Chemical control of tomato basal rot caused by Pythiuma phanidermatum

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Quitosana na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de espécies olerícolas e no controle de fitopatógenos in vitro

Induction of resistance is defined as the activation of a state of resistance against diseases which is induced systemically in plants by the use of biotic or abiotic agents without any modification of the plant genome, occurring non-specific way, by activating genes coding for various plant defense responses. Chitosan is a polymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin, which is found in large quantities in crustacean shell, and studied with the potential to control plant pathogens, both by its direct fungistatic action, as the ability to induce protection of plants, indicating the presence of molecules of elicitoras characteristics. Three experiments with objective of evaluating the potential of chitosan in the seedling resistance induction were developed, beet (Beta vulgaris) seeds, cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seeds and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds, and the control of Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani K¨uhn e Pythium sp. in vitro conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Beet seeds, tomato and cucumber were submerged in chitosan solution for 20 minutes, in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2% in the control and distilled water. Seeds were sown in trays containing Plantmax Florestalr substrate sterilized and inoculated with Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani K¨unh and Pythium sp., respectively for the three cultures. The experiment was conducted for 14 days in growth chamber with controlled temperature (25 C 2 C), light (12 hour photoperiod) and humidity (70% 10%). The evaluations were seed emergency, seedling damping-off, seedling length, fresh weight and activity of the enzymes phenylalanine amˆonia-liase (PAL), chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase. It was also rated the mycelial growth of Fusarium sp., Pythium sp. and R. solani on P.D.A. (Potato-Dextrose and Agar) culture medium containing chitosan at the same concentrations evaluated in seeds. For beet growing, seed treatment with chitosan presented higher emergence and the length of the seedlings, and reduced the percentage of tipping. Treatment with chitosan activated the systemic acquired resistance with expression of chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase enzymes. For the tomato crop in chitosan concentration of 0.25% favored the emergency of seedlings, reduced the incidence of tipping and activated the PAL enzymes, chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase. In cucumber on the concentration of up 0.5% favored seedlings emergence and reduces the incidence of tipping. Chitosan activated the PAL enzymes and b-1,3-glucanase. Chitosan also presented fungistatic action on the initial growth of Pythium sp. and R. solani in vitro conditions, however, such action did not prevail until the end of the experiment. To Fusarium sp. the concentration of chitosan resulted in the reduction of mycelial growth in vitro.

Calidad fisiológica de semillas de berenjena, morrón y tomate tratadas con tiametoxam, un producto bioactivador

Considerando la escasa información referente al efecto del bioactivador tiametoxam y los potenciales beneficios que este compuesto puede proporcionar en producción de semillas, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia del producto en el desempeño fisiológico de semillas de berenjena, morrón y tomate. Semillas de tres lotes de cada una de las especies fueron tratadas con seis dosis crecientes de tiametoxam (0; 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 y 1,0 mL del producto por cada mil semillas) y sometidas a germinación, primer conteo de germinación, test de frío, test de envejecimiento acelerado, longitud total de las plántulas y emergencia de plántulas en invernadero. El bioactivador tuvo efecto positivo sobre los parámetros analizados, estimulando el desarrollo fisiológico de las semillas, con intensidades variables de acuerdo con el lote. En berenjena, el aumento medio porcentual de la germinación en el primer conteo tuvo un incremento de aproximadamente 11 %, en morrón de 13 % y para los lotes de tomate aproximadamente de 17 %. La dosis de 0,6 mL cada mil semillas resultó ser la más efectiva para aumentar el vigor de las semillas de las tres especies.

Efeito de doses e modo de fraccionamento de potássio na batata de indústria “VR0808”

O potássio é um dos macronutrientes que as plantas absorvem em maior quantidade, influenciando na batateira a produtividade e a qualidade dos tubérculos. A introdução de novas variedades de batata para indústria implica a avaliação prévia da sua adaptação às condições de solo, clima e tecnologia cultural. Neste contexto, instalou-se um ensaio em Salvaterra-de-Magos, em pleno campo de cultivo, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses e modo de fraccionamento (à plantação e em cobertura, após a emergência) de potássio (K2O) na batata de indústria “VR0808”. Foram avaliados 5 tratamentos: (K0-0kg/ha, K1-100kg/ha, K2-200kg/ha, K3-100+50+50kg/ha e K4-200+50+50kg/ha). O dispositivo experimental foi o de parcelas totalmente aleatórias, com 4 repetições. Foi possível concluir que, em relação ao rendimento, com excepção do K4-200+50+50kg/ha, não existiram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos com 0, 100, 200 e 100+50+50kg/ha de K2O. A mobilização do K2O de formas fixas e/ou de origem orgânica poderá explicar este resultado. Observou-se um decréscimo dos teores de Ca ao nível da folha e do teor de matéria seca dos tubérculos com o incremento do potássio.

