Heavy metal concentration in South Vietnam waters

Data obtained from investigations which had been carried out during 1998-1999 in the waters of South Vietnam indicate that concentrations of Fe and Zn were usually higher than permissible limits. In the East South Vietnam waters, Fe concentration varied from 77 to 4450g/l (mean 1045g/l) and Zn concentration varied from 7.24 to 74.1g/l (mean 26.7g/l), Pollution coefficients of the two metals were 10.4 and 2.7 respectively. In the Gulf of Thailand, variation range of Fe was 133-850g/l (mean 318g/l) and of Zn was 4.8-167.8g/l (mean 23.46g/l); corresponding pollution coefficients were 3.2 and 2.3. Mn, Cu, As had mean concentrations lower than permissible limits. In the East South Vietnam waters, variation range for Mn was 9.0-444.6g/l (mean 57.0g/l), for Cu was 1.0- 20.3g/l (mean 3.1g/l) and for As was 1.0-10.5 g/l (mean 3.7 g/l). In the Gulf of Thailand, Mn concentration varied from 1.2 to 410.5g/l (mean 19.1g/l), Cu concentration varied from 1.2 to 14.7g/l (mean 3.7g/l), variation range of As concentration was 1.0-13.3g/l with the mean value was 3.6g/l. Scarce data relating to Hg, Cd, Pb showed that their concentrations in the East South Vietnam waters were negligible (usually < 1.0g/l).

Health effects of exposure to herbicide orange in South Vietnam should be resolved : report /

"B-159451."

The Ford administration, Angola and the perception of Post-Vietnam US credibility, 1974-1976

This thesis is a study of how the Gerald Ford administration struggled to address a perceived loss of US credibility after the collapse of Vietnam, with a focus on the role of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in the formulation, implementation and subsequent defence of US Angolan policy. By examining the immediate post-Vietnam period, this thesis shows that Vietnam had a significant impact on Kissinger’s actions on Angola, which resulted in an ill conceived covert operation in another third world conflict. In 1974, Africa was a neglected region in Cold War US foreign policy, yet the effects of the Portuguese revolution led to a rapid decolonization of its African territories, of which Angola was to become the focus of superpower competition. After South Vietnam collapsed in April 1975, Kissinger became fixated on restoring the perceived loss of US prestige, Angola provided the first opportunity to address this. Despite objections from his advisors, Kissinger methodically engineered a covert program to assist two anti-Marxist guerrilla groups in Angola. As the crisis escalated, the media discovered the operation and the Congress decided to cease all funding. A period of heated tensions ensued, resulting in Kissinger creating a new African policy to outmanoeuvre his critics publicly, while privately castigating them to foreign leaders. This thesis argues that Kissinger’s dismissal of internal dissent and opposition from the Congress was influenced by what he perceived as bureaucrats being affected by the Vietnam syndrome, and his obsession with restoring US credibility. By looking at the private and public records – as expressed in government meetings and official reports, US newspaper and television coverage and diplomatic cables – this thesis addresses the question of how the lessons of Vietnam failed to influence Kissinger’s actions in Angola, but the lessons of Angola were heavily influential in the construction of a new US-African policy.

Results of bottom trawl surveys carried out in Vietnamese waters (20-200 m) in 1996-1997

Bottom trawl surveys were conducted in the southwest monsoon season in 1996 (survey 1) and in the northeast monsoon season in 1996-97 (survey 2) throughout Vietnamese waters. The surveys mainly covered the depth zone 50-200 m but in the northeast monsoon season the depth zone 20-50 m was included in the northern and southern areas. Overall, 273 trawl hauls were conducted. The total biomass for Vietnamese waters in the depth zone 20-200 m was estimated at 700 000 t . Biomass estimates are given for the most abundant species. A relatively higher mean catch-per-unit effort (CPUE) was obtained from survey 2 than from survey 1 and in partcular at depth ranges 50-100 and 100-200 m in south Vietnam. Overall, the dominant families were Monacanthidae (34%), Carangidae (15%), Trichiuridae (9%) and Synodontidae (6%).

