Systems of aerial spraying for soybean rust control

A ferrugem asiática da soja, causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi, é considerada a principal doença da soja, e, portanto, a escolha e o uso adequado dos equipamentos de pulverização são essenciais para seu controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de diferentes equipamentos de pulverização aérea para o controle curativo da ferrugem da soja, utilizando o fungicida Impact 125 SC (flutriafol) a 0,5 L p c ha-1. Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: atomizador Micronair AU 5000 (10 L ha-1 com óleo e 20 L ha-1 sem óleo na calda); atomizador Stol ARD (10 e 20 L ha-1 ambos com óleo) e o sistema eletrostático Spectrum (10 L ha-1 sem óleo a 64 e 71% de umidade relativa). Utilizou-se óleo de algodão (1,0 L ha-1) acrescido de emulsificante BR 455 a 0,025 L ha-1. O ensaio foi realizado na terceira aplicação de fungicidas, quando foram analisadas quatro repetições nas áreas aplicadas e quatro testemunhas não aplicadas para cada tratamento, avaliando-se a severidade da ferrugem, os depósitos de flutriafol nas folhas de soja e o percentual de redução de ferrugem. A análise dos depósitos nas folhas mostrou que não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Os melhores controles da ferrugem foram obtidos com os tratamentos Micronair (10 L ha-1 com óleo), Stol (20 L ha-1 com óleo) e o sistema elestrostático (10 L ha-1) com a menor umidade relativa do ar (64 %).

Identification and Analyses of Candidate Genes for Rpp4-Mediated Resistance to Asian Soybean Rust in Soybean

Asian soybean rust is a formidable threat to soybean (Glycine max) production in many areas of the world, including the United States. Only five sources of resistance have been identified (Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi1 [Rpp1], Rpp2, Rpp3, Rpp4, and Rpp5). Rpp4 was previously identified in the resistant genotype PI459025B and mapped within 2 centimorgans of Satt288 on soybean chromosome 18 (linkage group G). Using simple sequence repeat markers, we developed a bacterial artificial chromosome contig for the Rpp4 locus in the susceptible cv Williams82 (Wm82). Sequencing within this region identified three Rpp4 candidate disease resistance genes (Rpp4C1-Rpp4C3 [Wm82]) with greatest similarity to the lettuce (Lactuca sativa) RGC2 family of coiled coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat disease resistance genes. Constructs containing regions of the Wm82 Rpp4 candidate genes were used for virus-induced gene silencing experiments to silence resistance in PI459025B, confirming that orthologous genes confer resistance. Using primers developed from conserved sequences in the Wm82 Rpp4 candidate genes, we identified five Rpp4 candidate genes (Rpp4C1-Rpp4C5 [PI459025B]) from the resistant genotype. Additional markers developed from the Wm82 Rpp4 bacterial artificial chromosome contig further defined the region containing Rpp4 and eliminated Rpp4C1 (PI459025B) and Rpp4C3 (PI459025B) as candidate genes. Sequencing of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products revealed that Rpp4C4 (PI459025B) was highly expressed in the resistant genotype, while expression of the other candidate genes was nearly undetectable. These data support Rpp4C4 (PI459025B) as the single candidate gene for Rpp4-mediated resistance to Asian soybean rust.

ASIAN SOYBEAN RUST INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT POTENTIAL: DISEASE SEVERITY, PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD COMPONENTS, CULTIVAR MG/BR-46 (CONQUISTA)

Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow is one of the major diseases of the soybean crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sowing dates, plant populations and reduced doses of fungicides on soybean rust severity and its effects on plant development and yield, cultivar MG/BR46 (Conquista). Field experiments were conducted in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 harvests, under natural rust infestation of soybean rust. As from the appearance of the first disease symptoms, also began the fungicide spraying and the disease severity assessments. To understand the nature and extent of the effects of different treatments, a multivariate analysis of factors was applied. For the majority of the agronomic characters and factors, one-third to two-thirds of their variability can be explained by changes in plant populations or by differences in the fungicide treatments, and the remainder, was explained by sowing date variations. The fungicide treatments and sowing dates are determinants in disease severity and its interference on crop productivity. The characters of plant growth are more dependent on plant population variations. Treatments with azoxystrobina + ciproconazol promoted smaller disease severities, reflecting in productivity increase. The plant populations can be reduced up to 160.000 plants ha(-1) without losses in the disease control and the soybean yield. In general, the earliest sowings provided increase in the plant development, although the rust control was less efficient.

