Autodepura����o do igarap�� Santa Isabel no munic��pio de Santa Isabel do Par�� - aplica����o do modelo de Streeter-Phelps

A presente pesquisa realiza-se em Santa Isabel do Par��. Foi avaliada a autodepura����o do igarap�� hom��nimo atrav��s da modelagem matem��tica proposta por Streeter-Phelps (1925). Para isso, durante o per��odo de outubro de 2009 e setembro de 2010, foram analisados os par��metros f��sico-qu��micos OD e DBO e determinadas as vari��veis hidr��ulicas em 11 pontos amostrais, subdividindo em 4 se����es o curso d�����gua. O resultado da modelagem indicou que os trechos 1 e 2 possuem defici��ncia na autodepura����o, pois n��o obedecem os padr��es da legisla����o CONAMA 357/05. Por fim, ressalta-se ainda que, al��m de desfavor��vel capacidade de resili��ncia que o Igarap�� Santa Isabel possui, n��o h�� uma atua����o efetiva dos ��rg��os ambientais respons��veis pela fiscaliza����o da qualidade deste recurso h��drico para que haja o controle das quantidades de poluentes lan��adas no igarap��. Desta forma, pode-se evitar que, em um cen��rio futuro, graves problemas, devido aos usos m��ltiplos das ��guas deste manancial, venham prejudicar a sa��de e o bem estar das popula����es dependentes do Igarap�� Santa Isabel.

A sermon, delivered at the installation of the Rev. Sebastian Streeter, as pastor of the First Universalist Church and Society, in the city of Boston, May 13, 1824 ...

Pages 29-31 contain: "Right hand of fellowship, by the Rev. Hosea Ballou."

The interest of the state in the Concord railroad. Final argument of Frank S. Streeter. Argument of William M. Chase as to the Corbin offer. Before Hon. Joshua G. Hall, Hon. Thomas Cogswell, Hon. John W. Sturtevant, Commissioners.

Mode of access: Internet.

Effect of time-temperature binomial in obtaining biochemical oxygen demand of different wastewaters

Studies on the effects of temperature and time of incubation of wastewater samples for the estimation of biodegradable organic matter through the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), that nowadays are rare, considering that the results of the classic study of STREETER & PHELPS(1925) have been accepted as standard. However, there are still questions how could be possible to reduce the incubation time; whether the coefficient of temperature (θ) varies with the temperature and with the type of wastewater and if it approaches 1.047. Aiming the elucidation of these questions, wastewater samples of dairy, swine and sewage treated in septic tanks were incubated at temperatures of 20, 30 and 35 ��C, respectively for 5, 3.16 and 2.5 days. From the parameter of deoxygenation coefficient at 20 ��C (k20), θ30 and θ35 were calculated. The results indicated that θ values changes with the type of wastewater, however does not vary in the temperature range between 30 and 35 ��C, and that the use of 1.047 value did not implied significant differences in obtaining k in a determined T temperature. Thus, it is observed that the value of θ can be used to estimate the required incubation time of the samples at different temperatures.

Estimation histologique de l�����ge �� la mort �� partir du deuxi��me m��tacarpe chez l���humain

