La controversia por la región de Sikkim entre las formalidades y el realismo en las relaciones India-China

El Estado de Sikkim es considerado el más pequeño del territorio indio. Además de ser parte de la frontera indo-china, una de las más extensas, militarizadas y pendientes de demarcación en el mundo, lo caracteriza su larga historia llena de altibajos y su consecuente estatus político que lo convierte en un pequeño Estado con autonomía interna, cuya defensa militar y Relaciones Internacionales son controladas por India. El Estado de Sikkim fue por muchos años una monarquía hereditaria. En 1947, después de su independencia, India asumió control sobre Sikkim arguyendo que como sucesor del imperio británico, heredaba todos sus derechos, privilegios y responsabilidades. Con el pasar de los años la historia fue tomando diferentes formas; se celebraron tratados en materia fronteriza que delimitaban las fronteras de India con otros vecinos, se formalizó el hecho de ser un protectorado indio, se desplegaron planes nacionalistas en torno de una autonomía e independencia, y se estableció una frontera común entre India y el Tibet. Estos hechos despertaron reacciones en China, por lo que las tensiones y fricciones entre estos dos vecinos asiáticos se hicieron latentes y la rivalidad se estableció como realidad permanente en las relaciones bilaterales.

Macro-Level Assessment of Seismically Induced Landslide Hazard for the State of Sikkim, India Based On GIS Technique

This paper presents a macro-level seismic landslide hazard assessment for the entire state of Sikkim, India, based on the Newmark's methodology. The slope map of Sikkim was derived from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM). Seismic shaking in terms of peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) at bedrock level was estimated from deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA), considering point source model. Peak horizontal acceleration at the surface level for the study area was estimated based on nonlinear site amplification technique, considering B-type NEHRP site class. The PHA at surface was considered to induce driving forces on slopes, thus causing landslides. Knowing the surface level PHA and slope angle, the seismic landslide hazard assessment for each grid point was carried out using Newmark's analysis. The critical static factor of safety required to resist landslide for the PHA (obtained from deterministic analysis) was evaluated and its spatial variation throughout the study area is presented. For any slope in the study area, if the in-situ (available) static factor of safety is greater than the static factor of safety required to resist landslide as predicted in the present study, that slope is considered to be safe.

Preliminary Phonological Analysis of Denjongka of Sikkim

This thesis is a preliminary phonological description of the Tibetan-related Denjongka language of Sikkim, India. Because the language has not been much researched and the previous studies have focused on other issues than phonology, the present paper is the first of its kind. The data for this thesis was gathered in Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim, from March to May 2004. I had four language informants from four different locations in Sikkim who spoke different dialects of Denjongka. One of the informants, from whom I recorded c. 900 words and 530 sentences, was used as the main data source for the analysis. First, I will give some ethnographic background information on the people who speak Denjongka. Next, I will discuss first the segmental and then the suprasegmental phonology of the language, which were analysed much in line with American structuralism. I also used acoustic analysis enabled by the Praat-program. Eight vowel phonemes were found. The phonemic status of /E/, however, is still suspect. I present some preliminary evidence for roundedness, frontness and height assimilation among the vowels. In the interpretation adopted in this analysis, there are no diphthongs in Denjongka. Forty consonant phonemes were found: 17 plosives, 7 affricates, 5 fricatives, 5 nasals, 4 liquids and 2 approximants. Denjongka plosives and affricates have four-way aspiration/voicing distinction: voiceless aspirated, voiceless unaspirated, voiceless slightly aspirated (devoiced), and voiced unaspirated. Two voiceless nasals and two voiceless liquids were found. Two phonation types were found to be contrastive, lax/breathy and tense/creaky. Nasalisation and length in vowels are phonemic. Denjongka is an incipient tone language. Tonal phenomena, which involve mainly pitch and phonation type, are complex. Pitch is most of the time predictable from the initial consonant and the phonation type. In some cases, however, pitch is the only contrastive feature between words. The description of Denjongka in this paper differs from the traditional four-tone system, which has been used in many descriptions of Tibetan-related languages. In the four-tone system, pitch is contrastive both in the high and low register, whereas in the present analysis pitch has been established to contrast only in the high register. Lastly, the appendices include a comparative word list of the four Denjongka dialects studied in this thesis.

