995 resultados para Standard language
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From the beginning of the standardisation of language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, i.e. from the acceptance of Karadzic's phonetic spelling in the mid-19th century, to the present day when there are three different language standards in force - Bosniac (Muslim), Croatian and Serbian, language in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a subject of political conflict. Documents on language policy from this period show the degree to which domestic and foreign political factors influenced the standard language issue, beginning with the very appellation for the specific norm regulation. The material analysed (proclamations by political, cultural and other organisations as well as corresponding constitutional and statutory provisions on language use) shows the differing treatment of the standard language in Bosnia and Herzegovina in different historical periods. During the period of Turkish rule (until 1878) there was no real political interest in the issue. Under Austro-Hungarian rule (1878-1918) there was an attempt to use the language as a means of forming a united Bosnian nation, but this was later abandoned. During the first Yugoslavia (1918-1941) a uniform solution was imposed on Bosnia and Herzegovina, as throughout the Serbo-Croatian language area, while under the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945), the official language of Bosnia and Herzegovina was Croatian. The period from 1945 to 1991 had two phases: the first a standard language unity of Serbs, Croats, Muslims and Montenegrins (until 1965), and the second a gradual but stormy separation of national languages, which has been largely completed since 1991. The introductory study includes a detailed analysis of all the expressions used, with special reference to the present state, and accompanies the collection of documents which represent the main outcome of the research.
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Current research indicates the need to identify and support children at-risk for reading difficulties as early as possible. Children with language impairments are one group of children who have been shown to be at-risk for literacy problems. Their difficulties likely stem from the challenges they tend to experience with acquiring emergent literacy skills as preschoolers. Very little empirical work has been done with preschoolers with language impairments to explore the nature of their emergent literacy development or their response to interventions which target emergent literacy skills. In the present study, 55 preschoolers with language impairments were recruited from a speech and language centre in Southern Ontario. The nature of the relationship between children's early language and literacy skills was explored using measures of their written language awareness, phonological awareness and oral language abilities, in an attempt to better understand how to conceptualize their emergent literacy abilities. Furthermore, a between-subjects design was used to compare two language interventions: an experimental emergent literacy intervention and a standard intervention based on traditional models of speech and language therapy. Results indicated that preschooler's emergent literacy abilities can be understood as a broad, multi-dimensional construct consisting of three separate but interrelated components: written language awareness, phonological awareness, and oral language. The emergent literacy-enhanced intervention was generally superior to the standard language intervention in improving children's skills in written language awareness, and children with the most severe impairments seemed to benefit the most from the experimental intervention. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as areas for future research are discussed. .
Reconstructing the past? Low German and the creating of regional identity in public language display
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This article deals with language contact between a dominant standard language -German - and a lesser-used variety - Low German - in a situation in which the minoritised language is threatened by language shift and language loss. It analyses the application of Low German in forms of public language display and the selfpresentation of the community in tourism brochures, focusing on bilingual linguistic practices on the one hand and on underlying discourses on the other. It reveals that top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementing Low German in public language display show a remarkable homogeneity, thus creating a regional 'brand'. The article asks whether a raised level of visibility will in itself guarantee better chances for linguistic maintenance and survival of the threatened language. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.
