Influence of additives on the charactaristics of stone matrix asphalt

The increase in traffic growth and maintenance expenditures demands the urgent need for building better, long-lasting, and more efficient roads preventing or minimizing bituminous pavement distresses. Many of the principal distresses in pavements initiate or increase in severity due to the presence of water. In Kerala highways, where traditional dense graded mixtures are used for the surface courses, major distress is due to moisture induced damages. The Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures provide a durable surface course. Proven field performance of test track at Delhi recommends Stone Matrix Asphalt as a right choice to sustain severe climatic and heavy traffic conditions. But the concept of SMA in India is not so popularized and its application is very limited mainly due to the lack of proper specifications. This research is an attempt to study the influence of additives on the characteristics of SMA mixtures and to propose an ideal surface course for the pavements. The additives used for this investigation are coir, sisal, banana fibres (natural fibres), waste plastics (waste material) and polypropylene (polymer). A preliminary investigation is conducted to characterize the materials used in this study. Marshall test is conducted for optimizing the SMA mixtures (Control mixture-without additives and Stabilized mixtures with additives). Indirect tensile strength tests, compression strength tests, triaxial strength tests and drain down sensitivity tests are conducted to study the engineering properties of stabilized mixtures. The comparison of the performance of all stabilized mixtures with the control mixture and among themselves are carried out. A statistical analysis (SPSS package Ver.16) is performed to establish the findings of this study

Influence Of Additives On The Drain Down Characteristics Of Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures

In Kerala highways, where traditional dense graded mixtures are used for the surface courses, major distress is due to moisture induced damages. Development of stabilized Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures for improved pavement performance has been the focus of research all over the world for the past few decades. Many successful attempts are made to stabilize SMA mixtures with synthetic fibres and polymers. India, being an agricultural economy produces fairly huge quantity of natural fibres such as coconut, sisal, banana, sugar cane, jute etc.. Now- a -days the disposal of waste plastics is a major concern for an eco- friendly sustainable environment. This paper focuses on the influence of additives like coir, sisal, banana fibres (natural fibres), waste plastics (waste material) and polypropylene (polymer) on the drain down characteristics of SMA mixtures. A preliminary investigation is conducted to characterize the materials used in this study. Drain down sensitivity tests are conducted to study the bleeding phenomena and drain down of SMA mixtures. Based on the drain down characteristics of the various stabilized mixtures it is inferred that the optimum fibre content is 0.3% by weight of mixture for all fibre mixtures irrespective of the type of fibre. For waste plastics and polypropylene stabilized SMA mixtures, the optimum additive contents are respectively 7% and 5% by weight of mixture. Due to the absorptive nature of fibres, fibre stabilizers are found to be more effective in reducing the drain down of the SMA mixture. The drain values for the waste plastics mix is within the required specification range. The coir fibre additive is the best among the fibres investigated. Sisal and banana fibre mixtures showed almost the same characteristics on stabilization.

Evaluation of Stone Matrix Asphalt : final report /

"January 1996"--Cover.

Waste plastic as a stabilizing additive in Stone Mastic Asphalt

The present study investigates the benefits of stabilizing the stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture in flexible pavement with shredded waste plastic. Conventional (without plastic) and the stabilized SMA mixtures were subjected to performance tests including Marshall Stability, tensile strength and compressive strength tests. Triaxial tests were also conducted with varying percentage bitumen by weight of mineral aggregate (6% to 8%) and by varying percentage plastic by weight of mix (6% to 12% with an increment of 1%). Plastic content of 10% by weight of bitumen is recommended for the improvement of the performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt mixtures. 10% plastic content gives an increase in the stability, split tensile strength and compressive strength of about 64%, 18% and 75% respectively compared to the conventional SMA mix. Triaxial test results show a 44% increase in cohesion and 3% decrease in angle of shearing resistance showing an increase in the shear strength. The drain down value decreases with an increase in plastic content and the value is only 0.09 % at 10% plastic content and proves to be an effective stabilizing additive in SMA mixtures

Protein profiling of organic stone matrix and urine from dogs with urolithiasis

Two-thirds of the organic matrix in urinary stones consists of proteins. Their relationship to calculogenesis remains controversial with regard to their effect as inhibitors or promoters during stone formation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the differences in peptide and protein pattern between the urine of stone formers (n = 23) and control dogs (n = 12), as well as between organic matrix of different urinary stones (struvite n = 11, calcium oxalate n = 8, uric acid n = 4) using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Specific differences in protein and peptide profiles were found in the organic matrix of different mineral compositions. Characteristic differences were also found in urinary peptide and protein pattern especially in molecular masses below 20 kDa between affected and healthy dogs. Based on the obtained molecular masses they were in some cases tentatively identified as proteins that are known to be involved in stone formation in humans. The study shows that in dogs, specific-urinary peptides and proteins might be associated with urolithiasis. It indicates the importance to further characterize those proteins for possible diagnostic purposes in prognosis and therapy

