A synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction study of the skutterudite-related phases AB1.5Te1.5 (A=Co, Rh, Ir; B= Ge, Sn)

X-ray resonant scattering has been exploited to investigate the crystal structure of the AB1.5Te1.5 phases (A = Co, Rh, Ir; B = Ge, Sn). Analysis of the diffraction data reveals that CoGe1.5Te1.5 and ASn1.5Te1.5 adopt a rhombohedral skutterudite-related structure, containing diamond-shape B2Te2 rings, in which the B and Te atoms are ordered and trans to each other. Anion ordering is however incomplete, and with increasing the size of both cations and anions, the degree of anion ordering decreases. By contrast, the diffraction data of IrGe1.5Te1.5 are consistent with an almost statistical distribution of the anions over the available sites, although some ordered domains may be present. The thermoelectric properties of these materials are discussed in the light of these results.

Fabrication and evaluation of a skutterudite-based thermoelectric module for high-temperature applications

We report a straightforward methodology for the fabrication of high-temperature thermoelectric (TE) modules using commercially available solder alloys and metal barriers. This methodology employs standard and accessible facilities that are simple to implement in any laboratory. A TE module formed by nine n-type Yb x Co4Sb12 and p-type Ce x Fe3CoSb12 state-of-the-art skutterudite material couples was fabricated. The physical properties of the synthesized skutterudites were determined, and the module power output, internal resistance, and thermocycling stability were evaluated in air. At a temperature difference of 365 K, the module provides more than 1.5 W cm−3 volume power density. However, thermocycling showed an increase of the internal module resistance and degradation in performance with the number of cycles when the device is operated at a hot-side temperature higher than 573 K. This may be attributed to oxidation of the skutterudite thermoelements.

Thermally activated exchange narrowing of the Gd3+ ESR fine structure in a single crystal of Ce1-xGdxFe4P12 (x approximate to 0.001) skutterudite

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Thermoelektrische und strukturelle Eigenschaften gefüllter Skutterudite, sowie Verbesserung ihres Gütefaktors durch Nanostrukturierung

Gefüllte Skutterudite mit der Summenformel MxCo4Sb12 sind vielversprechende thermoelektrische Materialien. Die Standardsynthese führt jedoch oft zur Bildung von MSbx, Sb, CoSb oder CoSb2 als Nebenphasen. In dieser Arbeit wird eine neue zweistufige Synthese vorgestellt, bei der die Bildung des Kieftits (CoSb3) getrennt von dem topotaktischen Füllen mit dem Metallatom M erfolgt. Dieser Ansatz erlaubt eine Durchführung der Reaktion bei niedrigeren Temperaturen mit kürzeren Reaktionszeiten. Ein geringer Antimon-Unterschuss im so erhaltenen Kieftit erhöht die Anzahl der Ladungsträger und unterdrückt die Bildung von Verunreinigungsphasen. Zunächst wurden Skutteruditproben mit der nominellen Zusammensetzung InxCo4Sb12 mit x = 0,12; 0,15; 0,18 und 0,20 in hoher Reinheit hergestellt und mit Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) kompaktiert. Messaufnahmen mit Potential- und Seebeck-Mikrosonde und Rasterelektronenmikroskop zeigten eine hohe Probenhomogenität. Produkte waren nahezu phasenrein, was eine Untersuchung der Transporteigenschaften ohne Verfälschung durch Nebenphasen ermöglichte. Die quantitative Phasenanalyse mittels Synchrotron-Beugungsdaten zeigte < 0,1 % InSb bei In0,18Co4Sb12 und In0,20Co4Sb12, sowie eine lineare Korrelation zwischen dem wahren Füllgrad und der Gitterkonstante. Die Bindung von < 0,1 % InSb verringerte den Füllgrad der nominellen In0,20Co4Sb12-Probe auf x = 0,144. Die nominelle In0,18Co4Sb12-Probe mit dem wahren Gehalt x = 0,160 hatte den höchsten zT-Wert nahe eins bei 420 °C. Es konnte anschließend die Anwendbarkeit der Synthesemethode für Barium- und mehrfach gefüllte (Na+In) Skutterudite gezeigt werden. Die Na-gefüllte Probe war gegenüber der thermischen Behandlung in der SPS oder der Charakterisierung instabil. Alle Verbindungen wurden gesintert und ihre Transporteigenschaften wurden charakterisiert. Des weiterem wurde der Einfluss der Konzentration der Korngrenzen bei den Mischungen von zu Nanomaßstab vermahlenem In0,18Co4Sb12 (Partikelgrößen zwischen 20 und 100 nm) mit dem ursprünglichen Bulk untersucht. Proben mit verschiedenen Anteilen von Nanopulver wurden gesintert, ihre thermoelektrischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften wurden untersucht. Die Gütezahl zT von 1,39 bei 375 °C wurde bei der Probe mit gleichen Anteilen des Nano- und des unbehandelten Pulvers erreicht. Die Komposite mit Anteilen <10 % oder >75 % des Nanopulvers zeigten keine Verbesserung gegenüber der unbehandelten Verbindung.rn