Avaliação da fertilização azotada na produtividade e qualidade da variedade Hermes para indústria

O azoto é determinante na produtividade e na qualidade da batata para indústria. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de azoto na variedade de batata “Hermes”, em plena condições de cultivo do Vale do Tejo. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de 0 (N0), 80 (N80), 160 (N160), 240 (N240) e 320 (N320) kg de azoto/ha, na forma de ENTECÒ 26. O ensaio foi instalado em parcelas totalmente aleatórias, com 4 repetições. Foi registado semanal a taxa de cobertura de solo pelo método da grelha até à sua cobertura total. Bissemanalmente, foram recolhidas plantas nos tratamentos N0 (0kgN/ha) e N160 (160kgN/ha) para avaliação do seu desenvolvimento e crescimento. No final do ciclo cultural avaliou-se a produção total, comercial, em peso e número de tubérculos. Avaliou-se ainda o peso específico, os teores em matéria seca dos tubérculos e a percentagem do azoto total na matéria seca das folhas e tubérculos. A adubação azotada influenciou a dimensão do aparelho fotossintético, através do estímulo de ramificações. Verificou-se uma maior produtividade de tubérculos nos tratamentos com maior aplicação de azoto, embora os acréscimos tenham sido menores a partir dos 160kg/ha. O azoto influenciou a percentagem de tubérculos de maior calibre.

Colour differentiation of high-lycopene tomato fruit through the addition of the colourless-epidermis (y) mutation

High-lycopene tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are characterised by an intense red flesh-colour, due to an elevated concentration of the carotenoid, lycopene. However, this characteristic is only visible once fruit are cut open, making it impossible to differentiate intact high-lycopene fruit from standard tomato fruit, a clear market disadvantage. The reason that fruit colour of both high-lycopene and standard fruit looks almost identical from the outside is because tomato fruit normally contain the yellow flavonoid 'naringenin chalcone' in a thin layer of epidermal cells. It is this combination of naringenin chalcone and the underlying lycopene in the flesh that gives tomatoes their characteristic orange-red colour. By incorporation of the recessive colourless epidermis mutant allele 'y' (which prevents naringenin chalcone accumulation) into high-lycopene fruit, we have been able to create high-lycopene tomatoes (hp1.ogc.y) exhibiting a deep-pink colour visible from the outside. Hue angle of the skin of the high-lycopene 'y' mutant and a regular highlycopene tomato (hp1.ogc.Y) was 30 and 38°, respectively, while flesh values were similar at 31 and 32°, respectively. Removal of naringenin chalcone from the epidermis appeared to improve the visibility of underlying lycopene, such that fruit outer colour became a subsequent indicator of underlying flesh colour. The removal of epidermal pigmentation means that high-lycopene fruit can now be differentiated from standard tomato fruit in the market place without the need to cut fruit open.

Quantification of the effects of architectural traits on dry mass production and light interception of tomato canopy under different temperature regimes using a dynamic functional-structural plant model

There is increasing interest in evaluating the environmental effects on crop architectural traits and yield improvement. However, crop models describing the dynamic changes in canopy structure with environmental conditions and the complex interactions between canopy structure, light interception, and dry mass production are only gradually emerging. Using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) as a model crop, a dynamic functional-structural plant model (FSPM) was constructed, parameterized, and evaluated to analyse the effects of temperature on architectural traits, which strongly influence canopy light interception and shoot dry mass. The FSPM predicted the organ growth, organ size, and shoot dry mass over time with high accuracy (>85%). Analyses of this FSPM showed that, in comparison with the reference canopy, shoot dry mass may be affected by leaf angle by as much as 20%, leaf curvature by up to 7%, the leaf length: width ratio by up to 5%, internode length by up to 9%, and curvature ratios and leaf arrangement by up to 6%. Tomato canopies at low temperature had higher canopy density and were more clumped due to higher leaf area and shorter internodes. Interestingly, dry mass production and light interception of the clumped canopy were more sensitive to changes in architectural traits. The complex interactions between architectural traits, canopy light interception, dry mass production, and environmental conditions can be studied by the dynamic FSPM, which may serve as a tool for designing a canopy structure which is 'ideal' in a given environment.

