Spectrum Management and Cognitive Radios

The ever increasing demand for new services from users who want high-quality broadband services while on the move, is straining the efficiency of current spectrum allocation paradigms, leading to an overall feeling of spectrum scarcity. In order to circumvent this problem, two possible solutions are being investigated: (i) implementing new technologies capable of accessing the temporarily/locally unused bands, without interfering with the licensed services, like Cognitive Radios; (ii) release some spectrum bands thanks to new services providing higher spectral efficiency, e.g., DVB-T, and allocate them to new wireless systems. These two approaches are promising, but also pose novel coexistence and interference management challenges to deal with. In particular, the deployment of devices such as Cognitive Radio, characterized by the inherent unplanned, irregular and random locations of the network nodes, require advanced mathematical techniques in order to explicitly model their spatial distribution. In such context, the system performance and optimization are strongly dependent on this spatial configuration. On the other hand, allocating some released spectrum bands to other wireless services poses severe coexistence issues with all the pre-existing services on the same or adjacent spectrum bands. In this thesis, these methodologies for better spectrum usage are investigated. In particular, using Stochastic Geometry theory, a novel mathematical framework is introduced for cognitive networks, providing a closed-form expression for coverage probability and a single-integral form for average downlink rate and Average Symbol Error Probability. Then, focusing on more regulatory aspects, interference challenges between DVB-T and LTE systems are analysed proposing a versatile methodology for their proper coexistence. Moreover, the studies performed inside the CEPT SE43 working group on the amount of spectrum potentially available to Cognitive Radios and an analysis of the Hidden Node problem are provided. Finally, a study on the extension of cognitive technologies to Hybrid Satellite Terrestrial Systems is proposed.

Telecommunications : Federal Communications Commission spectrum management : report to the Chairman, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives /

"B-210602"--P. 1.

Estudi del desenvolupament i situació reglamentària de la ràdio cognitiva

Este proyecto estudia la tecnología Radio Cognitiva. El concepto clave de esta tecnología es que permite a usuarios sin licencia compartir el espectro radioeléctrico de forma oportunista con los usuarios con licencia. Para empezar, se analizarán las características principales, su funcionamiento y como coexisten con los usuarios principales. Más adelante, se explicaran los métodos que se usan para la gestión del espectro radioeléctrico y las actividades de estandarización para la implementación de las redes de radio cognitiva. Por último, se analizara la posibilidad de la implementación de esta tecnología en España, analizando las ventajas e inconvenientes de inicializar un mercado secundario del espectro radioeléctrico.

SIRCo: uma arquitetura para Sensoriamento Inteligente de Rádios Cognitivos

The increased demand for using the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) unlicensed frequency spectrum has caused interference problems and lack of resource availability for wireless networks. Cognitive radio (CR) have emerged as an alternative to reduce interference and intelligently use the spectrum. Several protocols were proposed aiming to mitigate these problems, but most have not been implemented in real devices. This work presents an architecture for Intelligent Sensing for Cognitive Radios (ISCRa), and a spectrum decision model (SDM) based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), which uses as input a database with local spectrum behavior and a database with primary users information. For comparison, a spectrum decision model based on AHP, which employs advanced techniques in its spectrum decision method was implemented. Another spectrum decision model that considers only a physical parameter for channel classification was also implemented. Spectrum decision models evaluated, as well as ISCRa's architecture were developed in GNU-Radio framework and implemented on real nodes. Evaluation of SDMs considered metrics of: delivery rate, latency (Round Trip Time - RTT) and handoff. Experiments on real nodes showed that ISCRa architecture with ANN based SDM increased packet delivery rate and presented fewer frequency variation (handoff) while maintaining latency. Considering higher bandwidth as application's Quality of Service requirement, ANN-SDM obtained the best results when compared to other SDM for cognitive radio networks (CRN).