Cette ��tude teste l���hypoth��se que le remodelage osseux dans le deuxi��me m��tacarpe peut ��tre utilis�� pour estimer l�����ge �� la mort. Les m��tacarpes utilis��s dans cette analyse proviennent d���un cimeti��re d���Ontario, incluant des individus d���origine europ��enne (n=63; 34 hommes; 29 femmes). Leur ��ge varie de 19 �� 61 ans (moyenne: 41,1��11,6). L�����ge ��tait connu ou a ��t�� estim�� ind��pendamment �� partir de la morphologie g��n��rale du squelette. �� partir de lames minces coup��es �� la mi-diaphyse, la densit�� de population des ost��ons (OPD; ost��ons/mm2 intacts et fragmentaires) a ��t�� calcul��e pour huit colonnes du p��rioste �� l���endoste, deux par quadrant anatomique. Les r��gressions par calibration classique ont produit une s��rie d�����quation pour les estimations de l�����ge pour chaque sexe, sexes combin��s, et en fonction de la lat��ralit��. La m��thode utilis��e diminue l���efficacit�� des estimations mais elle a l���avantage de r��duire les biais. Quand les sexes sont combin��s, l���OPD est corr��l�� mod��r��ment mais significativement avec l�����ge (droit r2= 0,35; gauche r2=0,28). Cependant, quand les hommes et les femmes sont analys��s s��par��ment, la corr��lation entre l���OPD et l�����ge dans l�����chantillon f��minin est meilleure (droit r2=0,48; gauche r2=0,39) alors que celle des hommes est r��duite (droit r2=0,29; gauche r2=0,22). Ce r��sultat a d��j�� ��t�� observ�� dans d���autres ��tudes, mais n���est pas expliqu��. Les r��sultats d��montrent aussi une meilleure corr��lation entre l���OPD et l�����ge du c��t�� droit que du c��t�� gauche. Tous les r��sultats pr��sent��s ici supportent l���hypoth��se que l���OPD du m��tacarpe est corr��l�� avec l�����ge effectif (c���est-��-dire connu ou estim��), les r��gressions de l���OPD sur l�����ge (droit-gauche combin��s ou s��par��s, sexes combin��s ou s��par��s) ��tant toutes significatives.

��guas superficiais na bacia do Ribeir��o ��gua Parada no munic��pio de Bauru-SP: potencial de utiliza����o para o abastecimento p��blico

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)

Avalia����o espa��o-temporal da qualidade da ��gua e simula����o de autodepura����o na bacia hidrogr��fica do c��rrego S��o Sim��o, SP

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo comparativo de modelos matem��ticos de qualidade de ��guas superficiais

Surface water quality models have been developed since 1925, when Streeter e Phelps created first order equations that represent the balance between DO and BOD. Since then, and specially after the ���60s, new computational technologies evolved, making it possible to create more complex models, which try to represent, through mathematics, natural phenomena like eutrophication and rivers self-depuration. As main objective of such models is the understanding of aquatic systems and the relationship between them and the environment, so that it can support decision makers in creating water manage plans and in elaborating environmental projects of such resources. Regarding to that, it is of crucial importance the understanding of the models structures, so that one can choose the most appropriate model for the river in question. While one-dimensional models like QUAL2K are more appropriate for long and narrow rivers, bi- or tridimensional models (CE-QUAL-W2, WASP and CEQUAL- ICM) are more commonly used in wide and slower rivers, with higher lateral and/or vertical mixes rates. Besides, the more complex is the river studied more complex the model should be, which demands more costs and time for the model to be applied

A systematic review of the methods used to assess race and racial disparities in uterine fibroid research