Dinâmica da regeneração natural de áreas em restauração pela transposição de solo superficial de cerrado e de floresta estacional

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ecologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2015.

Variation, correlation and heritability of interest characters for selection of African eggplant

The eggplant ( Solanum aethiopicum ) is the species of the Solanum genus, whose geographical distribution is broadest. It is grown throughout tropical Africa, and includes three groups of cultivars commonly called African or indigenous eggplant. Kumba group or “bitter eggplant” is an important Solanaceous vegetable crop in Burkina Faso. The objective of this study was to determine genetic variability, strength of association and level of heritability among agronomic interest traits. Phenotypic and genotypic variations and heritability of 14 traits were estimated in 61 accessions at Institut de Développement Rural (IDR), Gampela in Burkina Faso. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for fruit diameter, number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight, leaf blade length and width, and height at flowering. In addition, genetic and phenotypic variances were high for the number of seed, fruit weight, plant height at flowering and days to 50% flowering. High heritability estimates were recorded for all traits. Fruit weight showed a positive association with fruit diameter and thickness. The fifty percent flowering cycle registered positive correlations with plant height and fruit diameter. Fruit number showed a negative association with fruit weight and diameter, and 50% flowering cyle.

High temperature and vapor pressure deficit aggravate architectural effects but ameliorate non-architectural effects of salinity on dry mass production of tomato

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop and often cultivated in regions exposed to salinity and high temperatures (HT) which change plant architecture, decrease canopy light interception and disturb physiological functions. However, the long-term effects of salinity and HT combination (S+HT) on plant growth are still unclear. A dynamic functional-structural plant model (FSPM) of tomato was parameterized and evaluated for different levels of S+HT combinations. The evaluated model was used to quantify the contributions of morphological changes (architectural effects) and physiological disturbances (non-architectural effects) on the reduction of shoot dry mass under S+HT. The model predicted architectural variables with high accuracy (>85%), which ensured the reliability of the model analyses. HT enhanced architectural effects but reduced non-architectural effects of salinity on dry mass production. The stronger architectural effects of salinity under HT could not be counterbalanced by the smaller non-architectural effects. Therefore, long-term influences of HT on shoot dry mass under salinity were negative at the whole plant level. Our model analysis highlights the importance of plant architecture at canopy level in studying the plant responses to the environments and shows the merits of dynamic FSPMs as heuristic tools.

Chemical control of tomato basal rot caused by Pythiuma phanidermatum

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Relations between zero-inflated variables in trials with horticultural crops

Certain characteristics of some vegetable crops allow multiple harvests during the production cycle; however, to our knowledge, no study has described the behavior of fruit production with progression of the production cycle in vegetable crops with multiple harvests that present data overdispersion. We aimed to characterize the data overdispersion of zero-inflated variables and identify the behavior of these variables during the production cycle of several vegetable crops with multiple harvests. Data from 11 uniformity trials were used without applying treatments; these comprise the database from the Experimental Plants Group at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. The trials were conducted using four horticultural species grown during different cultivation seasons, cultivation environments, and experimental structures. Although at each harvest, a larger number of basic units with harvest fruit was observed than units without harvest fruit, the basic unit percentage without fruit was high, generating an overdispersion within each individual harvest. The variability within each harvest was high and increased with the evolution of the production cycle of Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Cucurbita pepo species. However, the correlation coefficient between the mean weight and number of harvest fruits tended to remain constant during the crop production cycle. These behaviors show that harvest management should be done individually, at each harvest, such that data overdispersion is reduced.

Caracterização de um ecossistema sujeito a desflorestação e conversão do uso do solo na região de Quibala, Angola

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Alternate furrow irrigation of four fresh-market tomato cultivars under semi-arid condition of Ethiopia – Part I: Effect on fruit yield and quality

