Papaya seedlings irrigation with saline water in soil with bovine biofertilizer

Water used for irrigation in semiarid regions of the world is not always of good quality, and may contain salts levels that inhibit plants growth. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth of papaya ( Carica papaya L.) ‘Golden’ seedlings irrigated with saline water in soil with and without bovine biofertilizer produced by anaerobic fermentation of a mixture of fresh bovine manure and water. The experiment was carried out in Areia County, Paraiba State, Brazil. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks using a factorial design 5 × 2 relative to five salinity levels in irrigation water of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 dS m-1 in soil with and without bovine biofertilizer, corresponding to 10% of the substrate volume. At 90 d after emergence (DAE), both the electrical conductivity (EC) in soil saturation extract, biometric growth and DM production of papaya seedlings were evaluated. Increased salinity from 0.5 to 4.0 dS m-1 raised, within 90 DAE, soil EC of saturation extract (ECse) from 1.19 to 3.95 dS m-1 and from 1.23 to 3.63 dS m-1 in treatments with and without bovine biofertilizer, respectively. Also, the increase in water salinity from 0.5 dS m-1 to the estimated maximum values ranging from 1.46 to 2.13 dS m-1 stimulated seedling height to 11.42 and 18.72 cm in soil with and without bovine biofertilizer, respectively. Higher salinity levels in irrigation water increased soil salinity levels to values that inhibited both growth and quality of papaya seedlings, but with less severity when treated with bovine biofertilizer.

A laboratory-scale buried charge simulator

An experimental technique has been developed in order to mimic the effect of landmine loading on materials and structures to be studied in a laboratory setting, without the need for explosives. Compressed gas is discharged beneath a sand layer, simulating the dynamic flow generated by a buried explosive. High speed photography reveals that the stages of soil motion observed during a landmine blast are replicated. The effect of soil saturation and the depth of the sand layer on sand motion are evaluated. Two series of experiments have been performed with the buried charge simulator to characterise subsequent impact of the sand. First, the time variation in pressure and impulse during sand impact on a stationary target is evaluated using a Kolsky bar apparatus. It is found that the pressure pulse imparted to the Kolsky bar consists of two phases: an initial transient phase of high pressure (attributed to wave propagation effects in the impacting sand), followed by a lower pressure phase of longer duration (due to lateral flow of the sand against the Kolsky bar). Both phases make a significant contribution to the total imparted impulse. It is found that wet sand exerts higher peak pressures and imparts a larger total impulse than dry sand. The level of imparted impulse is determined as a function of sand depth, and of stand-off distance between the sand and the impacted end of the Kolsky bar. The second study uses a vertical impulse pendulum to measure the momentum imparted by sand impact to a target which is free to move vertically. The effect of target mass upon imparted momentum is investigated. It is concluded that the laboratory-scale sand impact apparatus is a flexible tool for investigating the interactions between structures and dynamic sand flows. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

STRUCTURE OF THE SHRUB-ARBOREAL COMPONENT OF AN ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENT ON A HILLOCK IN THE CENTRAL LOWLAND OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The present study describes and evaluates the horizontal and vertical structures of a lowland forest fragment on a hillock in the municipality of Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (22 degrees 31`56 `` S and 42 degrees 20`46 `` W). Twenty plots (10x2m) totaling 0.5ha were laid out following the slope grade using DBH >= 5cm as the inclusion criterion. A total of 734 individuals were encountered, yielding a total density of 1468 ind./ha and a total basal area of 10783m(2). The richness values (129 species/41 families), Shannon-Wiener diversity (4.22) and equitability (0.87) indices indicated an accentuated floristic heterogeneity and low ecological dominance. Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae showed the greatest species richness, corroborating other studies that indicated these species as the most representative of Atlantic Forest areas in southeastern Brazil. The species with the greatest importance values (VI) were Aparisthmium cordatum, Guapira opposita, Lacistema pubescens, Xylopia sericea, Tapirira guianensis and Piptocarpha macropoda. The high diversity observed was influenced by earlier anthropogenic actions and by the current successional stage. The forest fragment studied demonstrated closer floristic similarity to areas inventoried in a close-by biological reserve than to fragments dispersed throughout the coastal plain. Similarities in soil type, degree of soil saturation and use-history of forest resources all support these relationships. The fragmented physiognomy of the central lowland in this region and the use-history of the landscape make these small remnant forest areas important in terms of establishing strategies for landscape restoration and species conservation.

