Application of a digital elevation model for flood modeling for the Pagsangaan River in Leyte

Flood related scientific and community-based data are rarely systematically collected and analysed in the Philippines. Over the last decades the Pagsangaan River Basin, Leyte, has experienced several flood events. However, documentation describing flood characteristics such as extent, duration or height of these floods are close to non-existing. To address this issue, computerized flood modelling was used to reproduce past events where there was data available for at least partial calibration and validation. The model was also used to provide scenario-based predictions based on A1B climate change assumptions for the area. The most important input for flood modelling is a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the river basin. No accurate topographic maps or Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR)-generated data are available for the Pagsangaan River. Therefore, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Map (GDEM), Version 1, was chosen as the DEM. Although the horizontal spatial resolution of 30 m is rather desirable, it contains substantial vertical errors. These were identified, different correction methods were tested and the resulting DEM was used for flood modelling. The above mentioned data were combined with cross-sections at various strategic locations of the river network, meteorological records, river water level, and current velocity to develop the 1D-2D flood model. SOBEK was used as modelling software to create different rainfall scenarios, including historic flooding events. Due to the lack of scientific data for the verification of the model quality, interviews with local stakeholders served as the gauge to judge the quality of the generated flood maps. According to interviewees, the model reflects reality more accurately than previously available flood maps. The resulting flood maps are now used by the operations centre of a local flood early warning system for warnings and evacuation alerts. Furthermore these maps can serve as a basis to identify flood hazard areas for spatial land use planning purposes.

Development of a computer based 1D-2D dynamic flood model. Case study of the Pagsangaan river basin in Leyte, the Philippines

Floods are among the most devastating events that affect primarily tropical, archipelagic countries such as the Philippines. With the current predictions of climate change set to include rising sea levels, intensification of typhoon strength and a general increase in the mean annual precipitation throughout the Philippines, it has become paramount to prepare for the future so that the increased risk of floods on the country does not translate into more economic and human loss. Field work and data gathering was done within the framework of an internship at the former German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) in cooperation with the Local Government Unit of Ormoc City, Leyte, The Philippines, in order to develop a dynamic computer based flood model for the basin of the Pagsangaan River. To this end, different geo-spatial analysis tools such as PCRaster and ArcGIS, hydrological analysis packages and basic engineering techniques were assessed and implemented. The aim was to develop a dynamic flood model and use the development process to determine the required data, availability and impact on the results as case study for flood early warning systems in the Philippines. The hope is that such projects can help to reduce flood risk by including the results of worst case scenario analyses and current climate change predictions into city planning for municipal development, monitoring strategies and early warning systems. The project was developed using a 1D-2D coupled model in SOBEK (Deltares Hydrological modelling software package) and was also used as a case study to analyze and understand the influence of different factors such as land use, schematization, time step size and tidal variation on the flood characteristics. Several sources of relevant satellite data were compared, such as Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) from ASTER and SRTM data, as well as satellite rainfall data from the GIOVANNI server (NASA) and field gauge data. Different methods were used in the attempt to partially calibrate and validate the model to finally simulate and study two Climate Change scenarios based on scenario A1B predictions. It was observed that large areas currently considered not prone to floods will become low flood risk (0.1-1 m water depth). Furthermore, larger sections of the floodplains upstream of the Lilo- an’s Bridge will become moderate flood risk areas (1 - 2 m water depth). The flood hazard maps created for the development of the present project will be presented to the LGU and the model will be used to create a larger set of possible flood prone areas related to rainfall intensity by GTZ’s Local Disaster Risk Management Department and to study possible improvements to the current early warning system and monitoring of the basin section belonging to Ormoc City; recommendations about further enhancement of the geo-hydro-meteorological data to improve the model’s accuracy mainly on areas of interest will also be presented at the LGU.

Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters

Carbon dioxide (CO2) transfer from inland waters to the atmosphere, known as CO2 evasion, is a component of the global carbon cycle. Global estimates of CO2 evasion have been hampered, however, by the lack of a framework for estimating the inland water surface area and gas transfer velocity and by the absence of a global CO2 database. Here we report regional variations in global inland water surface area, dissolved CO2 and gas transfer velocity. We obtain global CO2 evasion rates of 1.8petagrams of carbon (Pg C) per year from streams and rivers and 0.32Pg Cyr-1 from lakes and reservoirs, where the upper and lower limits are respectively the 5th and 95th confidence interval percentiles. The resulting global evasion rate of 2.1 Pg Cyr-1 is higher than previous estimates owing to a larger stream and river evasion rate. Our analysis predicts global hotspots in stream and river evasion, with about 70 per cent of the flux occurring over just 20 per cent of the land surface. The source of inland water CO2 is still not known with certainty and new studies are needed to research the mechanisms controlling CO2 evasion globally. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

Livre des Morts de Nésyménou. Egyptien 123

Fragment 3 :Col. 1 + vignette (très fragmentaires) : ?Col. 2 + vignette : chapitre 86 (formule pour prendre l'aspect d'une hirondelle). La vignette contient une hirondelle sur une butte.Col. 3 + vignette : chapitre 87 (formule pour prendre l'aspect d'un serpent-sata). La vignette montre un serpent à tête humaine. Col. 4 + vignette : chapitre 88 (formule pour faire une transformation en crocodile Sobek). La vignette montre une crocodile momiforme.Col. 5 + vignette : chapitre 89 (formule pour permettre que la ba atteigne son cadavre dans la nécropole). La vignette montre l'oiseau-ba volant au-dessus du cadavre allongé sur le lit funéraire.Col. 6 + vignette (fragmentaires) : chapitre 90 (?). La vignette montre le défunt debout les bras en avant.Fragment 2 :Col. 1 + vignette (fragmentaires) : ? Seul un morceau de la vignette est conservé où l'on voit une divinité debout.Col. 2 + vignette : chapitre 91 (formule pour ne pas retenir le ba du défunt dans la nécropole). La vignette montre le défunt debout devant son oiseau-ba.Col. 3 + vignette : chapitre 92 (formule pour ouvrir la tombe pour le ba et pour l'ombre du défunt pour sa sortie pendant le jour). La vignette représente le défunt devant une chapelle où l'on voit l'oiseau-ba.Col. 4 + vignette : chapitre 93 (formule pour ne pas permettre que le défunt ne traverse vers l'Orient dans la nécropole). La vignette représente une divinité assise sur une barque avec le signe de l'Orient.Col. 5 + vignette (voir cadre suivant) : début du chapitre 98 (formule pour aller chercher le bac dans le ciel). La vignette montre la proue de la barque.Fragment 1 (prend place au sein des fragments du cadre suivant Egyptien 122) :Col. 1 + vignette : chapitre 102 (formule pour descendre dans la barque). La vignette représente Rê assis sur sa barque.Col. 2 + vignette (fragmentaires) : ? La vignette laisse deviner une barque.

The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is described. The detector operates at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It was conceived to study proton-proton (and lead-lead) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV (5.5 TeV nucleon-nucleon) and at luminosities up to 10(34)cm(-2)s(-1) (10(27)cm(-2)s(-1)). At the core of the CMS detector sits a high-magnetic-field and large-bore superconducting solenoid surrounding an all-silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead-tungstate scintillating-crystals electromagnetic calorimeter, and a brass-scintillator sampling hadron calorimeter. The iron yoke of the flux-return is instrumented with four stations of muon detectors covering most of the 4 pi solid angle. Forward sampling calorimeters extend the pseudo-rapidity coverage to high values (vertical bar eta vertical bar <= 5) assuring very good hermeticity. The overall dimensions of the CMS detector are a length of 21.6 m, a diameter of 14.6 m and a total weight of 12500 t.

Targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110-α isoform impairs cell proliferation, survival, and tumor growth in small cell lung cancer

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is fundamental for cell proliferation and survival and is frequently altered and activated in neoplasia, including carcinomas of the lung. In this study, we investigated the potential of targeting the catalytic class I(A) PI3K isoforms in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which is the most aggressive of all lung cancer types.

Masarykova čítanka : die II. /

Cover title of v. 2: Druhá Masarykova čítanka

METS Editor: The Basics, for use with dPanther

This presentation was created for the purpose of an FIU libraries' workshop specifically for administrators of dPanther. This presentation covers specific problems in creating metadata with the METS editor for upload to dPanther and how to resolve these issues.