A review of the health effects of stimulant drinks

The Food Safety Promotion Board, following a request from the Minister of State at the Department of Health and Children, Dr. Tom Moffatt T.D., established the Stimulant Drinks Committee (consisting of external experts) to carry out research into the health effects of stimulant drinks. The task and terms of reference for the group were: • to review the potential health effects on the population of Ireland from the consumption of stimulant drinks • to assess the knowledge gaps • to consider the need for any action to protect public health.

Stimulant drugs : Professional guidance

This guidance is aimed at professionals who come into contact with stimulant drug users through their work. This may include those in the community and voluntary sectors or in health and social care.

The norepinephrine transporter inhibitor reboxetine reduces stimulant effects of MDMA ("ecstasy") in humans.

This study assessed the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of the interaction between the selective norepinephrine (NE) transporter inhibitor reboxetine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") in 16 healthy subjects. The study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Reboxetine reduced the effects of MDMA including elevations in plasma levels of NE, increases in blood pressure and heart rate, subjective drug high, stimulation, and emotional excitation. These effects were evident despite an increase in the concentrations of MDMA and its active metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in plasma. The results demonstrate that transporter-mediated NE release has a critical role in the cardiovascular and stimulant-like effects of MDMA in humans.

Agir autrement! Programme visant à prévenir l'intimidation en stimulant le développement de l'empathie et les stratégies de résolution de conflits

Rapport d'analyse d'intervention présenté à la Faculté des arts et sciences en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès sciences (M. Sc.) en psychoéducation.

Caractérisation de stratégies stimulant l’immunité cellulaire par l’étude de la présentation antigénique d’une nanoparticule vaccinale et du blocage d’un mécanisme d’immunosuppression

Il existe plusieurs défis au développement d’une thérapie visant à stimuler l’immunité cellulaire. Dans la prévention contre certains virus et en immunothérapie du cancer, l’induction de lymphocytes T spécifiques est cependant primordiale. Dans la première partie de l’étude, nous avons porté notre attention sur la compréhension de la présentation croisée par le complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe I (CMH I) médiée par des particules pseudo-virales (VLP) composées de la protéine de surface de potexvirus à laquelle nous avons ajouté un épitope de la protéine M1 du virus de l’influenza ou un épitope de la protéine gp100 du mélanome. Cette VLP se caractérise par sa capacité à stimuler, sans l’aide d’adjuvant, le système immunitaire et de présenter de façon croisée l’épitope inséré dans sa protéine de surface et ce, indépendamment de l’activité du protéasome. Nous avons, tout d’abord, comparé les propriétés de présentation antigénique croisée des VLP formées du virus de la mosaïque de la malva (MaMV) à celles des VLP du virus de la mosaïque de la papaye (PapMV). Les résultats confirment que ces propriétés sont partagées par plusieurs membres de la famille des potexvirus malgré des divergences de séquences (Hanafi et al. Vaccine 2010). De plus, nous avons procédé à des expériences pour préciser le mécanisme menant à la présentation de l’épitope inséré dans les VLP de PapMV. Les résultats nous confirment une voie vacuolaire dépendante de l’activité de la cathepsine S et de l’acidification des lysosomes pour l’apprêtement antigénique. L’induction de l’autophagie par les VLP semble également nécessaire à la présentation croisée par les VLP de PapMV. Nous avons donc établi un nouveau mécanisme de présentation croisée vacuolaire dépendant de l’autophagie (Hanafi et al. soumis Autophagy). En second lieu, en immunothérapie du cancer, il est aussi important de contrôler les mécanismes d’évasion immunitaire mis en branle par la tumeur. Nous avons spécifiquement étudié l’enzyme immunosuppressive indoleamine 2,3-dioxygénase (IDO) (revue de la littérature dans les tumeurs humaines; Hanafi et al. Clin. Can. Res 2011) et son inhibition dans les cellules tumorales. Pour ce faire, nous avons tenté d’inhiber son expression par la fludarabine, agent chimiothérapeutique précédemment étudié pour son activité inhibitrice de l’activation de STAT1 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 1). Étonnamment, nos résultats ont montré l’inhibition d’IDO dans les cellules tumorales par la fludarabine, indépendamment de l’inhibition de la phosphorylation de STAT1. Nous avons démontré que le mécanisme d’action dépendait plutôt de l’induction de la dégradation d’IDO par le protéasome (Hanafi et al. PlosOne 2014). Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont donc portés autant sur la compréhension d’une nouvelle plateforme de vaccination pouvant médier l’activation de lymphocytes T CD8+ cytotoxiques et sur le contrôle d’une immunosuppression établie par les cellules tumorales pour évader au système immunitaire. Ces deux grandes stratégies sont à considérer en immunothérapie du cancer et la combinaison avec d’autres thérapies déjà existantes pourra permettre une meilleure réponse clinique.