Crescimento radicular e nutrição de cultivares de algodoeiro em resposta à calagem

O crescimento radicular do algodoeiro é controlado geneticamente, mas fatores do solo como Al tóxico e baixos teores de Ca podem prejudicá-lo. Foi aplicado calcário a um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro de textura média com 10% de saturação por bases, para se atingir 30, 50 e 70% de saturação do solo por bases (usando-se quatro níveis de saturação), com o objetivo de estudar o crescimento radicular e a nutrição de três cultivares de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum L., v. latifolium Hutch): IAC 20, IAC 22 e CNPA-ITA 90, em resposta à calagem. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos com 4 L de solo, em condições de casa de vegetação, até 37 dias após a emergência das plantas, num delineamento fatorial 3 x 4, com quatro repetições em blocos casualisados. A calagem foi necessária para um bom crescimento radicular do algodoeiro. A cultivar IAC 22 mostrou sistema radicular mais tolerante à baixa saturação por bases, em comparação com IAC 20 e CNPA-ITA 90, mas o máximo crescimento radicular ocorreu em saturação por bases ao redor de 50%, nas três cultivares. CNPA-ITA 90 foi mais exigente em K e mais tolerante ao Mn, com menor produção de matéria seca nas saturações mais altas.

Fontes e doses de corretivos de acidez no solo na nutrição e produção de alface

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Resposta do cafeeiro à inoculação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, em latossolo vermelho, do cerrado

The aim of this study was evaluate the response of two coffee cultivars (tolerant and sensitive to aluminum - Al), inoculated or not by two arbuscular mycorriza fungi (AMF), Gigaspora margarita and Glomus etunicatum, in cerrado Oxisol, with different base saturation. This experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions, with a complete randomized design, in a 2x3x2 factorial scheme, consisting of 2 cultivars (tolerante and sensitive to Al), 3 treatments with mycorrhizal (inoculated with two species of AMF and without inoculation) and 3 levels of soil base saturation (30, 45 and 53 V%), with five replicates per treatment. The variables were: plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll concentration, root colonization and number of AMF spores. Mycorrhizae isolates promoted greater response of coffee plants, in acid soil with high concentration of Al, but this response was observed for both cultivars when plants were colonized by G. margarita. The cultivars evaluated showed no differences in Al tolerance when non inoculated.

Comprimento radicular e nutrição de cultivares de painço em resposta à calagem

Information on improved cultivars of fall panicum and cultural practices concerning its cultivation is scarce in Brazil. So, the objectives of this research work were to evaluate root length and the mineral nutrition of fall panicum plants as influenced by liming in an acidic soil. The experiment was conducted in vases containing 13 dm3 of soil under greenhouse conditions up to 44 days after seedling emergence. The experimental units were distributed inside the green house according to a completely random design in a 2 X 4 factorial scheme, that is, two fall panicum cultivars (‘AL Mogi’ and ‘AL Tibagi’) and four doses (0.0, 1.67, 2.91, and 4.15 t ha-1 ). The experimental units were replicated 4 times. ‘AL Tibagi’ plants root system showed more tolerance to soil conditions of low base saturation. That cultivar also absorbed more efficiently P, N, Ca, Mg, and K from the acidic soil. Liming brought about increments of P, N, Ca, Mg, and S absorption by the fall panicum cultivars.

