The Heine Safety Boiler Co. : manufacturers of water tube steam boilers for all pressures, duties and fuels.

Includes index.

Steam : its generation and use /

Mode of access: Internet.

Steam, its generation and use.

Vols. for <41st.ed.-> accompanied by CD-ROM version.

La vapeur, sa production et son emploi,

Mode of access: Internet.

Steam boilers; instruction paper with examination questions.

Types of steam boilers; Boiler details; Boiler fittings; Boiler design; Boiler feeding and feedwater problems; Combustion, firing and draft; Economic combustion of coal; Automatic furnaces and mechanical stokers.

Cyclopedia of mechanical engineering : a general reference work on machine shop practice, tool making, forging, pattern making, foundry, work, metallurgy, steam boilers and engines, gas producers, gas engines, automobiles, elevators, refrigeration, sheet metal work, mechanical drawing, machine design, etc;

Mode of access: Internet.

Remarks on the strength of cylindrical steam boilers. By Walter R. Johnson ... Read before the [Franklin] institute ... July 26, 1832.

At head of title: From the American journal of science and arts, no. 1, vol. XXIII.

Steam boilers, their construction, care and operation, with questions and answers ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Strictures on Montgomery on the cotton manufactures of Great Britain and America. Also, a practical comparison of the cost of steam and water power in American.

Mode of access: Internet.

Notes on steam boilers; prepared for the use of students at the Massachusetts institute of technology,

"Chapter XIV was prepared by Professor Schwamb."--Pref.

Modeling of water/steam circulation in Circulating Fluidized Bed boiler

A distinctive design feature of steam boiler with natural circulation is the presence of the steam drum which plays a role of the separator of vapor from the flow of water-and-steam mixture coming into steam drum from the furnace tubes. Steam drum with unheated downcomer tubes, deducing from it, and riser (screen/furnace tubes) inside the furnace is a closed circulation loop in which movement of water (downcomer tubes) and water-and-steam mixture (riser tubes) is organized. The movement of the working fluid is appears due to occurrence of the natural pressure, determined by the difference in hydrostatic pressure and the mass of water and water-and-steam mixtures in downcomer and riser tubes and called the driving pressure of the natural circulation: S drive = H steam (ρ down + ρ mix) g where: ρ down - density of water in downcomer tubes; ρ mix - density of water in riser tubes; H steam - height of steam content section; g - acceleration of gravity. In steam boilers with natural circulation the circulation rate is usually between 10 and 30. Thus, consumption of water in the circulation circuit “circulation rate times” more than steam output of the boiler. There are two aspects of the design of natural water circulation loops. One is to ensure a sufficient mass flux of circulating water to avoid burnout of evaporator tubes. The other is to avoid tube wall temperature fluctuation and tube vibration due to oscillation of circulation velocity. The design criteria are therefore reduced, in principle, to those of critical heat flux, critical flow rate for burnout, and flow instability. In practical design, however, the circulation velocity and the void fraction at the evaporator tube outlet are used as the design criteria (Seikan I., et. al., 1999). This study has been made with assumption that the heat flux in the furnace of the boiler even all the time. The target of the study was to define the circulation rate of the boiler, thus average heat flux do not change it. I would like to acknowledge professionals from “Foster Wheeler” company for good and comfortable cooperation.

Automatization of feeding the heat flux data to water circulation simulations of recovery boilers

Tässä työssä perehdytään soodakattiloiden vesikiertomallin rakentamiseen. Työn päätavoitteena on kehittää simulointimallia varten taulukkolaskentapohja, jonka avulla soodakattilan lämpövuotietoja on yksinkertaista ja nopeaa käsitellä ja siirtää Apros 6 -simulointiohjelmaan. Lisäksi tarkoituksena on pyrkiä automatisoimaan työvaiheet mahdollisimman pitkälle, jolloin vesikiertolaskennan tekeminen yksinkertaistuisi, yhtenäistyisi ja tarkentuisi. Tämä on mahdollista Excel- makrojen ja Apros 6:n uusien toimintojen avulla. Apros 6:ssa on nyt mahdollista hyödyntää SCL- komentotiedostoja, joiden avulla sujuva tiedonsiirto Aproksen ja Excelin välillä vodaan toteuttaa. Vesikiertolaskentaan käytettävän datan käsittely on aikaisemmin ollut työlästä ja sen tarkkuus on pitkälti riippunut mallintajasta. Tässä diplomityössä päästään hyödyntämään uusimpia ja realistisempia soodakattiloiden CFD- malleja, joiden avulla pystytään luomaan aikaisempaa tarkemmat lämpövuojakaumat soodakattilan lämpöpinnoille. Tämä muutos parantaa vesikiertolaskennan tarkkuutta. Työn kokeellisessa osassa uutta Excel laskentatyökalua ja uusia lämpövuoarvoja testataan käytännössä. Eräs vanha Apros- vesikiertomalli päivitetään uusilla lämpövuoarvoilla ja sen rakenteeseen tehdään muutoksia tarkkuuden parantamiseksi. Uuden mallin toimivuutta testataan myös 115 %:n kapasiteetilla ja tutkitaan kuinka kyseinen vesikiertopiiri reagoi suurempaan lämpötehoon. Näitä kolmea eri tilannetta vertaillaan toisiinsa ja tarkastellaan eroavaisuuksia niiden vesi-höyrypiireissä.