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Secure Multi-party Computation (MPC) enables a set of parties to collaboratively compute, using cryptographic protocols, a function over their private data in a way that the participants do not see each other's data, they only see the final output. Typical MPC examples include statistical computations over joint private data, private set intersection, and auctions. While these applications are examples of monolithic MPC, richer MPC applications move between "normal" (i.e., per-party local) and "secure" (i.e., joint, multi-party secure) modes repeatedly, resulting overall in mixed-mode computations. For example, we might use MPC to implement the role of the dealer in a game of mental poker -- the game will be divided into rounds of local decision-making (e.g. bidding) and joint interaction (e.g. dealing). Mixed-mode computations are also used to improve performance over monolithic secure computations. Starting with the Fairplay project, several MPC frameworks have been proposed in the last decade to help programmers write MPC applications in a high-level language, while the toolchain manages the low-level details. However, these frameworks are either not expressive enough to allow writing mixed-mode applications or lack formal specification, and reasoning capabilities, thereby diminishing the parties' trust in such tools, and the programs written using them. Furthermore, none of the frameworks provides a verified toolchain to run the MPC programs, leaving the potential of security holes that can compromise the privacy of parties' data. This dissertation presents language-based techniques to make MPC more practical and trustworthy. First, it presents the design and implementation of a new MPC Domain Specific Language, called Wysteria, for writing rich mixed-mode MPC applications. Wysteria provides several benefits over previous languages, including a conceptual single thread of control, generic support for more than two parties, high-level abstractions for secret shares, and a fully formalized type system and operational semantics. Using Wysteria, we have implemented several MPC applications, including, for the first time, a card dealing application. The dissertation next presents Wys*, an embedding of Wysteria in F*, a full-featured verification oriented programming language. Wys* improves on Wysteria along three lines: (a) It enables programmers to formally verify the correctness and security properties of their programs. As far as we know, Wys* is the first language to provide verification capabilities for MPC programs. (b) It provides a partially verified toolchain to run MPC programs, and finally (c) It enables the MPC programs to use, with no extra effort, standard language constructs from the host language F*, thereby making it more usable and scalable. Finally, the dissertation develops static analyses that help optimize monolithic MPC programs into mixed-mode MPC programs, while providing similar privacy guarantees as the monolithic versions.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Informática - Área de Especialização em Tecnologias do Conhecimento e Decisão
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La recerca, que ha durat quatre anys (2004-2008), s’ha centrat en l’estudi del parlar salat, un subdialecte del català oriental que es caracteritza per una sola isoglossa: l’ús de l’article salat (es, sa), és a dir, l’element derivat del demostratiu llatí “ipse”. Aquesta varietat ―poc estudiada― no té un abast gaire definit. Se sol situar en una estreta franja del litoral de Girona, entre Blanes i Begur, i que, després, isoladament, reapareix a Cadaqués, on es manté amb més vigència. A banda que els estudis no estableixen els límits geogràfics del fenomen de manera precisa, es tenen indicis que el tret que defineix i dóna nom a la varietat es troba en un acusat procés de recessió i de pèrdua, ja que només l’empren persones d’edat avançada (en general, pescadors). La tesi concreta l’estat actual del parlar salat. També fixa la cronologia del canvi de l’article salat (és a dir, en quin moment s’ha substituït per l’article literari, el, la) i es decriuen els factors que l’han propiciat (migració, turisme, la pressió de l’estàndard, etc.). El parlar salat és un exemple de desdialectalització del català, atès que es verifica que el tret que el caracteritza va començar a caure en desús en dels anys cinquanta del segle passat i que, avui dia, pràcticament ja s’ha extingit (només es manté en parlants de Cadaqués nascuts després de 1983). Per tant, s’evidencia que cal replantejar-se l’actual divisió dialectal de la llengua catalana ja que el subdialecte estudiat no existeix.
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El registre escrit dels mitjans de comunicació presenta unes característiques particulars que el diferencien de la llengua estàndard en alguns aspectes. Amb aquest treball ens centrarem en les característiques específiques dels titulars dels diaris i estudiarem els fenòmens d'el·lipsi verbal, des d'un punt de vista gramatical, en aquest àmbit.
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Background: Mutism and dense retrograde amnesia are found both in organic and dissociative contexts. Moreover, dissociative symptoms may be modulated by right prefrontal activity. A single case, M.R., developed left hemiparesis, mutism and retrograde amnesia after a high-voltage electric shock without evidence of lasting brain lesions. M.R. suddenly recovered from his mutism following a mild brain trauma 2 years later. Methods: M.R.'s neuropsychological pattern and anatomoclinical correlations were studied through (i) language and memory assessment to characterize his deficits, (ii) functional neuroimaging during a standard language paradigm, and (iii) assessment of frontal and left insular connectivity through diffusion tractography imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation. A control evaluation was repeated after recovery. Findings: M.R. recovered from the left hemiparesis within 90 days of the accident, which indicated a transient right brain impairment. One year later, neurobehavioral, language and memory evaluations strongly suggested a dissociative component in the mutism and retrograde amnesia. Investigations (including MRI, fMRI, diffusion tensor imaging, EEG and r-TMS) were normal. Twenty-seven months after the electrical injury, M.R. had a very mild head injury which was followed by a rapid recovery of speech. However, the retrograde amnesia persisted. Discussion: This case indicates an interaction of both organic and dissociative mechanisms in order to explain the patient's symptoms. The study also illustrates dissociation in the time course of the two different dissociative symptoms in the same patient.