Riego por goteo en Mendoza, Argentina : : evaluación de la uniformidad del riego y del incremento de salinidad, sodicidad e iones cloruro en el suelo

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto evaluar la uniformidad del riego por goteo en las zonas de regadío de las cuencas de los ríos Mendoza y Tunuyán (zonas Alta y Baja), de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. Las evaluaciones -en 17 propiedades- permitieron determinar: coeficientes de uniformidad, salinidad del agua de riego y del suelo en cabeza, medio y pie de la subunidad de riego, y en el bulbo húmedo e interfilar en dos estratos del perfil del suelo (0,10‑0,30 m y 0,30-0,50 m). Se determinó, además, la textura del suelo y su posible relación con los niveles de salinidad de la rizósfera. Se estimó que el 18% de las subunidades de riego evaluadas presentan un coeficiente de uniformidad por debajo del rango recomendable y que en el 94% de las propiedades existen diferencias significativas entre caudales medios registrados entre subunidades y entre sectores de operación de riego. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la salinidad del extracto de saturación, en la sodicidad y en la concentración del anión cloruro, al comparar el suelo extraído del bulbo de mojado respecto del interfilar. Asimismo, los resultados muestran que no existen diferencias significativas de esas variables en las distintas profundidades de suelo analizadas. El aumento de la salinidad resultó en función del lugar de muestreo (bulbo o interfilar), la calidad del agua de riego y la textura del suelo. La variación de sodicidad, en cambio, dependió del lugar de muestreo (bulbo o interfilar) y del contenido de bicarbonatos en el suelo. Los resultados indican la importancia de realizar evaluaciones rutinarias del comportamiento de los sistemas de riego en términos de uniformidad y salinización inducida.

Development and evaluation of a geographic information system based method to estimate flooding susceptibility in an area of Broward County, Florida

The objective of this study was to develop a GIS-based multi-class index overlay model to determine areas susceptible to inland flooding during extreme precipitation events in Broward County, Florida. Data layers used in the method include Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper (ALTM) elevation data, excess precipitation depth determined through performing a Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Curve Number (CN) analysis, and the slope of the terrain. The method includes a calibration procedure that uses "weights and scores" criteria obtained from Hurricane Irene (1999) records, a reported 100-year precipitation event, Doppler radar data and documented flooding locations. Results are displayed in maps of Eastern Broward County depicting types of flooding scenarios for a 100-year, 24-hour storm based on the soil saturation conditions. As expected the results of the multi-class index overlay analysis showed that an increase for the potential of inland flooding could be expected when a higher antecedent moisture condition is experienced. The proposed method proves to have some potential as a predictive tool for flooding susceptibility based on a relatively simple approach.

Paléoécologie d’une tourbière à pergélisol en dégradation du sud des Territoires du Nord-Ouest : implications pour le cycle du carbone

Les tourbières ont contribué à refroidir le climat terrestre pendant l’Holocène en accumulant un réservoir de carbone important. Dans la forêt boréale canadienne, les sols gelés en permanence (pergélisols) sont répandus et ceux-ci sont principalement localisés dans les tourbières où ils forment des plateaux surélevés. Le dégel du pergélisol, causé entre autres par le réchauffement atmosphérique ou d’autres perturbations, provoque l’effondrement des plateaux et la saturation en eau du sol ce qui modifie entre autres le couvert végétal et le cycle du carbone. Les modélisations suggèrent que les latitudes nordiques seront les plus affectées par le réchauffement climatique alors qu’on y observe déjà un recul du couvert du pergélisol. Il est primordial de comprendre comment le dégel du pergélisol affecte la fonction de puits de carbone des tourbières puisque des rétroactions sur le climat sont possibles si une grande quantité de gaz à effet de serre est émise ou séquestrée. J’utilise une chronoséquence représentant le temps depuis le dégel d’un plateau de pergélisol des Territoires du Nord-Ouest pour comprendre les facteurs influençant l’aggradation et la dégradation du pergélisol dans les tourbières et évaluer l’effet du dégel sur l’accumulation de carbone et la préservation du carbone déjà accumulé. Les taux d’accumulation de carbone associés à la présence de pergélisol dans le passé et au présent sont lents, et la tourbe est moins décomposée dans les secteurs ayant été affectés plus longtemps par le pergélisol. En somme, le pergélisol réduit l’accumulation de carbone en surface mais permet une meilleure préservation du carbone déjà accumulé.