Controlling Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) with Bacillus spp. and coffee oil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

EC03-1892 Identifying Soybean Rust

This four-color extension circular identifies the different diseases of soybeans: soybean rust, bacterial blight, bacterial pustle, and downy mildew. It also shows diseases that are similar looking: Cercospora blight, Frogeye leaf spot and brown spot. It also discusses what to look for when scouting for soybean rust.

Asian soybean rust in Brazil: past, present, and future.

ABSTRACT: Asian soybean rust, caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is the most severe disease of the crop and can cause yield losses of up to 90%. The disease was first reported in Brazil in 2001. Epidemics of the disease are common in the country, where the fungus can survive year?round. Regulatory measures to reduce the inoculum between seasons and avoid late-season soybean have been adopted to manage the disease. Disease control has relied mainly on chemical control, but a lower sensibility of the fungus to fungicides has been reported in Brazil. Major?resistance genes have been mapped and incorporated into the cultivars. With the reduced efficacy of the fungicides, the adoption of integrated measures to control the disease will be important for the sustainability of the crop. This review presents the main changes in the soybean crop system caused by the introduction of the fungus in Brazil, the current management strategies adopted to avoid losses, and the new trends that, together with biotechnological strategies, can improve management in the future. RESUMO: A ferrugem?asiática da soja, causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi, é a doença mais severa da cultura e pode causar perdas de produtividade de até 90%. A doença foi relatada pela primeira vez no Brasil em 2001. Epidemias da doença são comuns no País, onde o fungo pode sobreviver durante todo o ano. Medidas regulatórias para reduzir o inóculo entre safras e evitar a semeadura tardia de soja têm sido adotadas para manejar a doença. O controle da doença tem se baseado principalmente no controle químico, mas uma menor sensibilidade do fungo aos fungicidas tem sido relatada no Brasil. Genes de resistência têm sido mapeados e incorporados às cultivares. Por causa da redução da eficiência dos fungicidas, a adoção de medidas integradas para o controle da doença será importante para a sustentabilidade da cultura. Este artigo de revisão apresenta as principais mudanças no sistema de produção da soja causadas pela introdução do fungo no Brasil, as medidas de controle atualmente usadas para evitar perdas, e as novas tendências que, juntas com estratégias biotecnológicas, podem melhorar o manejo da doença no futuro.

A pigeonpea gene confers resistance to Asian soybean rust in soybean.

Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most economically important crop diseases, but is only treatable with fungicides, which are becoming less effective owing to the emergence of fungicide resistance. There are no commercial soybean cultivars with durable resistance to P. pachyrhizi, and although soybean resistance loci have been mapped, no resistance genes have been cloned. We report the cloning of a P. pachyrhizi resistance gene CcRpp1 (Cajanus cajan Resistance against Phakopsora pachyrhizi 1) from pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and show that CcRpp1 confers full resistance to P. pachyrhizi in soybean. Our findings show that legume species related to soybean such as pigeonpea, cowpea, common bean and others could provide a valuable and diverse pool of resistance traits for crop improvement.

Mobile application for Asian soybean rust tracking in Brazil.

ABSTRACT: Brazil is the second - largest soybean producer. With the arrival of Asian soybean rust in the Western Hemisphere in 2001, a considerable amount of resources has been allocated to understand and control this important yield - limiting disease. Due its rapidly dissemination, in 2004, the federal government led an effort to create the Asian soybean rust consortium, with the main goal of coordinating research activities involving public and private sector. This paper describes the development of a mobile application, designed to support the Asian Soybean Rust Consortium to monitor, in time and space, occurrences of Asian soybean rust in Brazil. RESUMO: O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor de soja do mundo. Com a chegada da ferrugem da soja no hemisfério ocidental em 2001, uma quantidade considerável de recursos foram alocados para entender e controlar esta importante doença. Devido a sua rápida disseminação, em 2004, o governo federal uniu esforços e criou o Consórcio Antiferrugem, cujo objetivo principal seria de coordenar atividades de pesquisa envolvendo empresas públicas e privadas. Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de um aplicativo móvel, projetado para auxiliar este Consórcio no monitoramento em tempo e espaço, de ocorrências de ferrugem asiática de soja no Brasil.