Early identification of stimulant treatment responders, partial responders and non-responders using objective measures in children and adolescents with hyperkinetic disorder

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate stimulant medication response following a single dose of methylphenidate (MPH) in children and young people with hyperkinetic disorder using infrared motion analysis combined with a continuous performance task (QbTest system) as objective measures. The hypothesis was put forward that a moderate testdose of stimulant medication could determine a robust treatment response, partial response and non-response in relation to activity, attention and impulse control measures. Methods: The study included 44 children and young people between the ages of 7-18 years with a diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorder (F90 & F90.1). A single dose-protocol incorporated the time course effects of both immediate release MPH and extended release MPH (Concerta XL, Equasym XL) to determine comparable peak efficacy periods post intake. Results: A robust treatment response with objective measures reverting to the population mean was found in 37 participants (84%). Three participants (7%) demonstrated a partial response to MPH and four participants (9%) were determined as non-responders due to deteriorating activity measures together with no improvements in attention and impulse control measures. Conclusion: Objective measures provide early into prescribing the opportunity to measure treatment response and monitor adverse reactions to stimulant medication. Most treatment responders demonstrated an effective response to MPH on a moderate testdose facilitating a swift and more optimal titration process.

Reproductive toxicology and clastogenic evaluation in mice of a phytotherapeutic formulation obtained from Cinchona calisaya Weddel (Rubiaceae) used in Brazilian folk medicine as female fertility stimulant

Ethnopharmacological relevance: In Brazil, a phytotherapeutic preparation produced from a standardized tincture of Cinchona calisaya Weddel such that each mL of product contains 400 mu g of quinine, known in Portuguese as Agua Inglesa (R) (English water), is indicated by the manufacturer as a tonic, appetite stimulant, and digestive. However, this preparation has long been used in folk medicine as a female fertility stimulant. Despite its widespread use in folk medicine to stimulate female fertility, no study has been undertaken to assess the potential teratogenic and genotoxic effects of this phytotherapeutic preparation. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible toxic reproductive effects in mice caused by exposure to Agua Inglesa (R), either before mating or during the pre- and post-embryo implantation periods. The genotoxic potential was evaluated using the micronucleus assay.Material, Methods, and Results: Virgin female mice, with at least one estrous cycle evidenced by vaginal cytology, were divided into five groups of 15 individuals each (Group I - control, Group II - treated with ethanol solution at 16%, Groups III, IV and V treated with phytotherapeutic preparation at 1.5 mL/kg/day, 3.0 mL/kg/day and 4.5 mL/kg/day, respectively). After the first 28 days of treatment, females were caged individually with adult fertile males. Pregnant females continued to receive treatment for seven days (preimplantation period). Body weight was recorded weekly during treatment. Signs of toxicity (weight loss, food intake, piloerection, apathy, prostration, diarrhea, seizures, behavioral changes, and locomotion) were also observed. The females were sacrificed on the 15th day of pregnancy, uterine horns were evaluated for implantation, and the placental index was recorded. In the micronucleus test, 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) per animal, obtained from bone marrow, were scored. Results The results showed that exposure of the females during the pre- and post-implantation periods did not significantly alter the reproductive capacity (p < 0.05); however, in higher dose (three times human dose)reduction of fetal weight was observed. There was no difference between the control and phytotherapeutic preparation (p > 0.05) in terms of the average number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes.Conclusions: Although folk medicine suggests that the Agua Inglesa (R) preparation is useful as a female fertility stimulant, no such effect was confirmed in mice. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The norepinephrine transporter inhibitor reboxetine reduces stimulant effects of MDMA ("ecstasy") in humans

This study assessed the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of the interaction between the selective norepinephrine (NE) transporter inhibitor reboxetine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") in 16 healthy subjects. The study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Reboxetine reduced the effects of MDMA including elevations in plasma levels of NE, increases in blood pressure and heart rate, subjective drug high, stimulation, and emotional excitation. These effects were evident despite an increase in the concentrations of MDMA and its active metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in plasma. The results demonstrate that transporter-mediated NE release has a critical role in the cardiovascular and stimulant-like effects of MDMA in humans.