Paléoécologie d’une tourbière à pergélisol en dégradation du sud des Territoires du Nord-Ouest : implications pour le cycle du carbone

Les tourbières ont contribué à refroidir le climat terrestre pendant l’Holocène en accumulant un réservoir de carbone important. Dans la forêt boréale canadienne, les sols gelés en permanence (pergélisols) sont répandus et ceux-ci sont principalement localisés dans les tourbières où ils forment des plateaux surélevés. Le dégel du pergélisol, causé entre autres par le réchauffement atmosphérique ou d’autres perturbations, provoque l’effondrement des plateaux et la saturation en eau du sol ce qui modifie entre autres le couvert végétal et le cycle du carbone. Les modélisations suggèrent que les latitudes nordiques seront les plus affectées par le réchauffement climatique alors qu’on y observe déjà un recul du couvert du pergélisol. Il est primordial de comprendre comment le dégel du pergélisol affecte la fonction de puits de carbone des tourbières puisque des rétroactions sur le climat sont possibles si une grande quantité de gaz à effet de serre est émise ou séquestrée. J’utilise une chronoséquence représentant le temps depuis le dégel d’un plateau de pergélisol des Territoires du Nord-Ouest pour comprendre les facteurs influençant l’aggradation et la dégradation du pergélisol dans les tourbières et évaluer l’effet du dégel sur l’accumulation de carbone et la préservation du carbone déjà accumulé. Les taux d’accumulation de carbone associés à la présence de pergélisol dans le passé et au présent sont lents, et la tourbe est moins décomposée dans les secteurs ayant été affectés plus longtemps par le pergélisol. En somme, le pergélisol réduit l’accumulation de carbone en surface mais permet une meilleure préservation du carbone déjà accumulé.

Soil carbon saturation : implications for measurable carbon pool dynamics in long-term incubations

The efficiency of agricultural management practices to store SOC depends on C input level and how far a soil is from its saturation level (i.e. saturation deficit). The C Saturation hypothesis suggests an ultimate soil C stabilization capacity defined by four SOM pools capable of C saturation: (1) non-protected, (2) physically protected, (3) chemically protected and (4) biochemically protected. We tested if C saturation deficit and the amount of added C influenced SOC storage in measurable soil fractions corresponding to the conceptual chemical, physical, biochemical, and non-protected C pools. We added two levels of C-13- labeled residue to soil samples from seven agricultural sites that were either closer to (i.e., A-horizon) or further from (i.e., C-horizon) their C saturation level and incubated them for 2.5 years. Residue-derived C stabilization was, in most sites, directly related to C saturation deficit but mechanisms of C stabilization differed between the chemically and biochemically protected pools. The physically protected C pool showed a varied effect of C saturation deficit on C-13 stabilization, due to opposite behavior of the POM and mineral fractions. We found distinct behavior between unaggregated and aggregated mineral-associated fractions emphasizing the mechanistic difference between the chemically and physically protected C-pools. To accurately predict SOC dynamics and stabilization, C Saturation of soil C pools, particularly the chemically and biochemically protected pools, should be considered. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soil carbon saturation : evaluation and corroboration by long-term incubations

