Incidence of tarsonemid mites on Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) from Oman with description of a new species of Nasutitarsonemus Beer and Nucifora (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

Coconut is an important crop grown in the coastal plain of the Dhofar region, south-eastern Oman, on the edge of the Arabian Peninsula desert. It holds a particular place in the landscaping of the region and is also of great interest for the production of coconut drinking water. One of the main pests of coconut in this region is the coconut mite (Aceria guerreronis Keifer). In surveys conducted to understand the dynamics of that mite and its association with other arthropods, the incidence of tarsonemid mites was determined. Steneotarsonemus furcatus de Leon was the most commonly found tarsonemid on fruits as well as on growing tips of coconut seedlings, always at low levels. A few representatives of an undescribed tarsonemid species were also found. That new species is here described as Nasutitarsonemus omani Lofego and Moraes, sp. nov. A key to the species of this little-known genus is provided.

Larval stages of Stenocionops furcatus (Olivier, 1791) (Decapoda : Brachyura : Majoidea) and a reappraisal of larval morphological characters for Mithracidae

Stenocionops furcatus is a spider crab found in the western Atlantic, from Georgia, USA to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on sand, coral, rocks or mud bottoms from the intertidal zone to 180 m. We describe all laboratory-reared larval stages of S. furcatus obtained from the northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil, and compare our data with existing larval descriptions for the genus and other mithracids. The larval development of S. furcatus consists of two zoeal stages and one megalopa. The durations of the first and second zoeal stage were similar to4 and 5 days respectively, the megalopa appearing 10-18 days after hatching. Our results show that the zoeae of S. furcatus differ from those of other Mithracidae by possessing four setae on the proximal lobe of the coxal endite of the maxilla, instead of five, and by the presence of mid-dorsal setae on the third abdominal somite in the second zoeal stage, which are lacking in other mithracids. Larval descriptions for Stenocionops in two previous publications were attributed to the subspecies S. furcatus coelatus from the Caribbean. Larvae from Brazilian waters closely resemble one of these accounts, suggesting that this taxon extends beyond the West Indies and that the other description represents larvae of S. furcatus furcatus. Additional morphological details, not available previously, are provided.

Effects of food quality on growth and biochemical composition of a calanoid copepod, Argyrodiaptomus furcatus, and its importance as a natural food source for larvae of two tropical fishes

Growth, reproduction and biochemical composition were analyzed for the copepod Argyrodiaptomus furcatus fed on the alga Ankistrodesmus gracilis grown in different media. The ingestion of this copepod by larvae of two species of tropical fishes was also evaluated. The mean peak density of the copepod population was 1369 individuals 1-1 for all four diets used, and the highest was 1387 individuals 1-1 on diet ARV (algae + ration + vitamins). A small copepod, A. furcatus tends to have a short life span. The smallest females did not attain maturity in the shortest time on all diets used. Food quality may play a major role in the dynamics of the biochemical composition of this copepod. Argyrodiaptomus furcatus was a more important food item for larvae of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) than of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). However, it made up a large part of the gut contents of larvae of both species.

Anadromous fish as marine nutrient vectors

The tidal freshwater of Virginia supports anadromous herring (Alosa spp.) spawning runs in the spring; however, their importance as nutrient delivery vectors to the freshwater fish food web remains unknown. The stable isotope signatures of fishes from 21 species and four different guilds (predators, carnivores, generalists, and planktivores) were examined in this study to test the hypothesis that marine derived nutrients (MDNs) brought by anadromous fish would be traced into the guilds that incorporated them. Spawning anadromous fish were 13C and 34S-enriched (δ13C and δ34S of approximately 18‰ and 17.7‰, respectively) relative to resident freshwater fish. Of the guilds examined, only predators showed 13C and 34S-enrichment similar to the anadromous fish; however, some generalist catfish also showed enriched signatures. Specific fatty acid δ13C signatures for gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), show a 10‰ range among fishes, clearly reflecting isotopically distinct dietary sources. The δ13C and δ34S distribution and range among the freshwater fishes suggest that both autochthonous and allochthonous (terrestrial C3 photosynthetic production and MDN) nutrient sources are important to the tidal freshwater fish community.