Context: Black women are reported to have a higher prevalence of uterine fibroids, and a threefold higher incidence rate and relative risk for clinical uterine fibroid development as compared to women of other races. Uterine fibroid research has reported that black women experience greater uterine fibroid morbidity and disproportionate uterine fibroid disease burden. With increased interest in understanding uterine fibroid development, and race being a critical component of uterine fibroid assessment, it is imperative that the methods used to determine the race of research participants is defined and the operational definition of the use of race as a variable is reported for methodological guidance, and to enable the research community to compare statistical data and replicate studies. ^ Objectives: To systematically review and evaluate the methods used to assess race and racial disparities in uterine fibroid research. ^ Data Sources: Databases searched for this review include: OVID Medline, NML PubMed, Ebscohost Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Plus with Full Text, and Elsevier Scopus. ^ Review Methods: Articles published in English were retrieved from data sources between January 2011 and March 2011. Broad search terms, uterine fibroids and race, were employed to retrieve a comprehensive list of citations for review screening. The initial database yield included 947 articles, after duplicate extraction 485 articles remained. In addition, 771 bibliographic citations were reviewed to identify additional articles not found through the primary database search, of which 17 new articles were included. In the first screening, 502 titles and abstracts were screened against eligibility questions to determine citations of exclusion and to retrieve full text articles for review. In the second screening, 197 full texted articles were screened against eligibility questions to determine whether or not they met full inclusion/exclusion criteria. ^ Results: 100 articles met inclusion criteria and were used in the results of this systematic review. The evidence suggested that black women have a higher prevalence of uterine fibroids when compared to white women. None of the 14 studies reporting data on prevalence reported an operational definition or conceptual framework for the use of race. There were a limited number of studies reporting on the prevalence of risk factors among racial subgroups. Of the 3 studies, 2 studies reported prevalence of risk factors lower for black women than other races, which was contrary to hypothesis. And, of the three studies reporting on prevalence of risk factors among racial subgroups, none of them reported a conceptual framework for the use of race. ^ Conclusion: In the 100 uterine fibroid studies included in this review over half, 66%, reported a specific objective to assess and recruit study participants based upon their race and/or ethnicity, but most, 51%, failed to report a method of determining the actual race of the participants, and far fewer, 4% (only four South American studies), reported a conceptual framework and/or operational definition of race as a variable. However, most, 95%, of all studies reported race-based health outcomes. The inadequate methodological guidance on the use of race in uterine fibroid studies, purporting to assess race and racial disparities, may be a primary reason that uterine fibroid research continues to report racial disparities, but fails to understand the high prevalence and increased exposures among African-American women. A standardized method of assessing race throughout uterine fibroid research would appear to be helpful in elucidating what race is actually measuring, and the risk of exposures for that measurement. ^

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of Planulina wuellerstorfi from sediments of the Sierra Leone Rise

Causes of change in deep water delta13C can be either global or local in extent. Global causes include (1) climatically-induced changes in the amount of terrestrial biomass which alter the average carbon isotopic composition of the oceanic reservoir (Shackleton, 1977), and (2) erosion and deposition of organic-rich, continental shelf sediments during sea level fluctuations which change the mean oceanic carbon: phosphorus ratio (Broecker, 1982 doi:10.1016/0079-6611(82)90007-6). Regional gradients of delta13C are created by remineralization of organic detritus within the deep ocean itself thus reflecting the distribution of water masses and modern thermohaline flow. Changes in a single geological record of benthic foraminiferal delta13C can result from any combination of these global and abyssal circulation effects. By sampling a large number of cores collected over a wide bathymetric range yet confined to a small geographical region we have minimized the ambiguity. We can assume that each delta13C record was equally affected by global causes of delta13C variation. The differences seen between the delta13C records must, therefore, reflect changes in the distribution of delta13C in the deep ocean. We interpret these differences in distribution in terms of changes in the ocean's abyssal circulation. Benthic foraminiferal carbon isotopic evidence from a suite of Sierra Leone Rise cores indicates that the deeper parts of the eastern Atlantic basins underwent a reduction in [O2] during the maximum of the last glaciation. Reduced advection of O2-rich deep water through low-latitude fracture zones, associated with increased delivery of organic matter to the deep ocean, lowered the delta13C of deep water SumCO2 at all depths below the sill separating the eastern and western Atlantic basins (Metcalf et al., 1964 doi:10.1016/0011-7471(64)91078-2). This decreased advection into the eastern Atlantic Ocean coincides with the overall decrease in deep water production in the North Atlantic during the last glacial maximum (Curry and Lohmann, 1982 doi:10.1016/0033-5894(82)90071-0; Boyle and Keigwin, 1982 doi:10.1126/science.218.4574.784; Schnitker, 1979 doi:10.1016/0377-8398(79)90020-3; Streeter and Shackleton, 1979 doi:10.1126/science.203.4376.168).