997 resultados para Simetria (Física)
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In this work we make an introduction to Lattice Gauge Theory, focusing on the Elitzur Theorem about the expected value of not gauge invariant local observables. Finally, after the exposure of the main facts of the theory, we make an extension to semilocal models
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Física - FEG
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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We have studied the physical content of the following models: Maxwell, Proca, Self-Dual and Maxwell-Chern-Simons. One method we have used is the decomposition in the so called helicity variables, which can be done in the Lagrangian formalism. It leads to the correct counting of degrees of freedom without choosing a gauge condition. The method separates the propagating modes from the non-propagating ones. The Hamiltonian of the MCS and the AD is calculated. The second method used here is the analysis of the sign of the imaginary part of the residues of the two-point amplitude of the theory, showing that the models analyzed are free of ghosts. We also carry the dimensional reduction of the Maxwell-Chern-Simons and Self-Dual models from D = 2+1 to D = 1 + 1 dimensions. Next, we show that the dimensional reduction of those equivalent models also leads to equivalent models in D=1+1. Even more interesting is the fact, demonstrated here, that those reduced models can also be connected via gauge embedding. So the gauge embedding of the Self-Dual model into the Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory is preserved by the dimensional reduction
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Pós-graduação em Física - FEG
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A Quebra Espontânea de Simetria (QES) tem sido discutida em muitos cenários, tendo resultados importantes na física Teórica de Partículas, sendo motivo de extensa pesquisa e com variadas aplicações. Neste trabalho, será apresentado um modelo alternativo baseado na Ação de Fujikawa usando quartetos BRST. No primeiro capítulo, todo o ferramental para a análise da QES é discutido partindo da definição em nível clássico e por fim no regime quântico, usando o conceito de ação efetiva. A técnica de quantização de campos de calibre no U(1), presente no eletromagnetismo, foi abordada, usando o cálculo dos propagadores e seus respectivos diagramas de Feynman. Foi estudado em conjunto com esse assunto, o conceito de campos fantasmas de Fadeev-Popov e Simetria-BRST. O mecanismo de Higgs é explorado em nível quântico, sendo feita um estudo dos rearranjos dos graus de liberdade do sistema. No segundo capítulo, as propriedades dos quartetos-BRST são estudadas, bem como suas considerações sobre simetria, quando aplicadas na ação de Fujikawa usando dois cenários: (i) quando a simetria não é quebrada. (ii) A simetria é quebrada. E por fim é feita uma análise sobre os graus de liberdade do sistema.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
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In this thesis, we investigated the magnonic and photonic structures that exhibit the so-called deterministic disorder. Speci cally, we studied the effects of the quasiperiodicity, associated with an internal structural symmetry, called mirror symmetry, on the spectra of photonics and magnonics multilayer. The quasiperiodicity is introduced when stacked layers following the so-called substitutional sequences. The three sequences used here were the Fibonacci sequence, Thue-Morse and double-period, all with mirror symmetry. Aiming to study the propagation of light waves in multilayer photonic, and spin waves propagation in multilayer magnonic, we use a theoretical model based on transfer matrix treatment. For the propagation of light waves, we present numerical results that show that the quasiperiodicity associated with a mirror symmetry greatly increases the intensity of transmission and the transmission spectra exhibit a pro le self-similar. The return map plotted for this system show that the presence of internal symmetry does not alter the pattern of Fibonacci maps when compared with the case without symmetry. But when comparing the maps of Thue-Morse and double-time sequences with their case without the symmetry mirror, is evident the change in the pro le of the maps. For magnetic multilayers, we work with two di erent systems, multilayer composed of a metamagnetic material and a non-magnetic material, and multilayers composed of two cubic Heisenberg ferromagnets. In the rst case, our calculations are carried out in the magnetostatic regime and calculate the dispersion relation of spin waves for the metamgnetic material considered FeBr2. We show the e ect of mirror symmetry in the spectra of spin waves, and made the analysis of the location of bulk bands and the scaling laws between the full width of the bands allowed and the number of layers of unit cell. Finally, we calculate the transmission spectra of spin waves in quasiperiodic multilayers consisting of Heisenberg ferromagnets. The transmission spectra exhibit self-similar patterns, with regions of scaling well-de ned in frequency and the return maps indicates only dependence of the particular sequence used in the construction of the multilayer