Validating SMPS-measured size distribution of double-mode spherical Silica nanoparticles by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A nanoparticles size is one of their key physical characteristics that can affect their fate in a human’s respiratory tract (in case of inhalation) and also in the environment. Hence, measuring the size distribution of nanoparticles is absolutely essential and contributes greatly to their characterization. For years, Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers (SMPS), which rely on measuring the electrical mobility diameter of particles, have been used as one of the most reliable real-time instruments for the size distribution measurement of nanoparticles. Despite its benefits, this instrument has some drawbacks, including equivalency problems for non-spherical particles (i.e. assuming a non-spherical particle is equal to a spherical particle of diameter d due to the same electrical mobility), as well as limitations in terms of its use in workplaces, because of its large size and the complexity of its operation...

On the transport properties of fluid-particle flow

The hydrodynamic forces acting on a solid particle in a viscous, incompressible fluid medium at low Reynolds number flow is investigated mathematically as a prerequisite to the understanding of transport processes in two-phase flow involving solid particles and fluid. Viscous interaction between a small number of spherical particles and continuous solid boundaries as well as fluid interface are analyzed under a “point-force” approximation. Non-spherical and elastic spherical particles in a simple shear flow area are then considered. Non-steady motion of a spherical particle is briefly touched upon to illustrate the transient effect of particle motion.

A macroscopic continuum description of particle-fluid flow is formulated in terms of spatial averages yielding a set of particle continuum and bulk fluid equations. Phenomenological formulas describing the transport processes in a fluid medium are extended to cases where the volume concentration of solid particles is sufficiently high to exert an important influence. Hydrodynamic forces acting on a spherical solid particle in such a system, e.g. drag, torque, rotational coupling force, and viscous collision force between streams of different sized particles moving relative to each other are obtained. Phenomenological constants, such as the shear viscosity coefficient, and the diffusion coefficient of the bulk fluid, are found as a function of the material properties of the constituents of the two-phase system and the volume concentration of solid. For transient heat conduction phenomena, it is found that the introduction of a complex conductivity for the bulk fluid permits a simple mathematical description of this otherwise complicated process. The rate of heat transfer between particle continuum and bulk fluid is also investigated by means of an Oseen-type approximation to the energy equation.

Dielectric response of graded spherical composites

We investigate the effective dielectric responses of graded spherical composites under an external uniform electric field by taking the dielectric function of spherical inclusion, epsilon(i) = cr(k) e(beta r), where r is the inner distance of a point inside the particle from the centre of the spherical particle in the coordination. In the dilute limit, our exact result is used to test the validity of differential effective dipole approximation (DEDA) for estimating the effective response of graded spherical composites and it is shown that the DEDA is in excellent agreement with the exact result.

Effective dielectric response of graded spherical composites

The effective dielectric response of composites containing graded material is investigated when an external uniform electric field E-0 is applied to it. For a spherical particle with gradient dielectric constant, epsilon(i) (r) = b + cr, randomly embedded in a host with dielectric constant epsilon(m), we have obtained the exact solution of local electric potential in the composite media regions, which obey a linear constitutive relation D = epsilonE, using hypergeometric function. In dilute limit, the effective dielectric response of the linear graded composite media is derived. Furthermore, for larger volume fraction, we have given an effective medium approximation to estimate the effective dielectric response of the graded composite media. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Thermal conductivity of graded spherical composites with contact resistance

The effective thermal conductivity of graded composites with contact resistance on the inclusion surface is investigated. As an example, we have considered the graded composite media with a spherical particle embedded in a homogeneous matrix, where the thermal conductivity of spherical inclusion is an exponential function k(i) = c exp(betar) (where r is the inside distance of a point in particle from the center of the spherical particle in a spherical coordinate). For both heat contact resistance and perfect contact cases, we have given a reasonable effective medium approximation to calculate the effective conductivity. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preparation and characterization of spherical yttrium iron garnet via coprecipitation

The purpose of this work is to obtain spherical particles yttrium iron garnet (YIG) by coprecipitation technique. The spherical particles were obtained from either nitrate or chloride salt solutions by controlling the precipitation medium. Different agents of dispersion such as PVP and ammonium iron sulfate were used to optimize the shape and size of YIG. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. The results show that the samples phase transition takes place at 850°C (orthorhombic phase) and at 1200°C (cubic phase). Spherical shape particles, with diameter of around 0.5 μm, present magnetization values close to the bulk value (26 emu g -1). © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Dry powder inhaler formulations : effect of carrier size on the drug dispersion

Background: The size of the carrier influences drug aerosolization from a dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation. Lactose particles with irregular shape and rough surface in a variety of sizes are additionally used as carriers; however, contradictory reports exist regarding the effect of carrier size on the dispersion of drug. We examined the influence of the spherical particle size of the biodegradable polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) carrier on the aerosolization of a model drug, salbutamol sulphate (SS). Methods: Four different sizes (20-150 µm) of polymer carriers were fabricated using solvent evaporation technique and the dispersion of SS from these carriers was measured by a Twin Stage Impinger (TSI). The size and morphological properties of polymer carriers were determined by laser diffraction and SEM, respectively. Results: The FPF was found to increase from 5.6% to 21.3% with increasing carrier sizeup to150 µm. Conclusions: The aerosolization of drug increased linearly with the size of polymer carriers. For a fixed mass of drug particles in a formulation, the mass of drug particles per unit area of carriers is higher in formulations containing the larger carriers, which leads to an increase in the dispersion of drug due to the increased mechanical forces occurred between the carriers and the device walls.