Caratterizzazione dinamica di miscele bituminose SMA contenenti polverino di gomma da Pneumatici Fuori Uso

Lo Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) è un tipo di miscela chiusa costituita da uno scheletro litico di aggregato grosso, assortito in modo tale da ottenere una distribuzione granulometrica indicata con il termine gap-graded, e da un mastice, con funzione riempitiva, ottenuto dalla miscelazione di bitume, filler ed additivi stabilizzanti. In ambito di progettazione delle miscele per conglomerati bituminosi sta assumendo sempre più importanza l’utilizzo di materiali derivanti dalla frantumazione degli Pneumatici Fuori Uso, quali granulato e polverino di gomma. Quest’ultimo può essere impiegato come valida alternativa alla modifica polimerica del bitume garantendo maggiori prestazioni in termini di resistenza all’ormaiamento, a fatica e durabilità, con un conseguente contenimento dei costi di manutenzione della sovrastruttura nel medio e lungo periodo. Il presente studio è stato condotto con lo scopo di valutare le prestazioni meccaniche che una miscela di conglomerato bituminoso può esplicare a seguito della sua mescolazione con il polverino di gomma. In particolare, è stata impiegata una miscela bituminosa di tipo SMA che, data la sua composizione interna, conferisce allo strato di usura della pavimentazione ottime qualità soprattutto in termini di resistenza alle sollecitazioni, durabilità, fonoassorbenza e macrotessitura superficiale. Al fine di rendere più esaustiva la fase sperimentale, sono state messe a confronto due miscele di tipo SMA differenti tra loro per l’aggiunta del polverino di gomma. I dati ottenuti e le considerazioni effettuate al termine della fase sperimentale hanno permesso di affermare che la miscela indagata possiede proprietà meccaniche idonee per essere impiegata nella realizzazione di nuove infrastrutture o nella manutenzione delle pavimentazioni esistenti.

Changing climate, changing process: implications for salt transportation and weathering within building sandstones in the UK

Salt weathering is a crucial process that brings about a change in stone, from the scale of landscapes to stone outcrops and natural building stone facades. It is acknowledged that salt weathering is controlled by fluctuations in temperature and moisture, where repeated oscillations in these parameters can cause re-crystallisation, hydration/de-hydration of salts, bringing about stone surface loss in the form of, for example, granular disaggregation, scaling, and multiple flaking. However, this ‘traditional’ view of how salt weathering proceeds may need to be re-evaluated in the light of current and future climatic trends. Indeed, there is considerable scope for the investigation of consequences of climate change on geomorphological processes in general. Building on contemporary research on the ‘deep wetting’ of natural building stones, it is proposed that (as stone may be wetter for longer), ion diffusion may become a more prominent mechanism for the mixing of molecular constituents, and a shift in focus from physical damage to chemical change is suggested. Data from ion diffusion cell experiments are presented for three different sandstone types, demonstrating that salts may diffuse through porous stone relatively rapidly (in comparison to, for example, dense concrete). Pore water from stones undergoing diffusion experiments was extracted and analysed. Factors controlling ion diffusion
relating to ‘time of wetness’ within stones are discussed, (continued saturation, connectivity of pores, mineralogy, behaviour of salts, sedimentary structure), and potential changes in system dynamics as a result of climate change are addressed. System inputs may change in terms of increased moisture input, translating into a greater depth of wetting front. Salts are likely to be ‘stored’ differently in stones, with salt being in solution for longer periods (during prolonged winter wetness). This has myriad implications in terms of the movement of ions by diffusion and the potential for chemical change in the stone (especially in more mobile constituents), leading to a weakening of the stone matrix/grain boundary cementing. The ‘output’ may be mobilisation and precipitation of elements leading to, for example, uneven cementing in the stone. This reduced strength of the stone, or compromised ability of the stone to absorb stress, is likely to make crystallisation a more efficacious mechanism of decay when it does occur. Thus, a delay in the onset of crystallisation while stonework is wet does not preclude exaggerated or accelerated material loss when it finally happens.