Ofensywa Wielkanocna 1972 (kulminacyjny punkt wojny wietnamskiej)

Wydział Historyczny: Instytut Historii

(Table 1) Properties of grab sampled sediments from the Nha Trang Bay

General characteristics of macrobenthos of muddy sediments of the subtidal (19-24 m) zone in the Nha Trang Bay (South Vietnam) were described based on the survey performed in April-May 2002. The mean abundance of organisms was 637 ind/m**2 and the mean biomass was 2.3 g/m**2. Sixty-seven macrobenthic species were found during the study. The main structural features of the macrobenthos were high species diversity, low species recurrence, and high evenness of species structure with the absence of clearly manifested dominants. The number of species encountered regularly increased with the increase in the total area sampled from 210 to 5000 cm**2, though the relation did not reach saturation. Similarities and differences between the macrobenthos structures in the Nha Trang Bay and those in some tropical and boreal soft-bottom communities are discussed.

Stable isotope, UK'37, SST, chlorin, alkenone and TOC data of sediment cores GIK17927-2 and GIK17928-3

Upwelling intensity in the South China Sea has changed over glacial-interglacial cycles in response to orbital-scale changes in the East Asian Monsoon. Here, we evaluate new multi-proxy records of two sediment cores from the north-eastern South China Sea to uncover millennial-scale changes in winter monsoondriven upwelling over glacial Terminations I and II. On the basis of U/Th-based speleothem chronology, we compare these changes with sediment records of summer monsoondriven upwelling east of South Vietnam. Ocean upwelling is traced by reduced (UK'37-based) temperature and increased nutrient and productivity estimates of sea surface water (d13C on planktic foraminifera, accumulation rates of alkenones, chlorins, and total organic carbon). Accordingly, strong winter upwelling occurred north-west of Luzon (Philippines) during late Marine Isotope Stage 6.2, Heinrich (HS) and Greenland stadials (GS) HS-11, GS-26, GS-25, HS-1, and the Younger Dryas. During these stadials, summer upwelling decreased off South Vietnam and sea surface salinity reached a maximum suggesting a drop in monsoon rains, concurrent with speleothem records of aridity in China. In harmony with a stadial-to-interstadial see-saw pattern, winter upwelling off Luzon in turn was weak during interstadials, in particular those of glacial Terminations I and II, when summer upwelling culminated east of South Vietnam. Most likely, this upwelling terminated widespread deep-water stratification, coeval with the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2. Yet, a synchronous maximum in precipitation fostered estuarine overturning circulation in the South China Sea, in particular as long as the Borneo Strait was closed when sea level dropped below -40 m.

Pyramidellidae de Pho-Hai (sud Viêt-Nam)

After having pointed out their distribution into several subfamilies, genera, and sub-genera of Pyramidellidae, this note describes 44 species of this family. Forty-two were collected by the author in the beach sands at Pho-Hai, near Phan-Thiet (South-Vietnam) and two were dredged off Phan-Thiet by the Nha-Trang Oceanographic Institute. Among these species twenty-one are new: Cossmannica champaensis, Odostomia (Odostomia) chamorum, O. (Megastomia) elata, O. (Megastomia) binhdinhensis, 0. (Megastomia) gestroides, O. (Jodanula) megembryon, Pyrgulina (Standeniella) difficilis, P. (Parthenina) monicae, P. (Pyrgulina) phohaiensis, Chrysallida phanthietina, Egilina gigantea, E. babellina, E. (Numaegilina) ventricosa, Babella cylindrica, B. crassicostata, Miralda franciscae, Turbonilla barthelemyi, T. (Asmunda) secta, Pyrgiscus infantilis, Careliopsis sublaevis, Cingulina inaequalis.