Otimização de sistemas DSL utilizando técnicas de gerenciamento de espectro

Esta dissertação apresenta contribuições à algumas modalidades de gerenciamento de espectro em redes DSL que tem recebido pouca atenção na literatura : minimização de potência e maximização de margem de ruído. Com relação a minimização de potência, cerca de 60% da potência total consumida pelos modems DSL é utilizada na transmissão. A contribuição dessa dissertação nesse âmbito foi provar matematicamente que os algoritmos de maximização de taxa também podem ser usados para minimizar potência. Dessa forma, praticamente se elimina o atraso histórico entre o estado da arte em maximização de taxa e minimização de potência, colocando-os no mesmo nível de desenvolvimento. A segunda contribuição dessa dissertação é sobre a modalidade de maximização de margem de ruído, de modo a otimizar a estabilidade de redes DSL. Nessa linha de pesquisa, essa dissertação apresenta um novo alogoritmo para a maximização de margem multiusuário, que apresenta desempenho superior a um algoritmo publicado anteriormente na literatura especializada.

Método de otimização não-linear para impor PSDs arbitrárias em modems DSL: análise estatística e prática

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um método para solucionar o problema de mapeamento entre as soluções teóricas de gerenciamento dinâmico de espectro (DSM) e os parâmetros de controle das densidades espectrais de potência (PSDs) de transmissão dos modems comerciais. O método utiliza algoritmos genéticos (AG) codificado em inteiros para solucionar o problema. O AG é responsável por achar os melhores parâmetros para representar uma PSD arbitrária, considerando as restrições impostas pelos equipamentos e padrões atuais DSL. O trabalho apresenta ainda um estudo comparativo do método proposto com um concorrente, além de estudo estatístico do método proposto, considerando média, desvio padrão e intervalo de confiança. Adicionalmente, são apresentados dois setups para uso em laboratório, sendo um para medição de PSDs e o outro para funções de transferência, os quais podem ser reaproveitados em outros trabalhos.

Técnicas de otimização não-linear aplicada a algoritmos DSM

Esta dissertação apresenta os algoritmos considerados estado-da-arte para gerenciamento dinâmico de espectro (DSM). As técnicas de otimização utilizadas nos algoritmos DSM são abordadas e brevemente discutidas para melhor entendimento, descrição e comparação dos algoritmos. A análise comparativa entre os algoritmos foi realizada considerando o ganho em taxa (kbps) obtido em simulações. Para tanto, foi realizado em laboratório um conjunto de medições de função de transferência direta e de acoplamento, posteriormente utilizadas nas simulações dos algoritmos IWF, ISB e SCALE. Os resultados obtidos nas simulações através do uso das funções de transferência medidas mostraram melhor desempenho quando comparados aos demais resultados ao considerar funções de transferência obtidas a partir do padrão 1% pior caso, resultado este reflexo da aproximação 1% em que os pares apresentam maiores níveis de crosstalk em todas as frequências da função de transferência. Dentre os algoritmos comparados, o ISB e SCALE obtiveram desempenho semelhante em canais padronizados, ficando o IWF com o desempenho próximo ao SSM. No entanto, nas simulações em cenários com canais medidos, os três algoritmos tiveram ganhos muito próximo devido ao baixo nível de crosstalk.

O uso do rádio e da TV por instituições religiosas: um fenômeno crescente nos mais variados canais de comunicação

In the present study aimed to study the use of radio and television in Brazil by the various Christian aspects rooted in the country. The main objective was to analyze how the churches define the orientation or the use of strategies of both comprehensive and traditional media vehicles, which are still the most popular mass media, both for the formation of culture and national public opinion in both states and municipalities, which demarcate and retain regional traits that differentiate culturally, economically and socially diverse Brazilian populations. Christian churches are increasingly seeking loopholes and legal facilities, public spaces and broadcast media to facilitate the achievement of followers of their theological ideologies. On the radio, on television and also through social networks of the Internet, pastors, priests, bishops and lay Christians to seek their potential both in public space and home individually, using old and new individual devices and portable reception of audiovisual content. All preachers fiercely competing for space leased the open television networks, in national and local radio stations and invest in the organization of broadcasters Community legalized or informal. The work also aims to study the radio and television concessions in Bauru, to show the failures that occur in broadcasting spectrum management by the federal government and also for the reader to understand what the Constitution says about the use of these vehicles public concession by religious institutions

Addressing fragmentation in EU mobile telecom markets. Bruegel Policy Contribution ISSUE 2015/13, July 2015