Molecular mapping of two loci that confer resistance to Asian rust in soybean

Asian soybean rust (ASR) is caused by the fungal pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & Sydow. It was first identified in Brazil in 2001 and quickly infected soybean areas in several countries in South America. Primary efforts to combat this disease must involve the development of resistant cultivars. Four distinct genes that confer resistance against ASR have been reported: Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3, and Rpp4. However, no cultivar carrying any of those resistance loci has been released. The main objective of this study was to genetically map Rpp2 and Rpp4 resistance genes. Two F(2:3) populations, derived from the crosses between the resistant lines PI 230970 (Rpp2), PI 459025 (Rpp4) and the susceptible cultivar BRS 184, were used in this study. The mapping populations and parental lines were inoculated with a field isolate of P. pachyrhizi and evaluated for lesion type as resistant (RB lesions) or susceptible (TAN lesions). The mapping populations were screened with SSR markers, using the bulk segregant analysis (BSA) to expedite the identification of linked markers. Both resistance genes showed an expected segregation ratio for a dominant trait. This study allowed mapping Rpp2 and Rpp4 loci on the linkage groups J and G, respectively. The associated markers will be of great value on marker assisted selection for this trait.

Effect of reduced fungicide doses on control of soybean Asian rust and bean yield

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effect of Fungicides and Plant Populations on Soybean Disease and Yield

Applications of foliar fungicides on soybeans have been shown to reduce disease pressure and protect yield under the right conditions, especially in environments that have very wet or humid conditions. In the past decade, fungicide use in Iowa has increased. Initially, growers were concerned with the potential threat of soybean rust, which is controlled effectively by foliar fungicides. In Iowa, however, there has not been any case of yield reduction due to soybean rust. New potential purposes for foliar fungicides include “plant health” benefits and the reduction of foliar diseases endemic in Iowa such as Septoria brown spot, Cercospora leaf blight, and frogeye leaf spot. Currently what is not known is how the efficacy of fungicides is affected when agricultural practices change. Our question: How does plant population affect the efficacy of fungicides?

Eficiência de fungicidas para controle da ferrugem asiática da soja, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, na safra 2008/09. Resultados sumarizados dos ensaios cooperativos.

2009

Supressão do crescimento de plantas voluntárias de soja na cultura do girassol.

RESUMO: A necessidade de controle adequado de plantas voluntárias de soja (Glycine max) tem se intensificado nos últimos anos em função da incidência de doenças da soja, principalmente a ferrugem asiática ( Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Além disso, a competição imposta por essas plantas pode causar perdas de produtividade em culturas implantadas na entressafra. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em condições de campo no município de Rio Verde, Goiás, a fim de avaliar o controle de plantas voluntárias de soja infestantes da cultura do girassol (Helianthus annuus), semeado na época de safrinha. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos aplicados no experimento 1 foram a testemunha capinada, a testemunha sem capina, sulfentrazone 25 g i.a. ha-1, sulfentrazone 50 g i.a. ha -1, sulfentrazone 100 g i.a. ha-1 e sulfentrazone 150 g i.a. ha-1. No experimento 2, foram aplicados os mesmos tratamentos mencionados e acrescentadas as doses de 200 g i.a. ha-1 e 250 g i.a. ha-1 do mesmo herbicida. O sulfentrazone não proporciona morte completa das plantas voluntárias de soja. No entanto, há uma interrupção temporária do crescimento da soja permitindo o arranque inicial da cultura de girassol. As doses de sulfentrazone que variaram de 114,2 a 158,8 g i.a. ha-1 proporcionaram os maiores rendimentos de girassol, evitando a competição das plantas voluntárias de soja com essa cultura. ABSTRACT: The control of volunteer soybean plants (Glycine max ) has intensified in recent years in function of the increasing incidence of soybean diseases mainly the Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Moreover, the competition of volunteer soybean plants can cause yield losses in successive crops. Two experiments were conducted under field conditions in Rio Verde, Goiás State, Brazil, in order to evaluate the control of volunteer soybean plants in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four replications. Treatments applied on experiment 1 were: hoed check; unhoed check, sulfentrazone 25 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 50 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 100 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 150 g ai ha-1. The treatments applied on experiment 2 were the same doses described on experiment 1 plus sulfentrazone 200 g ai ha-1 and 250 g ai ha-1. The sulfentrazone is unable to completely kill the volunteer soybean plants. However, there is a temporary stoppage of soybean growth enabling the initial startup of the sunflower plants. Doses ranging from 114.2 to 158.8 g ai ha-1 provided the highest sunflower yield, avoiding the competition of the volunteer soybean plants.

