nephron number and glomerular size, as determinants of disease susceptibility. New work force models are mandated for population-based studies and intervention programs. Intervention programs need to be integrated with other chronic disease initiatives and nested in a matrix of systematic primary care, and although flexible to changing needs, must be sustained over the long term. Cross-disciplinary collaboration is essential in designing those programs, and in promoting them to health-care funders. Substantial expansion and restructuring of the discipline is needed for the nephrology community to participate effectively in those processes.

Mapping cortical change in Alzheimer's disease, brain development, and schizophrenia

This paper describes algorithms that can identify patterns of brain structure and function associated with Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, normal aging, and abnormal brain development based on imaging data collected in large human populations. Extraordinary information can be discovered with these techniques: dynamic brain maps reveal how the brain grows in childhood, how it changes in disease, and how it responds to medication. Genetic brain maps can reveal genetic influences on brain structure, shedding light on the nature-nurture debate, and the mechanisms underlying inherited neurobehavioral disorders. Recently, we created time-lapse movies of brain structure for a variety of diseases. These identify complex, shifting patterns of brain structural deficits, revealing where, and at what rate, the path of brain deterioration in illness deviates from normal. Statistical criteria can then identify situations in which these changes are abnormally accelerated, or when medication or other interventions slow them. In this paper, we focus on describing our approaches to map structural changes in the cortex. These methods have already been used to reveal the profile of brain anomalies in studies of dementia, epilepsy, depression, childhood and adult-onset schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, fetal alcohol syndrome, Tourette syndrome, Williams syndrome, and in methamphetamine abusers. Specifically, we describe an image analysis pipeline known as cortical pattern matching that helps compare and pool cortical data over time and across subjects. Statistics are then defined to identify brain structural differences between groups, including localized alterations in cortical thickness, gray matter density (GMD), and asymmetries in cortical organization. Subtle features, not seen in individual brain scans, often emerge when population-based brain data are averaged in this way. Illustrative examples are presented to show the profound effects of development and various diseases on the human cortex. Dynamically spreading waves of gray matter loss are tracked in dementia and schizophrenia, and these sequences are related to normally occurring changes in healthy subjects of various ages. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Comparação entre sistemas de saúde oral de 8 países da união europeia e intervenções por estes desenvolvidas no seguimento das linhas de atuação definidas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde para o ano 2020

RESUMO - Hoje, facilmente se poderá constatar que as doenças orais possuem uma expressiva influência perante a saúde geral, não apenas pela presença da condição por si só, mas também a nível pessoal, social e económico. O seu reflexo traduz-se em parte, no absentismo escolar e laboral, diminuição considerável de produtividade e eficiência, falta de atenção e objetividade. Pelo que é então considerado, um grave problema de saúde pública, afetando de forma mais expressiva, grupos socioeconomicamente desfavorecidos. O acompanhamento e análise do desenvolvimento de iniciativas internacionais, no que ao seguimento das recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde diz respeito, poderá ser um ótimo beneficio e impulso para a identificação e aplicação de novos planos de ação. O presente projeto, pretendeu contribuir para a identificação de duas propostas de intervenção em saúde oral ajustadas ao alcance das recomendações da OMS que simultaneamente possam sejam proveitosas para a resolução dos problemas de saúde oral nacionais. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospetivo onde foram recolhidos dados acerca de 8 Sistemas de Saúde Oral europeus, previamente selecionados segundo critérios específicos, e iniciativas de saúde oral por eles desenvolvidas. Por fim, foram eleitas duas iniciativas de interesse, possíveis de aplicação futura. Os resultados do estudo apontam para a existência de diferentes iniciativas, enquadradas com as recomendações da OMS. De entre as mesmas, destaca-se uma implementada em 2009, na Suécia, que estando essencialmente assente num acessível subsidio anual fixo pago por cada indivíduo adulto, procura fundamentalmente preservar os esforços de prevenção aplicados nas últimas décadas.

The social transition of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the African region: evidence from three cross-sectional surveys in the Seychelles.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and several cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVRFs) and to assess whether this association has changed over a 15-year observation period. METHODS: Three independent population-based surveys of CVRFs were conducted in representative samples of all adults aged 25-64 years in the Seychelles, a small island state located east to Kenya, in 1989 (N=1081), 1994 (N=1067) and 2004 (N=1255). RESULTS: Among men, current smoking and heavy drinking were more prevalent in the low versus the high SES group, and obesity was less prevalent. The socioeconomic gradient in diabetes reversed over the study period from lower prevalence in the low versus the high SES group to higher prevalence in the low SES group. Hypercholesterolemia was less prevalent in the low versus the high SES group in 1989 but the prevalence was similar in the two groups in 2004. Hypertension showed no consistent socioeconomic pattern. Among women, the SES gradient in smoking tended to reverse over time from lower prevalence in the low SES group to lower prevalence in the high SES group. Obesity and diabetes were more common in the low versus the high SES group over the study period. Heavy drinking, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were not socially patterned among women. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of several CVRFs was higher in low versus high SES groups in a rapidly developing country in the African region, and an increase of the burden of these CVRFs in the most disadvantaged groups of the population was observed over the 15 years study period.

The influence of individual, social and physical environment factors on physical activity in the adult population in Andalusia, Spain

A person’s physical and social environment is considered as an influencing factor in terms of rates of engagement in physical activity. This study analyses the influence of socio-demographic, physical and social environmental factors on physical activity reported in the adult population in Andalusia. This is a cross-sectional study using data collected in the Andalusia Health Survey in 1999 and 2003. In addition to the influence of the individual’s characteristics, if there are no green spaces in the neighbourhood it is less likely that men and women will take exercise (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.13, 1.41). Likewise, a higher local illiteracy rate also has a negative influence on exercise habits in men (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.21, 1.59) and in women (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.40). Physical activity is influenced by individuals’ characteristics as well as by their social and physical environment, the most disadvantaged groups are less likely to engage in physical activity

The influence of individual, social and physical environment factors on physical activity in the adult population in Andalusia, Spain.

