黔西南滥木厂铊矿化区河流沉积物重金属环境地球化学及环境效应研究

矿山环境重金属污染及其生态效应研究是环境地球化学研究的热点问题之一，其中水环境生态系统中的沉积物重金属污染由于可能影响流域水环境安全而备受关注。贵州矿产资源丰富，其开采利用过程中的重金属元素污染十分严重，尤其是Tl、As和Hg的污染备受关注。本研究选择黔西南滥木厂铊矿化区为研究对象，通过分析该地区河流沉积物中铊、砷、汞等重金属元素的环境地球化学分布特征，对重金属污染状况进行评价，并探讨其对环境的生态危害，得到以下几点认识： 1. 滥木厂铊矿化区河流沉积物中重金属Tl、Hg、As和Cd的含量相对很高。其中，Tl、Hg和As在矿山影响区河流沉积物中平均含量分别为23.3 mg/kg、46.8 mg/kg 和97.3 mg/kg，比页岩平均含量高几十倍至上百倍，而矿山未影响区及对照区河流沉积物中含量都相对较低。Cd在矿渣以及清水河矿山影响区、矿山未影响区和对照区河流沉积物中的平均含量都相对较高，分别为0.97 mg/kg、1.31 mg/kg、1.17 mg/kg和1.21 mg/kg，约为页岩平均含量的2～5倍，且变化不明显。重金属环境地球化学分析表明，Tl、Hg和As为同源污染物质，主要来自矿山硫化物的风化淋漓；Cd的高含量与矿山联系不明显，可能是由于地域上的Cd异常所致。Cu、Cr、Zn和Pb的含量都相对较低，只略高于页岩平均含量。 2. 地质累积指数（Igeo）和潜在生态危害系数（RI）分析评价结果显示，滥木厂清水河沉积物主要受到Hg、Tl、As以及Cd的污染。受矿山影响的河流沉积物中Hg和Tl的污染很严重，具有很强的潜在生态危害；As和Cd次之；Zn、Cu、Cr和Pb的污染不明显，潜在生态危害很小。 3. 沉积物中重金属各形态分级提取分析（BCR）表明，受矿山影响的滥木厂清水河沉积物及剖面沉积物中：不但总Tl含量很高，有效态Tl含量也高，平均分别为6.0 mg/kg 和5.9 mg/kg，对环境的生态危害很大；Hg虽然总含量非常高，但其酸可提取态含量都低于仪器的检测下限，可还原态含量也不高，平均分别只为0.46 mg/kg 和1.53 mg/kg，主要集中在不易释放的可氧化态和非常稳定的残余态，对环境的生态危害一般；As的总含量较高，但有效态平均含量只为6.51 mg/kg和1.58 mg/kg，对环境的生态危害较小；Cd的总含量也相对较高，有效态平均含量也分别达0.55 mg/kg和0.52 mg/kg，对环境的危害可能较大；Cr、Cu、Zn及Pb的总含量和有效态含量都较低，对环境的生态危害较小。 4. 滥木厂铊矿化区河流沉积物中Tl、Hg和Cd的重金属污染的生态危害性主要表现为Tl、Hg和Cd对食物链的直接或间接污染。Tl和Cd易在农作物中富集，Hg甲基化后也可以在农作物中富集，其人体健康危害性较大。

Ecology of macrozoobenthic communities in two plateau lakes of Southwest China

Ecological studies on macrozoobenthos were conducted in two small plateau lakes in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Southwest China: Xingyun Lake (XL), a eutrophic lake whose main source of primary production was phytoplankton (Chl a=99.76 +/- 24.01 mu g/L), and Yangzong Lake (YL), a mesotrophic lake. Sampling was carried out from October 2002 to May 2004. Altogether 23 benthic taxa were identified in XL and 21 taxa in YL. The density of benthos in XL was much lower than that in YL, but the biomass was about equal in the two lakes, being 1 423 ind/m(2) and 8.71 g/m(2) in XL and 4 249 ind/m(2) and 8.60 g/m(2) in YL. The dominant species were Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Branchiura sowerbyi, Aulodrilus pluriseta and Chironomus sp. in XL and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Aulodrilus pluriseta and Bellamya sp. in YL. Seasonal fluctuation occurred, showing richer species in summer and winter, but the density and biomass varied in different ways in the two lakes. Analyses on functional feeding groups indicate that collector-gatherers were predominant, but the relative abundances of other groups were different. Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the water depth, conductivity and chlorophyll a were the key factors affecting macrozoobenthic abundance in the lakes.