Although current assessments of agricultural management practices on soil organic C (SOC) dynamics are usually conducted without any explicit consideration of limits to soil C storage, it has been hypothesized that the SOC pool has an upper, or saturation limit with respect to C input levels at steady state. Agricultural management practices that increase C input levels over time produce a new equilibrium soil C content. However, multiple C input level treatments that produce no increase in SOC stocks at equilibrium show that soils have become saturated with respect to C inputs. SOC storage of added C input is a function of how far a soil is from saturation level (saturation deficit) as well as C input level. We tested experimentally if C saturation deficit and varying C input levels influenced soil C stabilization of added C-13 in soils varying in SOC content and physiochemical characteristics. We incubated for 2.5 years soil samples from seven agricultural sites that were closer to (i.e., A-horizon) or further from (i.e., C-horizon) their C saturation limit. At the initiation of the incubations, samples received low or high C input levels of 13 C-labeled wheat straw. We also tested the effect of Ca addition and residue quality on a subset of these soils. We hypothesized that the proportion of C stabilized would be greater in samples with larger C Saturation deficits (i.e., the C- versus A-horizon samples) and that the relative stabilization efficiency (i.e., Delta SCC/Delta C input) would decrease as C input level increased. We found that C saturation deficit influenced the stabilization of added residue at six out of the seven sites and C addition level affected the stabilization of added residue in four sites, corroborating both hypotheses. Increasing Ca availability or decreasing residue quality had no effect on the stabilization of added residue. The amount of new C stabilized was significantly related to C saturation deficit, supporting the hypothesis that C saturation influenced C stabilization at all our sites. Our results suggest that soils with low C contents and degraded lands may have the greatest potential and efficiency to store added C because they are further from their saturation level. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soil carbon saturation: Linking concept and measurable carbon pools

The soil C saturation concept suggests a limit to whole soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation determined by inherent physicochemical characteristics of four soil C pools: unprotected, physically protected, chemically protected, and biochemically protected. Previous attempts to quantify soil C sequestration capacity have focused primarily on silt and clay protection and largely ignored the effects of soil structural protection and biochemical protection. We assessed two contrasting models of SOC accumulation, one with no saturation limit (i.e., linear first-order model) and one with an explicit soil C saturation limit (i.e., C saturation model). We isolated soil fractions corresponding to the C pools (i.e., free particulate organic matter POM], microaggregate-associated C, silt- and clay-associated C, and non-hydrolyzable C) from eight long-term agroecosystern experiments across the United States and Canada. Due to the composite nature of the physically protected C pool, we firactioned it into mineral- vs. POM-associated C. Within each site, the number of fractions fitting the C saturation model was directly related to maximum SOC content, suggesting that a broad range in SOC content is necessary to evaluate fraction C saturation. The two sites with the greatest SOC range showed C saturation behavior in the chemically, biochemically, and some mineral-associated fractions of the physically protected pool. The unprotected pool and the aggregate-protected POM showed linear, nonsaturating behavior. Evidence of C saturation of chemically and biochemically protected SOC pools was observed at sites far from their theoretical C saturation level, while saturation of aggregate-protected fractions occurred in soils closer to their C saturation level.

Soil carbon saturation : concept, evidence and evaluation

Current estimates of soil C storage potential are based on models or factors that assume linearity between C input levels and C stocks at steady-state, implying that SOC stocks could increase without limit as C input levels increase. However, some soils show little or no increase in steady-state SOC stock with increasing C input levels suggesting that SOC can become saturated with respect to C input. We used long-term field experiment data to assess alternative hypotheses of soil carbon storage by three simple models: a linear model (no saturation), a one-pool whole-soil C saturation model, and a two-pool mixed model with C saturation of a single C pool, but not the whole soil. The one-pool C saturation model best fit the combined data from 14 sites, four individual sites were best-fit with the linear model, and no sites were best fit by the mixed model. These results indicate that existing agricultural field experiments generally have too small a range in C input levels to show saturation behavior, and verify the accepted linear relationship between soil C and C input used to model SOM dynamics. However, all sites combined and the site with the widest range in C input levels were best fit with the C-saturation model. Nevertheless, the same site produced distinct effective stabilization capacity curves rather than an absolute C saturation level. We conclude that the saturation of soil C does occur and therefore the greatest efficiency in soil C sequestration will be in soils further from C saturation.