A person's physical and social environment is considered as an influencing factor in terms of rates of engagement in physical activity. This study analyses the influence of socio-demographic, physical and social environmental factors on physical activity reported in the adult population in Andalusia. This is a cross-sectional study using data collected in the Andalusia Health Survey in 1999 and 2003. In addition to the influence of the individual's characteristics, if there are no green spaces in the neighbourhood it is less likely that men and women will take exercise (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.13, 1.41). Likewise, a higher local illiteracy rate also has a negative influence on exercise habits in men (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.21, 1.59) and in women (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.40). Physical activity is influenced by individuals' characteristics as well as by their social and physical environment, the most disadvantaged groups are less likely to engage in physical activity.

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry studies of ruthenium (II) polypyridy coordination complexes and of group V Triptycenes and related complexes

In order to investigate the use of Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FAB-MS) as a tool for structural characterization, two groups of complexes are analyzed. The first group is a set of ruthenium(II) coordination complexes containing bidentate polypyridyl ligands. The positive and negative ion FAB-MS spectra are found to be sufficient to allow for an almost complete characterization of the central metal atom, the ligands and the counter anions contained in the intact complex. An unusual observation of mUltiply charged ions in the positive ion FAB-MS spectra (i.e. [RUL 3 ]2+) is explained to be as a result of the oxidative quenching of the excited state of the doubly charged ion by the matrix, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol. An analysis of a mixture shows that the technique is a good one for identifying components therein. A group of triptycene and related complexes containing Group V elements is also analyzed by FAB-MS and the results. in terms of relative abundances of fragment ions, are found to be consistent with known metal-carbon bond strengths.

Des principes de responsabilité et de solidarité pour un accès équitable aux soins de santé : le cas des travailleurs de l'informel urbain du Cameroun en situation de vulnérabilité

La question de l’accès financier des personnes socialement défavorisées aux soins de santé est aujourd’hui un enjeu éthique de grande importance dans de nombreux pays à faible revenu ou en voie d’émergence. On peut se demander comment l’équité dans l’accès aux soins peut être rendue effective puisque l’égalité des chances pour tous et la santé sont des pré-requis aux choix de vie et à la réalisation de soi. Les soins de santé sont donc d’une importance éthique particulière du fait qu’ils contribuent à préserver notre statut comme citoyens pleinement fonctionnels. Au Cameroun, bien que des efforts considérables soient consentis par les pouvoirs publics et leurs partenaires extérieurs pour favoriser l’accès aux soins des personnes défavorisées, le secteur de la santé reste encore très marqué par l’inégalité dans l’accès financier aux prestations sanitaires. Les médicaments les plus essentiels ne sont pas financièrement à la portée de tous et les coûts d’accès aux soins ambulatoires et hospitaliers dans les formations sanitaires sont manifestement prohibitifs pour une large frange de la population. Lors des épisodes de maladie, l’accès aux soins se fait par le paiement direct au point d’accès, et la pratique de l’automédication s’est répandue du fait de l’incapacité des personnes socialement défavorisées à payer leurs soins sans courir le risque de perdre l’essentiel de leur revenu. Les mesures de prise en charge sociale ou des systèmes de financement qui garantissent la réduction des inégalités entre les classes sociales sont fortement limitées par les faibles capacités d’une économie qui repose essentiellement sur l’informel. Sur la base de cette réalité, cette thèse analyse à partir du cas des travailleurs vulnérables du secteur informel urbain, la pertinence du choix politique de la couverture universelle santé au Cameroun à travers les principes de responsabilité et de solidarité. La population d’étude choisie est celle des travailleurs vulnérables du secteur informel en considération des problématiques liées à leur accès aux soins de santé, de l’importance de leur apport dans l’économie du pays ( 90 % des travailleurs) et du rôle qu’elle pourrait jouer dans l’atteinte de l’objectif de la couverture universelle santé. La thèse analyse donc, d’une part, les conditions et les modalités de répartition des biens sociaux qui répondent à la nécessaire redistribution équitable des ressources, en l’occurrence l’accès aux soins de qualité. Après avoir montré les préoccupations d’ordre politique, social, économique et éthique liées au problème d’accès universel aux soins, la thèse propose des stratégies opérationnelles susceptibles de conduire à l’amélioration de la qualité des soins et à un assainissement de la gestion du secteur des services de soins (éthique du care et éthique de bonne gouvernance). Aussi, dans la perspective de la recherche d’un financement local soutenable et durable de l’accès de tous aux soins, la thèse propose une approche participative. L’exploration de cette perspective aboutit au résultat qu’une approche inclusive et intégrée de promotion de l’économie informelle (dynamisation de ses activités et potentialisation de ses acteurs) pourrait faire de ce secteur un véritable levier de développement économique et social. Un développement social et solidaire durable et susceptible, sur le long terme, de réaliser l’objectif de la couverture universelle santé. En d’autres termes, elle propose des stratégies de capabilisation et de responsabilisation des travailleurs du secteur informel, en vue d’une société plus impliquée, plus responsable et plus solidaire. Une approche susceptible de matérialiser le droit à la santé, de construire l’autonomie des travailleurs en situation de vulnérabilité et de renforcer leurs capacités contributives à travers une opérationnalisation adaptée au contexte des principes de responsabilité et de solidarité.