Interactions of cetaceans with Spanish and Portuguese fisheries in Atlantic waters : costs, benefits and implications for management

With the aim to provide new insights into operational cetacean-fishery interactions in Atlantic waters, this thesis assesses interactions of cetaceans with Spanish and Portuguese fishing vessels operating in Iberian and South West Atlantic waters. Different opportunistic research methodologies were applied, including an interview survey with fishers (mainly skippers) and onboard observations by fisheries observers and skippers, to describe different types of interactions and to identify potential hotspots for cetacean-fishery interactions and the cetacean species most involved, and to quantify the extent and the consequences of these interactions in terms of benefits and costs for cetaceans and fisheries. In addition, the suitability of different mitigation strategies was evaluated and discussed. The results of this work indicate that cetaceans interact frequently with Spanish and Portuguese fishing vessels, sometimes in a beneficial way (e.g. cetaceans indicate fish schools in purse seine fisheries), but mostly with negative consequences (depredation on catch, gear damage and cetacean bycatch). Significant economic loss and high bycatch rates are, however, only reported for certain fisheries and associated with particular cetacean species. In Galician fisheries, substantial economic loss was reported as a result of bottlenose dolphins damaging artisanal coastal gillnets, while high catch loss may arise from common dolphins scattering fish in purse seine fisheries. High cetacean bycatch mortality arises in trawl fisheries, mainly of common dolphin and particularly during trawling in water depths below 350 m, and in coastal set gillnet fisheries (mainly common and bottlenose dolphins). In large-scale bottom-set longline fisheries in South West Atlantic waters, sperm whales may significantly reduce catch rates through depredation on catch. The high diversity of cetacean-fishery interactions observed in the study area indicates that case-specific management strategies are needed to reduce negative impacts on fisheries and cetaceans. Acoustic deterrent devices (pingers) may be used to prevent small cetaceans from approaching and getting entangled in purse seines and set gillnets, although possible problems include cetacean habituation to the pinger sounds, as well as negative side effects on non-target cetaceans (habitat exclusion) and fisheries target species (reduced catch rates). For sardine and horse mackerel, target species of Iberian Atlantic fisheries, no aversive reaction to pinger sounds was detected during tank experiments conducted in the scope of this thesis. Bycatch in trawls may be reduced by the implementation of time/area restrictions of fishing activity. In addition, the avoidance of fishing areas with high cetacean abundance combined with the minimization of fishery-specific sound cues that possibly attract cetaceans, may also help to decrease interactions. In large-scale bottom-set longline fisheries, cetacean depredation on catch may be reduced by covering hooked fish with net sleeves ("umbrellas") provided that catch rates are not negatively affected by this gear modification. Trap fishing, as an alternative fishing method to bottom-set gillnetting and longlining, also has the potential to reduce cetacean bycatch and depredation, given that fish catch rates are similar to the rates obtained by bottom-set gillnets and longlines, whereas cetacean by-catch is unlikely. Economic incentives, such as the eco-certification of dolphin-safe fishing methods, should be promoted in order to create an additional source of income for fishers negatively affected by interactions with cetaceans, which, in turn, may also increase fishers’ willingness to accept and adopt mitigation measures. Although the opportunistic sampling methods applied in this work have certain restrictions concerning their reliability and precision, the results are consistent with previous studies in the same area. Moreover, they allow for the active participation of fishers that can provide important complementary ecological and technical knowledge required for cetacean management and conservation.

History of the ancient synagogue of the Spanish and Portuguese jews : the Cathedral Synagogue of the jews in England situate in Bevis Marks ; a memorial vol. wirtten spec. to celebrate the 200. anniversary of its inaug., 1701 - 1901

by Moses Gaster

The ancient melodies of the liturgy of the Spanish and Portuguese jews

harmonized by Emanuel Aguilar

Ascamot; or, Laws and regulations of the Congregation of Spanish and Portuguese Jews, entitled [Shaʻar ha-shamayim (romanized form)]

Mode of access: Internet.

Spanish and Portuguese South America during the colonial period.

Folded map in pocket.

Narrative of services in the liberation of Chili, Peru, and Brazil, from Spanish and Portuguese domination,

The author was commander of the Chilean navy 1818-1823, and held a like position in Brazil, 1823-1825.

A vocabulary and dialogues, in three languages, English, Spanish, and Portuguese, on subjects adapted to general use, as well as to military and naval affairs... : to which is added, an index of the Portuguese regular and irregular conjugations /

Texto a tres col.

History of Spanish and Portuguese literature.

Translated from the author's Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende der dreizehnten Jahrhunderts.

A catalogue of spanish and portuguese books, with occasional literary and bibliogrphical remarks /

Mode of access: Internet.

A comparative view of the Spanish and Portuguese languages; or, An easy method of learning the Portuguese tongue for those who are already acquainted with the Spanish.

Mode of access: Internet.

A brief bibliography of books in English, Spanish and Portuguese, relating to the republics commonly called Latin American, with comments,

Mode of access: Internet.

Anecdotes of the Spanish and Portuguese revolutions,

Mode of access: Internet.

Brasilien als "vorgestellte Gemeinschaft"?

Die Formation Brasiliens über ein dynastisches Reich vollzog sich auf einem historischen Sonderweg, der innerhalb des neuweltlichen Kontextes als Abhängigkeit von der Metropole und «Dephasierung» interpretiert wird. In Andersons viel beachteter These von der Nation als imagined community, die es ermöglichte, die neuweltlichen Republiken als Avantgarde der Idealisierung und diskursiven Konstruktion der Nation zu betrachten (creole pioneers), bleibt Brasilien aus diesem Grund als «interessante Ausnahme» ausgeklammert. Die hier unternommene Untersuchung Brasiliens als vorgestellte Gemeinschaft zeigt, dass seit der Kolonialzeit eine auf den brasilianischen Raum bezogene Makronarrative existierte, welche positive Elemente des europäischen Neuweltdiskurses binden und zur Vision eines idealisierten neuen Imperiums formieren konnte. Diese «Brasilienerzählung» orientierte die politische Emanzipation von Europa (als inversão brasileira statt Bruch mit der Metropole) und konstituierte sich als monarchischer Legitimitätsdiskurs in einer Alteritätsbeziehung zu Hispanoamerika. Die Tradition ersetzte in der Gründungsliteratur weitgehend eine nationale Neuschreibung Brasiliens und zeigte sich später sogar mit dem modernisierenden Nationalismusdiskurs der Republik vereinbar. Demnach existierte parallel zu den kreolisch-republikanischen Konstruktionen in Form der traditionellen, kontinuierlichen und integrativen Makronarrative «Brasilien» eine weitere neuweltliche Erzählung mit Pioniercharakter, die ebenfalls gemeinschaftliche Sinnstiftung befördern und die offizielle Legitimitätsgrundlage gleichermaßen von Reich und Nation bilden konnte.

A dictionary of Spanish and Spanish-American mining, metallurgical and allied terms, to whichs some Porutguese and Portuguese-American (Brazilian) terms are added,

"List of principal works consulted": p. vii-[ix]