Scarcity of freshwater due to recurrent drought threatens the sustainable crop production in semi-arid regions of Ethiopia. Deficit irrigation is thought to be one of the promising strategies to increase water use efficiency (WUE) under scarce water resources. A study was carried out to investigate the effect of alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), deficit irrigation (DI) and full irrigation (FI) on marketable fruit yield, WUE and physio-chemical quality of four fresh-market tomato cultivars (Fetan, Chali, Cochoro and ARP Tomato d2) in 2013 and 2014. The results showed that marketable yield, numbers of fruits per plant and fruit size were not significantly affected by AFI and DI irrigations. WUE under AFI and DI increased by 36.7% and 26.1%, respectively with close to 30% irrigation water savings achieved. A different response of cultivars to irrigation treatments was found for marketable yield, number of fruits and fruit size, WUE, total soluble solids (TSS) of the fruit juice, titratable acids (TA) and skin thickness. Cochoro and Fetan performed well under both deficit irrigation treatments exhibited by bigger fruit size which led to higher WUE. ARP Tomato d2 showed good yields under well-watered conditions. Chali had consistently lower marketable fruit yield and WUE. TSS and TA tended to increase under deficit irrigation; however, the overall variations were more explained by irrigation treatments than by cultivars. It was shown that AFI is a suitable deficit irrigation practice to increase fresh yield, WUE and quality of tomato in areas with low water availability. However, AFI requires suitable cultivars in order to exploit its water saving potential.

Fitoextracção de cádmio de solos contaminados, com plantas seleccionadas

A remediação de locais contaminados com metais pesados usando plantas hiperacumuladoras aparenta ser uma alternativa bastante viável. Neste trabalho comparou-se a acumulação e tolerância ao cádmio (Cd), ambas baseadas nas respostas ao stress oxidativo em três espécies de plantas diferentes: Brassica juncea (L.) Czem., Nicotiana tabacum L. e Solanum nigrum L., descritas na literatura como plantas bastante tolerantes ou até com características híper acumuladoras. As plantas cresceram num solo contaminado com diferentes concentrações de Cd (O- 35 mg kg-1) durante um período de 90 dias. O factor de translocação (FT), utilizado para medir a translocação efectiva do Cd da raiz para a parte aérea, variou consideravelmente entre as espécies desenvolvidas. A N. tabacum foi a planta que apresentou os maiores valores de FT. Neste trabalho foi a única planta que preencheu todas as condições para ser considerada hiperacumuladora para todos os níveis de contaminação do solo. Por outro lado, a S. nigrum apresentou os maiores valores de concentração de Cd nos tecidos, com um FT > 1, na presença de 5 mg Cd kg·1 de solo. Apesar da B. juncea ter apresentado um resultado de FT inferior às restantes, foi a única planta com valores crescentes de FT com o aumento da contaminação de Cd. O stress oxidativo nas plantas desenvolvidas foi avaliado pela peroxidação lipídica e pelas actividades da catalase (CAT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) e superóxido dismutase (SOO), quer na raiz quer na parte aérea. Foi observado um aumento significativo (versus controlo) na peroxidação lipídica e actividade enzimática da CATe APX na parte aérea da B. juncea, N. tabacum e S. nigrum para os níveis de contaminação mais elevados, 15 e/ou 35 mg Cd kg-1 A B. juncea apresentou maior sensibilidade na resposta da GPX, para todas as concentrações de Cd no solo. A peroxidação lipídica e a actividade da CAT foram superiores na parte aérea em relação à raiz para todas as plantas em todas as contaminações de Cd presentes no solo. A actividade da SOO não apresentou respostas consistentes para nenhuma das plantas. ABSTRACT: Remediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals using hyper accumulators seems a promising alternative to engineering approaches. ln this work, we compared cadmium (Cd) accumulation and tolerance (based on responses to oxidative stress) in three different species, Brassica juncea (L) Czem., Nicotiana tabacum L. and Solanum nigrum L., described in the literature as very tolerant or even as hyper accumulators. The plants were grown in soil spiked with different Cd concentrations (O- 35 mg kg- 1) over a period of 90 days. The translocation factor (TF), used to measure the effectiveness of translocating Cd from roots to shoots, depended greatly on the species. N. tabacum was the plant which exhibited the highest TF values. lt was the only plant under study that fulfilled the conditions of a hyper accumulator for all levels of soil contamination. On the other hand, S. nigrum presented the highest Cd concentration in plant tissues, with TF > 1 in the presence of 5 mg Cd kg-1 of soil. Although B. juncea had presented the lowest TF and Cd concentrations, it was the only plant with TF values increasing with the level of cadmium. Oxidative stress in plants was evaluated by lipid peroxidation and activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOO), both in roots and shoots. A significant enhancement (versus control) on lipid peroxidation and enzymatic activity of CAT and APX in shoots of B. juncea, N. tabacum and S. nigrum was observed for the highest levels of Cd in soil, 15 and/or 35 mg Cd kg-1. B. juncea presented the most sensitive response of GPX, for all levels of Cd in soil. Lipid peroxidation and CAT activity were greater in shoots than in roots for all plants and soil Cd concentrations. SOO activity did not present consistent trends for any plant.