Pore accessibility by methane and carbon dioxide in coal as determined by neutron scattering

Contrast-matching ultrasmall-angle neutron scattering (USANS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques were used for the first time to determine both the total pore volume and the fraction of the pore volume that is inaccessible to deuterated methane, CD4, in four bituminous coals in the range of pore sizes between ∼10 Å and ∼5 μm. Two samples originated from the Illinois Basin in the U.S.A., and the other two samples were commercial Australian bituminous coals from the Bowen Basin. The total and inaccessible porosity were determined in each coal using both Porod invariant and the polydisperse spherical particle (PDSP) model analysis of the scattering data acquired from coals both in vacuum and at the pressure of CD4, at which the scattering length density of the pore-saturating fluid is equal to that of the solid coal matrix (zero average contrast pressure). The total porosity of the coals studied ranged from 7 to 13%, and the volume of pores inaccessible to CD4 varied from ∼13 to ∼36% of the total pore volume. The volume fraction of inaccessible pores shows no correlation with the maceral composition; however, it increases with a decreasing total pore volume. In situ measurements of the structure of one coal saturated with CO2 and CD4 were conducted as a function of the pressure in the range of 1−400 bar. The neutron scattering intensity from small pores with radii less than 35 Å in this coal increased sharply immediately after the fluid injection for both gases, which demonstrates strong condensation and densification of the invading subcritical CO2 and supercritical methane in small pores.

硅片表面球形粒子散射研究

为求解硅片表面微小粒子在任意线偏振平面入射光照射下的散射光光强分布，选择了基于Mie散射的杨氏模型为依据，推导了该模型下散射光强空间分布的计算方法，并给出了0．54／μm球形粒子在垂直、倾斜入射下光强空间分布的模拟计算结果，以及入射平面第一象限内散射光强与国外已发表实验结果的比较．

Effects of multi-scattering on the performance of a single-beam acoustic manipulation device.

The effects of multiple scattering on acoustic manipulation of spherical particles using helicoidal Bessel-beams are discussed. A closed-form analytical solution is developed to calculate the acoustic radiation force resulting from a Bessel-beam on an acoustically reflective sphere, in the presence of an adjacent spherical particle, immersed in an unbounded fluid medium. The solution is based on the standard Fourier decomposition method and the effect of multi-scattering is taken into account using the addition theorem for spherical coordinates. Of particular interest here is the investigation of the effects of multiple scattering on the emergence of negative axial forces. To investigate the effects, the radiation force applied on the target particle resulting from a helicoidal Bessel-beam of different azimuthal indexes (m = 1 to 4), at different conical angles, is computed. Results are presented for soft and rigid spheres of various sizes, separated by a finite distance. Results have shown that the emergence of negative force regions is very sensitive to the level of cross-scattering between the particles. It has also been shown that in multiple scattering media, the negative axial force may occur at much smaller conical angles than previously reported for single particles, and that acoustic manipulation of soft spheres in such media may also become possible.

Caracterização morfológica e antigênica do vírus Juruaçá, isolado de morcego no estado do Pará

O vírus Juruaçá (AN 401933) foi isolado a partir de um lote de vísceras de um morcego capturado na região de Porto Trombetas, município de Oriximiná, Estado do Pará, em 1982, sendo considerado um vírus não grupado/ não classificado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi classificar o vírus Juruaçá em um táxon viral, baseando-se nas suas propriedades morfológicas, físico-químicas, antigênicas e moleculares, bem como descrever as alterações anatomo-patológicas associadas à infecção experimental. Camundongos recém-nascidos mostraram suscetibilidade à infecção pelo vírus Juruaçá por inoculação i.c., iniciando os sintomas com quatro dias p.i. e culminando com morte dos animais oito dias p.i.. O vírus não é sensível à ação do DCA e consegue aglutinar hemácias de ganso em pH 5,75. Pelos testes de IH e FC, o vírus não se relaciona com nenhum arbovírus ou outros vírus de vertebrados conhecidos testados, reagindo apenas com o seu soro homólogo. O vírus não causa ECP em linhagens de células Vero e C6/36, e IFI destas células também foi negativa. Entretanto, o vírus Juruaçá replica em cultivo primário de células do SNC de camundongo (astrócitos e microglias), confirmada por IFI com dupla marcação. Cultivos de neurônios não se mostraram susceptíveis à infecção pelo vírus Juruaçá, porém a presença do antígeno viral nestas células foi confirmada por imunohistoquímica. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelou a presença de partículas esféricas, com um diâmetro médio de 23-30nm. Alterações anatomo-patológicas foram observadas principalmente no SNC de camundongos infectados experimentalmente com o vírus Juruaçá. O resultado do RT-PCR sugere que o vírus Juruaçá pode ser um novo vírus pertencente à família Picornaviridae, gênero Enterovirus.

Análise da forma da partícula na aplicação do Método dos Elementos Discretos (DEM)

O presente trabalho analisa o efeito da forma da partícula por meio do método dos Elementos Discretos (DEM). São analisadas quatro partículas com formas e esfericidades diferentes – uma esférica e três não-esféricas. O ângulo de repouso é o principal instrumento de avaliação dos escoamentos. A análise inicia com a calibração da partícula esférica usando dados da literatura, em seguida, estes parâmetros calibrados são empregados para a simulação dos escoamentos das partículas não-esféricas. São feitas comparações dos esforços computacionais e, estas informações, são usadas para verificar as vantagens que a partícula esférica oferece sobre as outras três formas. Nesse cenário, procedimentos foram desenvolvidos para ajudar no processo de calibração dos ângulos de repousos, tendo como base, o conhecimento da sensibilidade de alguns parâmetros DEM. Os resultados mostram a influência das partículas não-esféricas e, principalmente, que é possível obter com a partícula esférica, escoamentos similares aos das partículas não-esféricas, com ganho computacional.