Ash Particle Erosion on Steam Boiler Convective Section

In this study, equations for the calculation of erosion wear caused by ash particles on convective heat exchanger tubes of steam boilers are presented. Anew, three-dimensional test arrangement was used in the testing of the erosion wear of convective heat exchanger tubes of steam boilers. When using the sleeve-method, three different tube materials and three tube constructions could be tested. New results were obtained from the analyses. The main mechanisms of erosionwear phenomena and erosion wear as a function of collision conditions and material properties have been studied. Properties of fossil fuels have also been presented. When burning solid fuels, such as pulverized coal and peat in steam boilers, most of the ash is entrained by the flue gas in the furnace. In bubbling andcirculating fluidized bed boilers, particle concentration in the flue gas is high because of bed material entrained in the flue gas. Hard particles, such as sharp edged quartz crystals, cause erosion wear when colliding on convective heat exchanger tubes and on the rear wall of the steam boiler. The most important ways to reduce erosion wear in steam boilers is to keep the velocity of the flue gas moderate and prevent channelling of the ash flow in a certain part of the cross section of the flue gas channel, especially near the back wall. One can do this by constructing the boiler with the following components. Screen plates can beused to make the velocity and ash flow distributions more even at the cross-section of the channel. Shield plates and plate type constructions in superheaters can also be used. Erosion testing was conducted with three types of tube constructions: a one tube row, an inline tube bank with six tube rows, and a staggered tube bank with six tube rows. Three flow velocities and two particle concentrations were used in the tests, which were carried out at room temperature. Three particle materials were used: quartz, coal ash and peat ash particles. Mass loss, diameter loss and wall thickness loss measurements of the test sleeves were taken. Erosion wear as a function of flow conditions, tube material and tube construction was analyzed by single-variable linear regression analysis. In developing the erosion wear calculation equations, multi-variable linear regression analysis was used. In the staggered tube bank, erosion wear had a maximum value in a tube row 2 and a local maximum in row 5. In rows 3, 4 and 6, the erosion rate was low. On the other hand, in the in-line tube bank the minimum erosion rate occurred in tube row 2 and in further rows the erosion had an increasing value, so that in a six row tube bank, the maximum value occurred in row 6.

Laskentasovelluksen kehittäminen modulaariselle vesiputkikattilalle

Modulaarisella vesiputkikattilalla tarkoitetaan täysin konepajalla valmistettavissa olevaa kattilaa, joka voidaan kuljettaa yhtenä tai muutamana suurena moduulina työmaalle. Tässä diplomityössä käsiteltiin modulaarisen vesiputkikattilan laskentasovelluksen ke-hittämistä KPA Unicon Oy:lle. Työn tavoitteena oli tarkastella modulaarisen vesiputkikattilan lämpöteknistä mitoitusta ja suunnittelua sekä kehittää laskentasovellus, jonka avulla voidaan arvioida kattilan mittoja ja painoa. Laskentasovellus laadittiin Microsoftin Excel-alustalle, josta se on myöhemmin mahdollista siirtää muille ohjelma-alustoille. Laskentasovelluksessa hyödynnetään lämmönsiirron ja virtaustekniikan laskentayhtälöitä sekä -menetelmiä. Sovellukseen valitut laskentayhtälöt sekä -menetelmät ovat yleisesti hyväksyttyjä ja käytännössä testattuja. Diplomityön tuloksena valmistui laskentasovellus, joka kykenee modulaarisen vesiputkikattilan lämpötekniseen mitoittamiseen. Sovelluksen avulla voidaan mitoittaa kattilan tulipesä, tulistimet, höyrystinpinnat sekä ekonomaiseri. Laskentasovellusta on tarkoitus hyödyntää yrityksen tarjousvaiheen projekteissa sekä mahdollisesti kattiloiden esisuunnittelussa. Laskentasovelluksen laatimista varten ei ollut mahdollista hyödyntää toiminnassa olevien kattiloiden prosessitietoja, koska ensimmäiset tämän tyyppiset kattilat ovat asenteilla. Sen sijaan sovelluksen antamia laskentatuloksia verrattiin toisen mitoitusohjelman antamiin tuloksiin, joiden perusteella laskentasovelluksen voidaan olettaa antavan oikeita tuloksia.