Macrozoobenthic community of Fuxian Lake, the deepest lake of southwest China

Located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in southwest China, Fuxian Lake covers an area of 211 km(2), with maximum depth of 155 m. It is known to have a unique fauna, including 14 described endemic species. In order to describe the zoobenthic community of the lake more completely, the present study was conducted from August 2002 to August 2003. Altogether 62 benthic taxa, including 22 oligochaetes, 21 molluscs and 18 insects were identified, of which the dominant taxa belonged to Potamothrix, Procladius and Paraprososthenia. The standing stocks of benthos were much higher in the littoral (824 ind/m(2) in density, 3.72 g/m(2) in biomass) than in the profundal region (23 ind/m(2) in density, 0.10 g/m(2) in biomass). Species richness was greatest in summer and standing stocks were larger in spring and summer than in other seasons. Analyses of functional feeding groups indicated that collector-gatherers and scrapers were predominant in entire lake. Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the water depth is the most important factor affecting the distribution of macrozoobenthos. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Potamothrix scleropenis sp nov (Oligochaeta : Tubificidae) from Fuxian Lake, the deepest lake in southwest China

Potamothrix scleropenis sp. nov. (Tubificidae: Tubificinae) is described from the profundal zone (74 m) of Fuxian Lake, the deepest lake (up to 155 m) on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in China. The new species is assigned to Potamothrix because of its short vasa deferentia. and its tubular atria without ejaculatory ducts and prostate glands. It differs from congeners by its cuticularized penis sheaths; bifurcated, strongly curved spermathecal chaetae; bifurcated lower prongs of bifids; and feathered hairs. P scleropenis appears closely related to P cekanovskajae Finogenova, 1972 and P tudoranceai porka, 1994, since all the three species have homogeneous atria without prostate glands.

Wing morphology, echolocation calls, diet and emergence time of black-bearded tomb bats (Taphozous melanopogon, Emballonuridae) from southwest China

We studied the wing morphology, echolocation calls, diet and emergence time of the black-bearded tomb bat (Taphozous melanopogon) from May to October 2006 in Guangxi Province, southwest China. Taphozous melanopogon has wings with high aspect ratio, high loading and pointed wing-tip shape-characteristics associated with fast flight in open space. This species usually produces low-intensity, low frequency, and frequency-modulated (FM) calls usually containing up to four harmonics, with most energy in the second (or sometimes third) harmonic. The diet of this species consists mostly of Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Timing of evening emergence is correlated with the time of sunset. This is the first study to describe the flight and echolocation behavior of this species in China, and opens the way for future studies of its biology.

Phylogeography of the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in the Southwest Indian Ocean

Patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation were used to analyse the population genetic structure of southwestern Indian Ocean green turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations. Analysis of sequence variation over 396 bp of the mtDNA control region revealed seven haplotypes among 288 individuals from 10 nesting sites in the Southwest Indian Ocean. This is the first time that Atlantic Ocean haplotypes have been recorded among any Indo-Pacific nesting populations. Previous studies indicated that the Cape of Good Hope was a major biogeographical barrier between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans because evidence for gene flow in the last 1.5 million years has yet to emerge. This study, by sampling localities adjacent to this barrier, demonstrates that recent gene flow has occurred from the Atlantic Ocean into the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope. We also found compelling genetic evidence that green turtles nesting at the rookeries of the South Mozambique Channel (SMC) and those nesting in the North Mozambique Channel (NMC) belong to separate genetic stocks. Furthermore, the SMC could be subdivided in two different genetic stocks, one in Europa and the other one in Juan de Nova. We suggest that this particular genetic pattern along the Mozambique Channel is attributable to a recent colonization from the Atlantic Ocean and is maintained by oceanic conditions in the northern and southern Mozambique Channel that influence early stages in the green turtle life cycle.