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A partir d'una minuciosa comparació entre la LOGSE i la LOCE i els decrets que les complementen, en aquest article s'analitzen l'abast dels canvis normatius introduïts per la LOCE en els nivells d'educació primària, secundària obligatòria i batxillerat, i la seva incidència sobre el model lingüístic escolar vigent a Catalunya. Al llarg de l'article es mostra com aquests canvis situen la llengua catalana en una situació de desigualtat i de discriminació respecte de la castellana, fet contrari als principis que deriven del reconeixement del català i del castellà com a llengües oficials a Catalunya. A més, el canvi de marc legal obliga la Generalitat a modificar la normativa vigent sobre el currículum dels ensenyaments no universitaris, ja que la Llei i els reials decrets aprovats recentment no permeten mantenir l'organització curricular actual d'aquests ensenyaments.
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Des de ja fa uns quants anys existeix un fenomen lingüístic a França que encara avui dia no deixa de sorprendre ni de cridar l'atenció; es tracta d'una parla, o més aviat d’un argot que s’anomena verlan. El verlan, doncs, és un argot que troba el seu origen als barris marginals dels afores de les ciutats (les banlieues), i per la qual cosa s’associa normalment a la classe baixa i marginal d’aquestes. Així, aquest argot es va convertir en un autèntic “art del parlar” del sector juvenil del segle XX, el qual era utilitzat bàsicament per marcar una diferència de classe social i que els seu parlants es poguessin comunicar entre ells sense que ningú altre que no formés part del seu entorn pugui entendre el què deien. El verlan és un argot que es caracteritza per fer una inversió de les paraules, però tot i que sembli inventada, aquesta inversió de fonemes es fa segons unes regles i en funció del nombre de síl•labes del terme. Els mitjans de comunicació van contribuir molt en l’expansió d’aquest argot, però el moviment hip-hop va ser un dels principals mitjans d’expansió, ja que va "vulgaritzar" el verlan i va difondre’l a totes les capes de la societat a partir de les seves peculiars cançons. Així doncs, la pregunta que molts ens plantegem és la de si el verlan és realment una amenaça per al francès estàndard o no.
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La continua llegada de población inmigrante a los países de la Europa Occidental está produciendo transformaciones en estas sociedades. Evidentemente, la sociedad catalana no es ajena a estos cambios y, año tras año, ve incrementado el número de recién llegados/ as procedentes de orígenes geográficos, culturales y lingüísticos muy diversos. Estas personas, en ocasiones sin un conocimiento previo, se encuentran con las peculiaridades socioculturales y lingüísticas de la sociedad receptora. En el caso de Cataluña, nos interesa destacar la cuestión lingüística, a la cual se han dedicado muchos esfuerzos durante los últimos años en un intento de acercarse a una situación de normalidad en lo referente al conocimiento y uso de la lengua catalana. En el presente artículo se presentan los principales resultados de una investigación centrada en el análisis de los discursos sobre los que anclan las actitudes lingüísticas de los escolares de origen inmigrante en Cataluña. La técnica de investigación social utilizada ha sido la entrevista en profundidad semidirigida, realizando el análisis del contenido de las mismas a partir del «Análisis de contenido temático basado en categorías» (Bardin, 1986). Las conclusiones más relevantes indican que, por encima del Área de Origen o la Condición Lingüística Familiar, la principal variable que permite articular los discursos detectados es la que se puede denominar «Satisfacción y Percepción de Valoración e Integración Escolar y Social», de tal manera que los jóvenes de origen inmigrante que se sienten más valorados e integrados escolar y socialmente desarrollan mejores actitudes hacia la lengua catalana y castellana. Este hecho tiene claras repercusiones respecto las generalizaciones reduccionistas y estereotipadas que vinculan un área de origen con unas determinadas actitudes hacia las lenguas oficiales en Cataluña, así como de cara a la política lingüística y las ideologías lingüísticas de la sociedad en general.