Solvothermal Synthesis, Structure and Optical Property of Nanosized CoSb3 Skutterudite

Binary skutterudite CoSb3 nanoparticles were synthesized by solvothermal method. The nanostructuring of CoSb3 material was achieved by the inclusion of various kinds of additives. X-ray diffraction examination indicated the formation of the cubic phase of CoSb3. Structural analysis by transmission electron microscopy analysis further confirmed the formation of crystalline CoSb3 nanoparticles with high purity. With the assistance of additives, CoSb3nanoparticles with size as small as 10 nm were obtained. The effect of the nanostructure of CoSb3on the UV–visible absorption and luminescence was studied. The nanosized CoSb3 skutterudite may find application in developing thermoelectric devices with better efficiency. K

Synthesis, characterization and physical properties of the skutterudites YbxFe2Ni2Sb12 (0≤x≤0.4)

The skutterudites YbxFe2Ni2Sb12 (0≤x≤0.4) have been prepared by solid-state reaction and characterised by powder X-ray diffraction. The compounds crystallise in the cubic space group Im View the MathML source3¯ (a≈9.1 Å) with Yb atoms partially filling the voids in the skutterudite framework. A neutron time-of-flight diffraction experiment for Fe2Ni2Sb12 confirms the disorder of Fe and Ni atoms on the transition-metal site. Electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity measurements indicate that the thermoelectric performance of the skutterudites shows a marked dependence on the Yb content. Magnetic measurements over the temperature range 2≤T/K≤300 show paramagnetic behaviour for all compounds. Decomposition studies under an oxidising atmosphere at elevated temperatures have also been carried out by thermogravimetric analysis.

Synthesis and thermoelectric properties of the new skutterudites Yb x Fe2Ni2Sb12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4)

The family of materials Yb x Fe2 Ni 2Sb12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) has been prepared by solid-state synthesis from the pure elements and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. These materials crystallize in the skutterudite structure, with the framework voids partially filled with Yb atoms. Electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity measurements have been performed on hot-pressed samples, and indicate that the thermoelectric performance is significantly improved by increasing the Yb content. The decomposition of the compounds under oxidizing atmosphere at elevated temperatures has also been studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The physical properties and thermal stability of the new compounds are further discussed in comparison with those of the reported isostructural and isoelectronic Yb x Co4Sb12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.19).

Structure and electrical transport properties of the ordered skutterudites MGe1.5S1.5 (M = Co, Rh, Ir)

High-resolution powder neutron diffraction data collected for the skutterudites MGe1.5S1.5 (M=Co, Rh, Ir) reveal that these materials adopt an ordered skutterudite structure (space group R3¯), in which the anions are ordered in layers perpendicular to the [111] direction. In this ordered structure, the anions form two-crystallographically distinct four-membered rings, with stoichiometry Ge2S2, in which the Ge and S atoms are trans to each other. The transport properties of these materials, which are p-type semiconductors, are discussed in the light of the structural results. The effect of iron substitution in CoGe1.5S1.5 has been investigated. While doping of CoGe1.5S1.5 has a marked effect on both the electrical resistivity and the Seebeck coefficient, these ternary skutterudites exhibit significantly higher electrical resistivities than their binary counterparts.