Strength analysis of steel-concrete composite beams in combined bending and shear

Despite experimental evidences, the contributions of the concrete slab and composite action to the vertical shear strength of simply supported steel-concrete composite beams are not considered in current design codes, which lead to conservative designs. In this paper, the finite element method is used to investigate the flexural and shear strengths of simply supported composite beams under combined bending and shear. A three-dimensional finite element model has been developed to account for geometric and material nonlinear behavior of composite beams, and verified by experimental results. The verified finite element model is than employed to quantify the contributions of the concrete slab and composite action to the moment and shear capacities of composite beams. The effect of the degree of shear connection on the vertical shear strength of deep composite beams loaded in shear is studied. Design models for vertical shear strength including contributions from the concrete slab and composite action and for the ultimate moment-shear interaction ate proposed for the design of simply supported composite beams in combined bending and shear. The proposed design models provide a consistent and economical design procedure for simply supported composite beams.

CFRP-Steel hybrid retrofitting of steel-concrete composite structures

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is found to be an effective material for the retrofitting of both reinforced concrete (RC) and steel structures. However, retrofitting such structures using CFRP alone is shown to exhibit a premature failure due to early de-bonding of the CFRP laminates from the hosting sur-faces. On the other hand, steel plates are also used separately for the steel and RC structures. However, steel plates usually add the self-weight to the structures whereas CFRP is known for its high strength to weight ra-tio. In the present study, the advantages of both steel plates and CFRP is used to form a hybrid retrofitting sys-tem that is able to withstand the existing load to prevent the failure of the structures. In order to improve the retrofitting efficiency of a steel-concrete composite structures, an experimental investigation is carried out to examine the use of effectiveness of CFRP-steel hybrid retrofitting system.

Modelagem do comportamento dinâmico de edifícios mistos (aço-concreto) submetidos à ação do vento.

Com base em um cenário econômico favorável combinado aos avanços tecnológicos das ciências dos materiais e processos de construção, nas últimas três décadas, as cidades brasileiras têm apresentado um crescimento substancial, no que diz respeito à construção de edifícios residenciais e comerciais de múltiplos andares. Atualmente, estes edifícios apresentam níveis de esbeltez elevados e têm sido construídos com estruturas cada vez mais ousadas e que englobam a experiência e o conhecimento dos engenheiros de estruturas. Como o principal objetivo dos projetistas está associado à concepção de estruturas mais leves, o projeto estrutural requer um conhecimento teórico substancial a fim de tornar compatíveis os requisitos arquitetônicos com as condições necessárias para a estabilidade. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é o de investigar o comportamento estrutural estático e dinâmico (linear e não linear) de um edifício misto (aço-concreto) de 20 pavimentos. Para tal, o estudo apresenta os resultados de análises estáticas e dinâmicas lineares e não lineares para ações de serviço. O comportamento estrutural do edifício, quando submetido às ações dinâmicas induzidas pelo vento, também foi investigado. Os resultados revelam que edifícios esbeltos merecem atenção especial, no que diz respeito à concepção do projeto estrutural, sendo que seu comportamento deve ser verificado através de metodologias completas que incluam análises do tipo estática e dinâmica (lineares e não lineares).

Análise dinâmica não determinística de edifícios mistos (aço-concreto) submetidos à ação de cargas de vento.

Avanços tecnológicos no ramo das ciências dos materiais e de processos construtivos, combinado a um cenário econômico favorável, têm levado a um crescimento substancial na construção de edifícios de múltiplos andares pelo mundo. Estes edifícios têm sido construídos com estruturas cada vez mais arrojadas e com elevados níveis de esbeltez, tornando-se verdadeiras obras de arte. Todavia, a compatibilidade dos requisitos arquitetônicos com as condições necessárias de estabilidade de tais estruturas é fundamental, e requer dos engenheiros civis um conhecimento teórico substancial desde a concepção do projeto estrutural até o processo construtivo propriamente dito. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é o de investigar o comportamento estrutural de um edifício de 20 pavimentos misto (aço-concreto) submetido às ações de cargas de vento não determinísticas. No núcleo interno da edificação três tipos de contraventamentos são empregados e analisados. De forma semelhante, no desenvolvimento do modelo computacional são empregadas técnicas usuais de discretização, via método dos elementos finitos, por meio do programa Ansys. Assim, a resposta dinâmica não determinística do modelo estrutural, em termos dos valores máximos médios dos deslocamentos e das acelerações, é obtida e comparada com os valores limites propostos por normas e recomendações de projeto.

Investigation of Ultimate Strength of Deck Slabs in Steel-Concrete Bridges

In the last 50 years, many bridges have been built as composite structures with decks of reinforced concrete that are supported by longitudinal steel beams. The presence of the longitudinal steel beams and the unloaded area of concrete slab cause the loaded deck slabs to be restrained against lateral expansion. As a result, a compressive membrane thrust is developed. In experimental tests, the authors built a series of one-third scale steel-concrete composite bridge models with several varying structural parameters, including concrete compressive strength, reinforcement percentage, and the size of steel supporting beams. After comparing the results of different models, the influence of these structural parameters on the amount of compressive membrane action in the deck slab was evaluated. Furthermore, the improvement of an existing theoretical model provided accurate predictions for the loading-carrying capacities.

Estudo do comportamento dinâmico de edifícios mistos (aço-concreto) submetidos à ação não determinística do vento.

