The sale of public office in the Spanish Indies under the Hapsburgs /

Bibliographical footnotes.

Red Rupert, the American bucanier.: A tale of the Spanish Indies,

Mode of access: Internet.

«Pour l'amour de Dieu madame, n'annulez pas votre venue!» : la migration familiale au Nouveau Monde espagnol d’après les «Cartas privadas de emigrantes a Indias», 1540-1616

Le mouvement migratoire espagnol en Amérique à l'époque moderne peut être partagé en deux phases distinctes : La première est essentiellement masculine alors que la seconde intègre un nombre considérable de femmes et d'enfants. En analysant la correspondance privée provenant des Indes espagnoles entre 1540 et 1616, avec une attention particulière aux missives échangées entre les membres d'une même famille, l’objectif de ce mémoire est d’accéder au quotidien et à l'intimité des migrants et des migrantes et d’expliquer les origines et les modalités de la migration familiale dont l'apogée se situe entre 1560 et 1620. L'analyse dans la perspective du genre des « Cartas privadas de emigrantes a Indias » jette ainsi une lumière nouvelle sur les pratiques épistolaires familiales, les motifs des réunions des familles et sur l’agentivité des Espagnoles dans la construction de la société coloniale.

Castilian and Portuguese merchants in collaboration (1580-1590). Has the Hispanic Monarchy favored Iberian commercial partnerships?

The Iberian Union allowed the existence of formal mechanisms of government authority in Portugal. In what concerns the Iberian trade dynamics, including the colonial circuits, the Habsburgs legislated according to those that would be the most politically convenient circumstances, making an impact on Iberian affairs. Over the last decade, historical literature has highlighted the transnational nature of Early Modern business partnerships. On the other hand, Iberian scholars have put forward many case studies that show formal or informal Portuguese participations in the Spanish Indies affairs. However, the inverse situation as not been considered yet. What was the role played by Castilian merchants in the Portuguese colonial trade? This paper aims to present data about the collaboration between Portuguese and Castilian merchants within the European and the overseas trade dynamics, approaching the Iberian Union as an event that favored these business partnerships. It also debates the formal or informal nature of these relationships. Were they promoted by the State’s policies or, alternatively, were they devised as a means to bypass the Crown’s monopolistic policies? For this propose, we will analyze Portuguese notarial records from the period between 1580 and 1590.

The history of the bucaniers of America ... : Exhibiting a particular account and description of Porto Bello, Chagre, Panama, Cuba, Havanna, and most of the Spanish possessions on the coasts of the West Indies, and also along the coasts of the South sea : with the manner in which they have been invaded, attempted, or taken by these adventurers /

Reprint (without illus.) of "The fourth edition", London, D. Midwinter, 1741, in which the translation of Exquemelin differed from that of the earlier editions, 1684 et seq.

The American geography : or, a view of the present situation of the United States of America: containing astronomical geography.--geographical definitions, discovery, and general description ... with a particular description of Kentucky, the western territory, and Vermont ... to which is added, an abridgement of the geography of the British, Spanish, French and Dutch dominions in America and the West Indies.--of Europe, Asia, and Africa /

Provenance: Friends' Free Library, Germantown.

The Colombian navigator, or, Sailing directory for the American coasts and the West-Indies ... composed ... from many valuable documents and surveys, especially those of Capt. Andr. Livingston, of the Spanish navigators, and the American pilots, of Messrs. Des Barres, Holland ... /

Catalog of charts available from R.H. Laurie at end of work, dated 1825.

The civil law in Spain and Spanish-America, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippine islands, and the Spanish Civil code in force, annotated and with references to the Civil codes of Mexico, Central and South America, with a history of all the Spanish codes, and summary of canonical laws, of the principal fueros, ordenamientos, councils and ordenanzas of Spain from the earliest times to the twentieth century, including the Spanish, Mexican, Cuban and Puerto Rican autonomical constitutions, and a history of the laws of the Indies--Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de las Indias,

Mode of access: Internet.

Iohn Huighen van Linschoten, His discours of voyages into ye Easte [and] West Indies : deuided into foure bookes

The second booke: the true and perfect description of the whole coast of Guinea, Manicongo, Angola, Manicongo, Angola, Monomotapa ... / and now translated out of dutch into english by W.P. (p. [3], 198-259) -- The thirde booke: The nauigation of the Portingales into the East Indies, containing their trauels by sea, into East India, and from the East Indies into Portingall ... / translated out of dutch by W.P. (p.[2], 307-447) -- The fourth booke: A most true and certaine extract and summarie of all the rents, demaines, tolles, taxes, impostes, tributes ... of the King of Spania ... / translated out of spanish into low-dutch by Iohn Hughen ... and out of dutch into english by W.P. (p. [3], 452-462)

Spanish Pragmatics

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Political Systems and the Perspective on Nursing Education during the Spanish Transition (from the Franco Regime to Democracy). A Contribution based on Nursing History

The aim of this study is to describe the changes in nursing education during the process prior to and after the establishment of democracy in Spain. It begins with the hypothesis that differences in social and political organization influenced the way the system of nursing education evolved, keeping it in line with neopositivistic schemes and exclusively technical approaches up until the advent of democracy. The evolution of a specific profile for nursing within the educational system has been shaped by the relationship between the systems of social and political organization in Spain. To examine the insertion of subjects such as the anthropology of healthcare into education programs for Spanish nursing, one must consider the cultural, intercultural and transcultural factors that are key to understanding the changes in nursing education that allowed for the adoption of a holistic approach in the curricula. Until the arrival of democracy in 1977, Spanish nursing education was solely technical in nature and the role of nurses was limited to the tasks and procedures defined by the bureaucratic thinking characteristic of the rational-technological paradigm. Consequently, during the long period prior to democracy, nursing in Spain was under the influence of neopositivistic and technical thinking, which had its effect on educational curricula. The addition of humanities and anthropology to the curricula, which facilitated a holistic approach, occurred once nursing became a field of study at the university level in 1977, a period that coincided with the beginnings of democracy in Spain.

Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry of Soil Organic Matter Extracted from a Brazilian Mangrove and Spanish Salt Marshes

The soil organic matter (SOM) extracted under different vegetation types from a Brazilian mangrove (Pai Matos Island, Sao Paulo State) and from three Spanish salt marshes (Betanzos Ria and Corrubedo Natural Parks, Galicia, and the Albufera Natural Park, Valencia) was investigated by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The chemical variation was larger in SOM from the Spanish marshes than in the SOM of the Brazilian mangroves, possibly because the marshes included sites with both tidal and nontidal variation, whereas the mangrove forest underwent just tidal variation. Thus, plant-derived organic matter was better preserved under permanently anoxic environments. Moreover, given the low number of studied profiles and sedimentary-vegetation sequences in both areas, depth trends remain unclear. The chemical data also allow distinction between the contributions of woody and nonwoody vegetation inputs. Soil organic matter decomposition was found to cause: (i) a decrease in lignin contents and a relative increase in aliphatics; (ii) an increase in short-chain aliphatics at the expense of longer ones; (iii) a loss of odd-over-even dominance in alkanes and alkenes; and (iv) an increase in microbial products, including proteins, sterols, short-chain fatty acids, and alkanes. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is a useful tool to study the behavior and composition of SOM in wetland environments such as mangroves and salt marshes. Additional profiles need to be studied for each vegetation type, however, to improve the interpretability of the chemical data.