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Kirjallisuusarvostelu
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Tämän tutkimuksen kohde on suomen kirjoitetun yleiskielen morfosyntaktisten yhdyssanarakenteiden produktiivisuus. Tutkimuksen tärkein päämäärä on selvittää, kuinka ahkerasti erilaisia suomen kielen suomia mahdollisuuksia käytetään uusien yhdyssanojen muodostuksessa. Käytännöllistä produktiivisuutta kartoittava tutkimus täydentää kielioppien ja sanastonkuvausten antamaa kuvaa kielestä. Tutkimuksen kohteena oleva kielimuoto on kaikille kielenkäyttäjille yhteinen kirjoitettu yleiskieli. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu 28 091 uudesta yhdyssanasta, jotka on kerätty painetun median kielestä vuosina 2000–2009. Aineiston pohjana on Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen Nykysuomen sanastotietokanta, johon poimitaan uusia ja uudella tavalla käytettyjä sanoja ensisijaisesti sanakirjatyön ja kielenhuollon tarpeisiin. Tutkimusaihetta lähestytään useiden yhdyssanan osien muotoa, sanaluokkaa, määrää ja pituutta koskevien alakysymysten kautta. Tutkimus etenee yksittäisten muut-tujien käsittelystä muuttujien keskinäisiä suhteita tarkasteleviin malleihin. Tutkimuksessa käytetään kaksivaiheista metodia: Metodin ensimmäinen askel on uudessa sanastossa havaittujen rakenteiden tyyppifrekvenssin tilastollinen analyysi. Toinen askel on varsinkin matalafrekvenssisten tai tilastollisessa analyysissa muuten poikkeavaksi osoittautuneiden rakenteiden kvalitatiivinen tarkastelu. Metodi on kehitetty tätä tutkimusta varten, sillä aiemmin produktiivisuuden mittaamisessa käytetyt menetelmät eivät sellaisenaan sovi suomen kielen yhdyssanarakenteiden tutkimukseen. Tutkimusmetodien kehittäminen on tutkimuksen keskeinen tavoite. Tutkimus osoittaa, että suomen kielen uudet yhdyssanat ovat rakenteeltaan homogeenisempiä, kuin aiempia kielenkuvauksia lukemalla voisi olettaa. Uusi suomen kielen yhdyssana on todennäköisimmin kahdesta substantiivista yhdistämällä muodostettu substantiivi, jonka alkuosa on nominatiivissa eikä kongruoi jälkiosan kanssa. Ennakko-oletusta huomattavasti yleisempiä ovat myös prefiksinkaltaisella alkuosalla alkavat yhdyssanat. Genetiivialkuiset yhdyssanat puolestaan ovat ennakko-oletusta harvinaisempia. Kaikki kieliopillisesti mahdolliset yhdyssanarakenteet eivät ole lainkaan produktiivisia kielenkäytön tasolla. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan kielen rakennetta kartoittavaa perustutkimusta. Tutkimustulosten tärkeimmät sovellusalat ovat kieliteknologia ja sananmuodostuksen opetus. Tutkimus avaa useita näkökulmia jatkotutkimukselle.
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L’étude des attitudes linguistiques, entreprise par la sociolinguistique et la psychologie sociale, a permis de confirmer que toutes les variétés linguistiques ne reçoivent pas le même traitement. La langue standard, étant en règle générale la langue du groupe de prestige, bénéficie d’une reconnaissance sociale en comparaison avec les variétés non-standards ou minoritaires, qui, au contraire, suscitent généralement des attitudes plus négatives. Dans ce mémoire, nous analysons les attitudes linguistiques des mexicains à l’égard du slang mexicain. La méthodologie du projet comporte deux parties principales. Dans un premier temps, des conversations spontanées et naturelles entre locuteurs de slang sont enregistrées. Des fragments de ces enregistrements sont ensuite écoutés par un groupe de sujets qui, simultanément, remplit un questionnaire évaluant leurs attitudes linguistiques dirigées envers l’usage du slang ainsi qu’envers les individus qui le parle. L’analyse statistique des résultats permet de faire quelques constats : Il y a une différence très significative entre la façon dont les dimensions de solidarité et de prestige sont jugées, les pointages donnés aux aspects tels que l’intelligence et le succès des locuteurs de slang s’avérant beaucoup plus bas que ceux accordés aux aspects reliés à leur personnalité, comme la bonté et la générosité. Aussi, les variables de l’âge et du sexe ont une influence sur les attitudes linguistiques : les femmes ainsi que la génération plus âgée s’avèrent plus sévères dans leur évaluation du slang. Ce mémoire se divise en cinq chapitres. Les deux premiers explorent les concepts théoriques sur lesquels se basent le projet, soit les attitudes linguistiques et le slang comme phénomène linguistique et social. Les trois chapitres suivants se consacrent au projet en soit : la méthodologie, l’analyse des résultats et l’interprétation de ceux-ci.