Impacto de la variación oceanográfica estacional e interanual sobre los ensambles de microfitoplancton, mesozooplancton, ictioplancton y macrozoobentos de dos áreas costeras del norte del Perú entre 1994 y 2002

Se ha analizado la variación oceanográfica y las respuestas de los ensambles de microfitoplancton, mesozooplancton, ictioplancton y macrobentos en las áreas costeras (<20 mn) frente a Paita (05°S) y a San José (06°45’S) durante el período 1994 a 2002. La variación oceanográfica presentó componentes a varias escalas temporales, moduladas por el ciclo ENOS, la propagación de ondas atrapadas hacia la costa y la intensificación estacional del afloramiento costero. La sucesión de los eventos El Niño (EN) 1997-98 y La Niña (LN) 1998-99 presentó características bien diferenciadas en las condiciones físicas superficiales y en la estructura vertical de la columna de agua. El evento EN 1997-98 fue antecedido por el impacto de una onda Kelvin en febrero de 1997, provocando anomalías positivas de temperatura, profundización de la estructura vertical y presencia de algunos indicadores de masas de agua cálida en el plancton, entre febrero y abril de 1997. Estas condiciones se mantuvieron, o se acentuaron, hasta el final del evento. El evento LN 1998-99 se caracterizó por la ausencia de masas de agua cálidas cerca de la costa y la dominancia de aguas costeras frías, la no propagación de ondas Kelvin, la posición somera de aguas frías y pobres en oxígeno, así como la hegemonía de indicadores planctónicos de aguas costeras frías. Estacionalmente, durante otoño-invierno tendieron a desarrollarse condiciones subsuperficiales más oxigenadas (una oxiclina más profunda), mientras que durante el verano las condiciones tendieron a ser menos oxigenadas (hipóxicas, con una oxiclina más somera). Tal patrón no responde a la estacionalidad del afloramiento costero y más bien coincide con la dinámica esperada de la Extensión Sur de la Corriente de Cromwell (ESCC). En general, se determinó un muy buen ajuste de los rangos de tolerancia de algunos organismos planctónicos a las características de las masas de agua dominantes en la capa superficial: Aguas Costeras Frías (ACF), Aguas Ecuatoriales Superficiales (AES) y Aguas Subtropicales Superficiales (ASS), validando la utilidad de estas especies como eficaces indicadores biológicos de masas de agua. Se determinaron los rangos de tolerancia en temperatura y salinidad de los dinoflagelados Protoperidinium obtusum (ACF), Ceratium breve (AES) y Ceratium praelongum (ASS), así como de los copépodos Centropages brachiatus (ACF), Eucalanus inermis (ACF), Centropages furcatus (AES) y Mecynocera clausi (ASS), entre otras. Los indicadores presentaron variaciones en su distribución a lo largo del período estudiado. Los indicadores de ACF fueron detectados durante la mayor parte del estudio, pero ocurrieron hechos sobresalientes durante EN 1997-98: (a) entre los dinoflagelados, Goniodoma polyedricum alcanzó su mayor frecuencia en San José y Pyrocystis lunula frente a Paita; (b) el copépodo Centropages furcatus (AES) incrementó su abundancia frente a Paita y fue hallado frente a San José; (c) se evidenciaron cambios en la composición específica del plancton, detectándose el ingreso de especies no residentes y aumento de la riqueza de especies; (d) las biomasas fitoplanctónica y zooplanctónica tendieron a mostrar una relación directa bajo condiciones neutras del ENOS; sin embargo, al ocurrir variaciones ambientales (EN y LN) presentaron una tendencia contraria; (e) las comunidades del macrobentos en estas dos áreas, mostraron disminuciones significativas en los parámetros comunitarios, contrastando con la respuesta de la macrofauna bentónica frente a la costa central. Este comportamiento frente a Paita pudo obedecer a la alteración del ambiente sedimentario por las muy altas des- cargas del río Chira; y frente a San José, pudo resultar de la disminución local de la producción primaria y del flujo de alimento particulado al bentos. Se sugiere que la disponibilidad de alimento, influenciada por los procesos erosivos sobre el fondo, marca una diferencia clave en la dinámica de estas comunidades en relación a las registradas frente a la costa central, ya que estas últimas habitan en áreas donde pre- dominan los procesos deposicionales y la acumulación de materia orgánica en los sedimentos. Los anfípodos gamáridos, especialmente de la familia Ampeliscidae, mostraron ser más sensibles a los cambios ambientales en el fondo (interfase sedimento-agua) al disminuir significativamente sus poblaciones, en ambas áreas costeras.