La carte de la végétation de la presqu'île de Cam Ranh (Région de Nha Trang). Note n° V: Introduction à l'étude de la végétation des sables littoraux du Sud Viêt-Nam

The 1:50000 Vegetation Map of Cam Ranh Peninsula is one of the first study performed in South Vietnam; it aims to locate various vegetation on coastal sands and it represents a synthesis of phytogeographic observations. (Barry J.P. and Phung Trung Ngan, 1960, Barry J. P., Le-Cȏng-Kiet Hoang and Pham-Hȏ, 1961 Barry J. P., Le-Cȏng-Kiet and Vu-Van Cuong, 1961).

Vietnamese masculinities in lê thi diem thúy's The gangster we are all looking for

The defeat of South Vietnam in 1975 transformed Vietnamese men into fleeing refugees, boat people, and state-sponsored asylees. Writing against the popular and scholarly representations of Vietnamese refugee men as incapacitated objects of rescue, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the intimate, insightful, and intense portrayal of Vietnamese masculinities in lê thi diem thúy’s novel, The Gangster We Are All Looking For. Focusing on the “sad and broken” father in the novel, the article conceptualizes his bouts of domestic violence neither as a private family matter nor an example of individual failing, but as a social, historical, and transnational affair that exposes the conditions—war, urban neglect, poverty—under which Vietnamese masculinity is continually produced, negotiated and transformed.

Some studies on Cladocera: Moina affinis Birge

Cladocera of Phyllopoda is very common and widely distributed in freshwater and there are more species of Cladocera than Copepoda. In Vietnam also, many kind of species of Cladocera were found by the authors. Since long time, Cladocera is known like one of the best feed for larval stage of fish. This report includes distribution and species of Cladocera in South Vietnam freshwaters; life history of Moina affinis; culture of Moina affinis and the mass culture experimented at the Oceanographic Institute of Nhatrang, Vietnam.

Projected changes in tropical cyclones over Vietnam and the South China Sea using a 25 km regional climate model perturbed physics ensemble

The regional climate modelling system PRECIS, was run at 25 km horizontal resolution for 150 years (1949-2099) using global driving data from a five member perturbed physics ensemble (based on the coupled global climate model HadCM3). Output from these simulations was used to investigate projected changes in tropical cyclones (TCs) over Vietnam and the South China Sea due to global warming (under SRES scenario A1B). Thirty year climatological mean periods were used to look at projected changes in future (2069-2098) TCs compared to a 1961-1990 baseline. Present day results were compared qualitatively with IBTrACS observations and found to be reasonably realistic. Future projections show a 20-44 % decrease in TC frequency, although the spatial patterns of change differ between the ensemble members, and an increase of 27-53 % in the amount of TC associated precipitation. No statistically significant changes in TC intensity were found, however, the occurrence of more intense TCs (defined as those with a maximum 10 m wind speed > 35 m/s) was found to increase by 3-9 %. Projected increases in TC associated precipitation are likely caused by increased evaporation and availability of atmospheric water vapour, due to increased sea surface and atmospheric temperature. The mechanisms behind the projected changes in TC frequency are difficult to link explicitly; changes are most likely due to the combination of increased static stability, increased vertical wind shear and decreased upward motion, which suggest a decrease in the tropical overturning circulation.

Determinants of employment growth at MNEs:evidence from Egypt, India, South Africa and Vietnam

Many foreign investment operations into emerging markets are small, and are likely to have only a limited impact on the local economy. However, host governments often expect transfer of advanced technology from multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in these markets to local firms by way of inter-firm mobility of skilled labourers. The extent of such transfers would be limited, among other factors, by the size of the pool of skilled labourers that can potentially be mobile between MNEs and local firms. This, in turn, is determined by employment growth at the MNEs. We develop an empirical specification that models this employment growth, by drawing on both the economics and international business literature. This model is then estimated using firm-level data from four emerging markets. We find that wholly owned foreign direct investment operations have higher employment growth, while local industry and institutional characteristics moderate the growth effect. This suggests that policies encouraging foreign investors to set up in form of joint ventures may not actually raise the benefits for the host economy.