- Mobile telecommunications markets are an important part of the European Commission’s strategy for the completion of the European Union Digital Single. The use of mobile telecommunications – particularly mobile data access – is growing and becoming an increasingly important input for the economy. - The EU currently does not have a unified mobile telecommunications market. The EU compares favourably to the United States in terms of prices and connection speed, but lags behind in terms of coverage of high-speed 4G wireless connections. -Europe’s long-term goal should be to make data access easier by increasing highspeed wireless coverage while keeping prices down for users. An increase in cross-border competition could help to achieve that goal. - The Commission has two important levers to help stimulate cross-border supply:(a) ensuring competition in intra-country mobile markets in order to provide an incentive for operators to expand into other jurisdictions, and (b) reducing mobile operators’ costs of expansion into multiple EU countries. The further development of policies on international roaming and radio spectrum management will be central to this effort.

Directory of field contacts for the coordination of the use of radio frequencies.

Description based on: Apr. 1, 1978; title from cover.

First report on prospects for additional networks /

Issued Jan. 1980-

ADSL transceivers applying DSM and their nonstationary noise robustness

Dynamic spectrum management (DSM) comprises a new set of techniques for multiuser power allocation and/or detection in digital subscriber line (DSL) networks. At the Alcatel Research and Innovation Labs, we have recently developed a DSM test bed, which allows the performance of DSM algorithms to be evaluated in practice. With this test bed, we have evaluated the performance of a DSM level-1 algorithm known as iterative water-filling in an ADSL scenario. This paper describes the results of, on the one hand, the performance gains achieved with iterative water-filling, and, on the other hand, the nonstationary noise robustness of DSM-enabled ADSL modems. It will be shown that DSM trades off nonstationary noise robustness for performance improvements. A new bit swap procedure is then introduced to increase the noise robustness when applying DSM.

Management of children with autism spectrum disorder in the dental setting: concerns, behavioural approaches and recommendations

OBJECTIVES This article reviews the present literature on the issues encountered while coping with children with autistic spectrum disorder from the dental perspective. The autistic patient profile and external factors affecting the oral health status of this patient population are discussed upon the existing body of evidence. MATERIAL AND METHODS The MEDLINE database was searched using the terms 'Autistic Disorder', 'Behaviour Control/methods', 'Child', 'Dental care for disabled', 'Education', 'Oral Health', and 'Pediatric Dentistry' to locate related articles published up to January 2013. RESULTS Most of the relevant studies indicate poor oral hygiene whereas they are inconclusive regarding the caries incidence in autistic individuals. Undergraduate dental education appears to determine the competence of dental professionals to treat developmentally disabled children and account partly for compromised access to dental care. Dental management of an autistic child requires in-depth understanding of the background of the autism and available behavioural guidance theories. The dental professional should be flexible to modify the treatment approach according to the individual patient needs.

Stress management in mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder : psychological characteristics, coping strategies and biological correlates

Un figlio con un Disturbo dello Spettro Autistico, caratterizzato da gravi difficoltà nelle relazioni, nei comportamenti e nella comunicazione, costringe tutto il sistema familiare a gestire un notevole stress dovuto alla gestione quotidiana di una patologia così complessa. Per questi motivi, i genitori necessitano di un sostegno il più possibile personalizzato rispetto alle caratteristiche del loro contesto familiare. Per fare questo sarebbe importante individuare quali siano i parametri correlati ai livelli di stress nei familiari di pazienti con autismo e che potrebbero avere un’influenza sul benessere familiare. Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di valutare quali caratteristiche di personalità, stili di coping e capacità di gestire le emozioni possano essere in relazione con la reattività individuale alle situazioni di stress, valutata attraverso alcuni correlati biologici, quali il livello di cortisolo (l’ormone dello stress) e la variabilità della frequenza cardiaca. L’ottica di ricerca applicata fa sì che gli obiettivi ultimi di questo lavoro siano anche quelli di diminuire l’accesso ai servizi per questi soggetti, considerando il fatto che progetti individualizzati di sostegno genitoriale costituiscono un fattore protettivo rispetto a conseguenze fisiche e psicologiche di disagio se implementati tenendo conto della variabilità individuale rispetto alle caratteristiche sopra citate.

Federal government use and management of spectrum : hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, June 25, 1996.

Shipping list no.: 97-0097-P.