The fate of copepod populations in the Paranapanema River (São Paulo, Brazil), downstream from the Jurumirim dam

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Short-term variability of copepod abundance in Jurumirim Reservoir, São Paulo, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Longitudinal distribution of Copepoda populations in the transition zone of Paranapanema River and Jurumirim Reservoir (São Paulo, Brazil) and interchange with two lateral lakes.

Longitudinal changes in composition, abundance, and distribution of copepods were studied at the transition zone of Paranapanema River-Jurumirim Reservoir (SP, Brazil). The interchange of biotic material between marginal lakes and the river system was also examined. Water samples were obtained from 6 stations along a stretch of 13 km of the Paranapanema River, from an upstream reach with high water velocity up to the river mouth into Jurumirim Reservoir. Two other sites in lateral lakes were also sampled. Nine copepod taxa were identified: 3 calanoids (Argyrodiaptomus furcatus Sars, Notodiaptomus iheringi Wright, and N. conifer Sars) and 6 cyclopoids (Eucyclops Claus, Microcyclops Claus, Mesocyclops longisetus Thiébaud, Thermocyclops decipiens Fischer, T. minutus Lowndes, and Paracyclops Claus). Harpacticoids were also collected. Calanoid and cyclopoid nauplii and copepodids, and harpacticoids were the most abundant organisms. In general, there was a longitudinal decrease in copepod abundance, whereas an increase was detected near the lakes. The abundance of most copepods was inversely correlated with current velocity and suspended solids. Higher abundance was observed in the river main course during the rainy season, during which there is a higher connectivity between the lakes and the main river. This promotes exportation of biologic material from marginal lakes to the river system, a biotic exchange reflecting the importance of marginal lakes to the river community structure.

A new genus and species of pterodectine feather mite (Acari: Proctophyllodidae) from Tod-Tyrants in Brazil (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae)

A new genus and species of feather mite, Hemitriccodectes furcatus gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from passerines of the genus Hemitriccus from Brazil: Hemitriccus furcatus, H. margaritaceiventer and H. striaticollis (Tyrannidae). The new genus belongs to the Pterodectes generic complex and most clearly differs from previously established genera of this complex by the following combination of features: trochanteral setae sRIII are present, and solenidia σ are absent from genua III. The new genus also lacks dorsal hysteroromal setae c1. © 2013 Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Wien.