Stimulant medication and psychotic symptoms in offspring of parents with mental illness

BACKGROUND: Stimulants, such as methylphenidate, are among the most commonly used medications in children and adolescents. Psychotic symptoms have been reported as rare adverse reactions to stimulants but have not been systematically inquired about in most previous studies. Family history of mental illness may increase the vulnerability to drug-induced psychotic symptoms. We examined the association between stimulant use and psychotic symptoms in sons and daughters of parents with major mood and psychotic disorders. METHODS: We assessed psychotic symptoms, psychotic-like experiences, and basic symptoms in 141 children and youth (mean ± SD age: 11.8 ± 4.0 years; range: 6–21 years), who had 1 or both parents with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia, and of whom 24 (17.0%) had taken stimulant medication. RESULTS: Psychotic symptoms were present in 62.5% of youth who had taken stimulants compared with 27.4% of participants who had never taken stimulants. The association between stimulant use and psychotic experiences remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders (odds ratio: 4.41; 95% confidence interval: 1.82–10.69; P = .001) and was driven by hallucinations occurring during the use of stimulant medication. A temporal relationship between use of stimulants and psychotic symptoms was supported by an association between current stimulant use and current psychotic symptoms and co-occurrence in cases that were assessed on and off stimulants. CONCLUSIONS: Psychotic symptoms should be monitored during the use of stimulants in children and adolescents. Family history of mood and psychotic disorders may need to be taken into account when considering the prescription of stimulants.

An evaluation of sleep hypnotic and stimulant effect on human performance using a computerized psychological test battery

This study evaluated the administration-time-dependent effects of a stimulant (Dexedrine 5-mg), a sleep-inducer (Halcion 0.25-mg) and placebo (control) on human performance. The investigation was conducted on 12 diurnally active (0700-2300) male adults (23-38 yrs) using a double-blind, randomized sixway-crossover three-treatment, two-timepoint (0830 vs 2030) design. Performance tests were conducted hourly during sleepless 13-hour studies using a computer generated, controlled and scored multi-task cognitive performance assessment battery (PAB) developed at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Specific tests were Simple and Choice Reaction Time, Serial Addition/Subtraction, Spatial Orientation, Logical Reasoning, Time Estimation, Response Timing and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. The major index of performance was "Throughput", a combined measure of speed and accuracy.^ For the Placebo condition, Single and Group Cosinor Analysis documented circadian rhythms in cognitive performance for the majority of tests, both for individuals and for the group. Performance was best around 1830-2030 and most variable around 0530-0700 when sleepiness was greatest (0300).^ Morning Dexedrine dosing marginally enhanced performance an average of 3% with reference to the corresponding in time control level. Dexedrine AM also increased alertness by 10% over the AM control. Dexedrine PM failed to improve performance with reference to the corresponding PM control baseline. With regard to AM and PM Dexedrine administrations, AM performance was 6% better with subjects 25% more alert.^ Morning Halcion administration caused a 7% performance decrement and 16% increase in sleepiness and a 13% decrement and 10% increase in sleepiness when administered in the evening compared to corresponding in time control data. Performance was 9% worse and sleepiness 24% greater after evening versus morning Halcion administration.^ These results suggest that for evening Halcion dosing, the overnight sleep deprivation occurring in coincidence with the nadir in performance due to circadian rhythmicity together with the CNS depressant effects combine to produce performance degradation. For Dexedrine, morning administration resulted in only marginal performance enhancement; Dexedrine in the evening was less effective, suggesting the 5-mg dose level may be too low to counteract the partial sleep deprivation and nocturnal nadir in performance. ^