Inibição temporária do crescimento de plantas voluntárias de soja na cultura do girassol.

RESUMO: O controle de plantas voluntárias de soja (Glycine max ) é uma exigência estabelecida em lei. A criação do vazio sanitário determina o período na entressafra no qual não deve haver a presença no campo de plantas emergidas de soja. Essa deliberação visa reduzir o inóculo do fungo causador da ferrugem asiática da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Além disso, a competição imposta por essas plantas pode reduzir a produtividade das culturas em sucessão. O experimento foi conduzido a fim de avaliar o controle de plantas voluntárias de soja em cultivos de girassol (Helianthus annuus). Os tratamentos aplicados foram: testemunha capinada, testemunha sem capina, amônio glufosinato 40 g i.a. ha-1, amônio glufosinato 100 g i.a. ha-1, sulfentrazone 75 g i.a. ha-1, sulfentrazone 100 g i.a. ha-1, tembotrione 21 g i.a. ha-1, carfentrazone 4 g i.a. ha-1, saflufenacil 1,75 g i.a. ha-1, saflufenacil 3,5 g i.a. ha-1, triclopyr 120 g i.a. ha-1 e MSMA 197,5 g i.a. ha-1. O herbicida sulfentrazone nas doses de 75 e 100 g i.a. ha -1 causa fitotoxicidade ao girassol logo após a aplicação, porém há recuperação das plantas, sem prejuízo a produtividade da cultura. Esses mesmos tratamentos não causam morte total das plantas voluntárias de soja, mas paralisam temporariamente seu crescimento, evitando a competição com a cultura do girassol. O amônio glufosinato é eficaz no controle de plantas voluntárias de soja. No entanto, os sintomas de fitotoxicidade na cultura do girassol são elevados, refletindo em perda de rendimento da cultura. Os outros tratamentos não proporcionam controle satisfatório das plantas voluntárias de soja, além de causar redução na produtividade do girassol. ABSTRACT: The control of volunteer soybean (Glycine max) is regulated by law due to the host-free period which determines the interval that is not allowed the presence of soybean plants in fields. The decision aims to reduce the inoculum of the fungus that causes the Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Furthermore, the competition imposed by volunteer soybean plants can reduce crop yields. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the control of volunteer soybean plants in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The treatments were as follows: hoed check, check without hoeing, glufosinate ammonium 40 g ai ha-1, glufosinate ammonium 100 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 75 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 100 g ai ha-1, tembotrione 21 g ai ha-1, carfentrazone 4g ai ha-1, saflufenacil 1.75 g ai ha-1, saflufenacil 3.5 g ai ha -1, triclopyr 120 g ai ha-1 and MSMA 197.5 g ai ha-1. Sulfentrazone (75 and 100 g ai ha-1) caused phytotoxicity on sunflower plants, however there is recovery of plants and no yield losses. The same treatments do not cause the total death of volunteer soybean plants, however temporarily paralyze its growth and avoid competition with the sunflower crop. The glufosinate ammonium is effective in controlling volunteer soybean plants. However, symptoms of phytotoxicity in the sunflower crop are high, reflecting in yield losses. The other treatments do not provide satisfactory control of volunteer soybean plants and even cause reduction in sunflower productivity.