Considerando-se um cenário econômico bastante favorável em conjunto com avanços tecnológicos da ciência dos materiais e processos construtivos, nos últimos trinta anos, as cidades brasileiras têm apresentado um crescimento substancial, no que diz respeito à construção de edifícios residenciais e comerciais de múltiplos andares. Nos dias de hoje, estes edifícios apresentam níveis de esbeltez elevados e têm sido construídos com estruturas cada vez mais arrojadas englobando a experiência e o conhecimento dos engenheiros civis. Deste modo, o principal objetivo dos projetistas está associado à concepção de estruturas mais leves, nas quais o projeto estrutural requer um conhecimento teórico substancial, objetivando tornar compatíveis os requisitos arquitetônicos com as condições necessárias para a estabilidade. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é o de investigar o comportamento estrutural estático e dinâmico de um edifício misto (aço-concreto) de 20 pavimentos quando submetido às ações dinâmicas do vento não determinísticas. Deste modo, no desenvolvimento do modelo computacional são empregadas técnicas usuais de discretização, via método dos elementos finitos, por meio do programa ANSYS. Para tal, o estudo apresenta os resultados de uma análise não linear geométrica para ações de serviço. A resposta dinâmica não determinística do modelo estrutural investigado, em termos dos valores máximos médios dos deslocamentos e das acelerações, foi obtida e comparada com os valores limites propostos por normas e recomendações de projeto.

Optimum position of steel outrigger system for high rise composite buildings subjected to wind loads

The responses of composite buildings under wind loads clearly become more critical as the building becomes taller, less stiff and more lightweight. When the composite building increases in height, the stiffness of the structure becomes more important factor and introduction to belt truss and outrigger system is often used to provide sufficient lateral stiffness to the structure. Most of the research works to date is limited to reinforced concrete building with outrigger system of concrete structure, simple building plan layout, single height of a building, one direction wind and single level of outrigger arrangement. There is a scarcity in research works about the effective position of outrigger level on composite buildings under lateral wind loadings when the building plan layout, height and outrigger arrangement are varied. The aim of this paper is to determine the optimum location of steel belt and outrigger systems by using different arrangement of single and double level outrigger for different size, shape and height of composite building. In this study a comprehensive finite element modelling of composite building prototypes is carried out, with three different layouts (Rectangular, Octagonal and L shaped) and for three different storey (28, 42 and 57-storey). Models are analysed for dynamic cyclonic wind loads with various combination of steel belt and outrigger bracings. It is concluded that the effectiveness of the single and double level steel belt and outrigger bracing are varied based on their positions for different size, shape and height of composite building.

Flexural performance of an innovative Hybrid Composite Floor Plate System comprising Glass–fibre Reinforced Cement, Polyurethane and steel laminate

This study explored the flexural performance of an innovative Hybrid Composite Floor Plate System (HCFPS), comprised of Polyurethane (PU) core, outer layers of Glass-fibre Reinforced Cement (GRC) and steel laminates at tensile regions, using experimental testing and Finite Element (FE) modelling. Bending and cyclic loading tests for the HCFPS panels and a comprehensive material testing program for component materials were carried out. HCFPS test panel exhibited ductile behaviour and flexural failure with a deflection ductility index of 4. FE models of HCFPS were developed using the program ABAQUS and validated with experimental results. The governing criteria of stiffness and flexural performance of HCFPS can be improved by enhancing the properties of component materials. HCFPS is 50-70% lighter in weight when compared to conventional floor systems. This study shows that HCFPS can be used for floor structures in commercial and residential buildings as an alternative to conventional steel concrete composite systems.

Vulnerability and damage analysis of reinforced concrete framed buildings subjected to near field blast events

Terrorists usually target high occupancy iconic and public buildings using vehicle borne incendiary devices in order to claim a maximum number of lives and cause extensive damage to public property. While initial casualties are due to direct shock by the explosion, collapse of structural elements may extensively increase the total figure. Most of these buildings have been or are built without consideration of their vulnerability to such events. Therefore, the vulnerability and residual capacity assessment of buildings to deliberately exploded bombs is important to provide mitigation strategies to protect the buildings' occupants and the property. Explosive loads and their effects on a building have therefore attracted significant attention in the recent past. Comprehensive and economical design strategies must be developed for future construction. This research investigates the response and damage of reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings together with their load bearing key structural components to a near field blast event. Finite element method (FEM) based analysis was used to investigate the structural framing system and components for global stability, followed by a rigorous analysis of key structural components for damage evaluation using the codes SAP2000 and LS DYNA respectively. The research involved four important areas in structural engineering. They are blast load determination, numerical modelling with FEM techniques, material performance under high strain rate and non-linear dynamic structural analysis. The response and damage of a RC framed building for different blast load scenarios were investigated. The blast influence region for a two dimensional RC frame was investigated for different load conditions and identified the critical region for each loading case. Two types of design methods are recommended for RC columns to provide superior residual capacities. They are RC columns detailing with multi-layer steel reinforcement cages and a composite columns including a central structural steel core. These are to provide post blast gravity load resisting capacity compared to typical RC column against a catastrophic collapse. Overall, this research broadens the current knowledge of blast and residual capacity analysis of RC framed structures and recommends methods to evaluate and mitigate blast impact on key elements of multi-storey buildings.

Steel-concrete-steel composite columns subjected to lateral impact

Concrete-filled double skin tube (CFDST) is a creative innovation of steel-concrete-steel composite construction, formed by two concentric steel tubes separated by a concrete filler. Over the recent years, this column form has been widely used as a new sustainable alternative to existing structural bridge piers and building columns. Since they could be vulnerable to impact from passing vessels or vehicles, it is necessary to understand their behaviour under lateral impact loads. With this in mind, physical tests on full scale columns were performed using an innovative horizontal impact testing system to obtain the failure modes, the time history of the impact force, reaction forces and global lateral deflection as well as permanent local buckling profile of the columns. The experimental testing was complemented and supplemented by developing and using an advanced finite element analysis model. The model was validated by comparing the numerical results against experimental data. The findings of this study will serve as a benchmark reference for future analysis and design of CFDST columns.