Misturas betuminosas temperadas, do tipo SMA, com incorporação de material betuminoso reciclado e fibras celulósicas : contribuição para a sua caracterização

A crescente necessidade de reabilitação de pavimentos rodoviários tem conduzido ao aumento dos materiais resultantes das intervenções e ao consumo de quantidades significativas de energia e de novos materiais. Umas das formas de reduzir o consumo de energia decorrente da execução de trabalhos de reabilitação, e consequentemente a emissão de gases poluentes associada, é a produção de Misturas Betuminosas Temperadas. Estas são produzidas a temperaturas inferiores a 140ºC, o que permite poupar energia em relação às fabricadas a quente a uma temperatura superior a 140ºC. Por outro lado, a adição de Misturas Betuminosas Recuperadas (MBR) na produção de novas misturas, em substituição de parte dos agregados naturais e do betume novo, contribui para a diminuição do consumo de novos materiais, o que constitui uma prática ambientalmente sustentável e economicamente vantajosa. Reunindo os aspetos referidos no fabrico de misturas Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA), caracterizadas pela sua elevada durabilidade e baixo custo de manutenção ao longo do seu ciclo de vida, pode obter-se uma mistura com inúmeras vantagens do ponto de vista económico e ambiental, destacando-se a redução do consumo e do custo de matérias-primas naturais, a redução do volume de resíduos a transportar a vazadouro, a redução do consumo de energia e a redução dos custos na manutenção e reabilitação dos pavimentos. Ao longo deste trabalho, descrevem-se as diversas tecnologias usadas para produzir misturas betuminosas temperadas, caracterizam-se as misturas do tipo Stone Mastic Asphalt, e mencionam-se os aspetos mais relevantes na incorporação de MBR na produção de novas misturas. Por último, foram realizados estudos experimentais com o intuito de investigar as propriedades volumétricas e o comportamento mecânico de misturas temperadas do tipo SMA com incorporação de MBR, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento deste tipo de misturas não tradicionais, com o objetivo de promover a sua utilização futura em trabalhos de pavimentação rodoviária.

Specifications for the bituminous surface treatment of gravel and crushed stone surfaces, subclass A-3 (Liquid and powdered asphalt) : effective May 15, 1939.

Mode of access: Internet.

The climate change risk management matrix for the grazing industry of northern Australia

The complexity, variability and vastness of the northern Australian rangelands make it difficult to assess the risks associated with climate change. In this paper we present a methodology to help industry and primary producers assess risks associated with climate change and to assess the effectiveness of adaptation options in managing those risks. Our assessment involved three steps. Initially, the impacts and adaptation responses were documented in matrices by ‘experts’ (rangeland and climate scientists). Then, a modified risk management framework was used to develop risk management matrices that identified important impacts, areas of greatest vulnerability (combination of potential impact and adaptive capacity) and priority areas for action at the industry level. The process was easy to implement and useful for arranging and analysing large amounts of information (both complex and interacting). Lastly, regional extension officers (after minimal ‘climate literacy’ training) could build on existing knowledge provided here and implement the risk management process in workshops with rangeland land managers. Their participation is likely to identify relevant and robust adaptive responses that are most likely to be included in regional and property management decisions. The process developed here for the grazing industry could be modified and used in other industries and sectors. By 2030, some areas of northern Australia will experience more droughts and lower summer rainfall. This poses a serious threat to the rangelands. Although the impacts and adaptive responses will vary between ecological and geographic systems, climate change is expected to have noticeable detrimental effects: reduced pasture growth and surface water availability; increased competition from woody vegetation; decreased production per head (beef and wool) and gross margin; and adverse impacts on biodiversity. Further research and development is needed to identify the most vulnerable regions, and to inform policy in time to facilitate transitional change and enable land managers to implement those changes.

Measurement of the top quark mass in the lepton plus jets final state with the matrix element method

We present a measurement of the top quark mass with the matrix element method in the lepton+jets final state. As the energy scale for calorimeter jets represents the dominant source of systematic uncertainty, the matrix element likelihood is extended by an additional parameter, which is defined as a global multiplicative factor applied to the standard energy scale. The top quark mass is obtained from a fit that yields the combined statistical and systematic jet energy scale uncertainty. Using a data set of 0.4 fb(-1) taken with the D0 experiment at Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron Collider, the mass of the top quark is measured using topological information to be: m(top)(center dot+jets)(topo)=169.2(-7.4)(+5.0)(stat+JES)(-1.4)(+1.5)(syst) GeV, and when information about identified b jets is included: m(top)(center dot+jets)(b-tag)=170.3(-4.5)(+4.1)(stat+ JES)(-1.8)(+1.2)(syst) GeV. The measurements yield a jet energy scale consistent with the reference scale.

Measurement of the t-channel single-top-quark production cross section and of the |V (tb)| CKM matrix element in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)