Tamanho, produção de ovos e distribuição espacial de microcrustáceos litorâneos e limnéticos em pequenos reservatórios rasos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Composição e abundância dos Copepoda (crustacea) planctônicos da costa do Amapá - Op. Norte IV (REVIZEE/SCORE NO)

A caracterização da composição de Copepoda planctônicos, na costa do Amapá foi estudada, a partir de amostras coletadas através do programa REVIZEE, durante a Operação Norte IV, em 2001, realizada pelo navio Oceanográfico “Antares”, pertencente à Marinha do Brasil (H-40). A área estudada está inserida na ZEE Norte brasileiro no trecho entre o Cabo Orange e o Delta do rio Parnaíba, enquadrando-se nas seguintes coordenadas geográficas, LAT. 02º 25,92’N e LONG. 049º11,98’W (est. 102); LAT. 03º36,14’N e LONG. 048º24,71’W (est. 107); LAT. 05º32,39’N e LONG. 050º13,11’W (est.130); LAT. 04º23,64’N e LONG. 051º02,58’W (est.134). As coletas foram realizadas através de arrastos verticais com rede de zooplâncton, com malha de 200 μm, dotadas de fluxômetro. Após as coletas, as amostras foram fixadas com formol neutro a 4 %. Também foram coletados os fatores hidrológicos, onde a temperatura da água variou de 23, 72 ºC a 28,87 ºC na plataforma continental, enquanto na região oceânica variou de 12,69 ºC a 28,87 ºC. A salinidade, na plataforma continental, variou 24,00 PSU a 36,42 PSU, e na região oceânica a variação foi de 33,98 PSU a 36,62 PSU. A costa do Amapá foi considerado um ambiente estável, devido as poucas variações de salinidade e temperatura. Foram identificadas 84 espécies de Copepoda, das quais, destacaram-se como as mais freqüentes, Clausocalanus furcatus, Oithona setigera, Paracalanus parvus, Macrosetella gracilis, Oncaea media, Corycaeus speciosus, Farranula gracilis, Subeucalanus pileatus e Paracalanus sp. As altas densidades e dominância ocorreram para as espécies, Nannocalanus minor, Corycaeus (Corycaeus) speciosus, Clausocalanus furcalocalanus pavo, Paracalanus parvus, Parvocalanus crassirostris, Oithona setigera, Macrosetella gracilis, Farranula gracilis, Subcalanus pileatus, Euterpina acutifrons e Oncaea media, consideradas como indicadoras de oligotrofia na área estudada. Dentre estas, a espécie Subeucalanus pileatus foi a que mais se destacou, a qual ocorreu na maioria das estações. A diversidade foi considerada alta na maioria das estações, exceto na estação 127 (considerada baixa), por estar sendo influenciada pela pluma amazônica. Enquanto, a densidade apresentou resultados menores que 100 org.m-³ indicando a região oceânica como um ambiente oligotrófico, e apesar disso, a comunidade de Copepoda encontra-se em grande diversidade na área.

Redefining the taxonomic status of Laurencia dendroidea (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil and the Canary Islands

Morphological and molecular studies have been performed on Laurencia dendroidea derived from Brazil and the Canary Islands. This species possesses all of the characters that are typical of the genus Laurencia, including the production of the first pericentral cell underneath the basal cell of the trichoblast; the production of tetrasporangia from particular pericentral cells without the formation of additional fertile pericentral cells; spermatangial branches that are produced from one of two laterals on the suprabasal cell of the trichoblasts; and a procarp-bearing segment that possesses five pericentral cells. The phylogenetic position of L. dendroidea was inferred by analysing the chloroplast-encoded rbcL gene sequences of 51 taxa. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the taxa previously identified and cited in Brazil as Laurencia filiformis, L. majuscula and L. obtusa and in the Canary Islands as L. majuscula all represent the same taxonomic entity and examination of type material allowed us to identify this entity as L. dendroidea, whose type locality is in Brazil. Laurencia obtusa from the Northern Atlantic is confirmed to represent a distinct species, which displays high genetic divergence with respect to western and eastern Atlantic samples. The phylogenetic analyses also supported the nomenclatural transfer of Chondrophycus furcatus (Cordeiro-Marino & M. T. Fujii) M. T. Fujii & Senties to Palisada furcata (Cordeiro-Marino & M. T. Fujii) Cassano & M. T. Fujii comb. nov.