Hidden land and changing landscape: Narratives about Mount Khangchendzonga among the Lepcha and the Lhopo

This article explores contemporary ‘hidden land’ narrative constructs of Máyel Lyáng and Beyul Dremojong in Sikkim, India, as conceived by the Lepcha and the Lhopo, two ‘scheduled tribes’. Lepcha and Lhopo narratives about these hidden lands in Mount Khangchendzonga inform us about their contemporary and historical, indigenous and Buddhist contexts and the interactions between these contexts. Lhopo perspectives on the hidden Beyul Dremojong echo classical Tibetan Buddhist ‘revealed treasure’ guidebooks and exist within the complex and reciprocal relationship between the Lhopo and the land they inhabit; development initiatives are understood to have caused illness and death in the Lhopo community of Tashiding, often referred to as the geographical ‘center’ of Beyul Dremojong. Contemporary Lepcha comprehensions of Máyel Lyáng, described in oral narratives within an ethnic community whose cosmology is intimately connected with Mount Khangchendzonga, today show some influence of Lhopo interpretations of Beyul Dremojong and the treasure texts; they also reflect Lepcha fears about cultural dispersion. Present-day narratives about both hidden lands reference notable political events in modern Sikkimese history (encounters with the British; the Chinese occupation of Tibet).

The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India

We investigated area changes in glaciers covering an area of similar to 200 km(2) in the Tista basin, Sikkim, Eastern Indian Himalaya, between similar to 1990 and 2010 using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Indian Remote-sensing Satellite (IRS) images and related the changes to debris cover, supraglacial lakes and moraine-dam lakes. The glaciers lost an area of 3.3 +/- 0.8% between 1989/90 and 2010. More detailed analysis revealed an area loss of 2.00 +/- 0.82, 2.56 +/- 0.61 and 2.28 +/- 2.01 km(2) for the periods 1989-97, 1997-2004/05 and 2004-2009/10, respectively. This indicates an accelerated retreat of glaciers after 1997. On further analysis, we observed (1) the formation and expansion of supraglacial lakes on many debris-covered glaciers and (2) the merging of these lakes over time, leading to the development of large moraine-dam lakes. We also observed that debris-covered glaciers with lakes lose a greater area than debris-covered glaciers without lakes and debris-free glaciers. The climatic data for 24 years (1987-2011), measured at the Gangtok meteorological station (1812 m a.s.l.), showed that the region experienced a 1.0 degrees C rise in the summer minimum temperature and a 2.0 degrees C rise in the winter minimum temperature, indicating hotter summers and warmer winters. There was no significant trend in the total annual precipitation. We find that glacier retreat is caused mainly by a temperature increase and that debris-covered glaciers can retreat at a faster rate than debris-free glaciers, if associated with lakes.

La Enseñanza Media en el extranjero : el XXI Congreso Internacional de Geografía.

Noticia de la próxima celebración del XXI Congreso Internacional de Geografía, que tendrá lugar en India los días 1 al 8 de diciembre de 1968, y la III Asamblea General de la Asociación Cartográfica Internacional, así como otros simposios técnicos, los días 6 al 13 de diciembre en Nueva Delhi.

Juegos culturales entre India y España.

Se presenta una actividad dirigida a alumnos de nivel específico A1 (MCER) y diseñada para realizarse en dinámica de parejas, de grupo e individual; con una duración de 20 minutos. Los objetivos son: reconocer elementos de la geografía española; trabajar sobre puntos esenciales de la historia española; aumentar los conocimientos etimológicos; y trabajar la expresión oral contando una experiencia.

De Imperio Magni Mogolis sive India vera commentarius. E variis auctoribus congestus /

Mode of access: Internet.

Sketches of the most prevalent diseases of India : comprising, a treatise on the epidemic cholera of the East, statistical and topographical reports of the diseases in the different divisions of the army under the Madras presidency ... : iullustrated by tables and plates /

Mode of access: Internet.

Report on the external trade of Bengal with Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan, for the year ...

Description based on: 1881/82.

GEOGRAFÍA COMPARADA DE LAS LENGUAS LOCALES EN EUROPA Y AMÉRICA: DIFERENCIACIÓN, UNIFORMIZACIÓN Y RECONOCIMIENTO POLÍTICO POR PARTE DE LOS ESTADOS

La evolución histórica de las sociedades tradicionales que poseían estructuras comunitarias y modalidades de producción y consumo autosustentables, llevó a la formación de culturas locales diferenciadas que llevaron al desarrollo de numerosas lenguas y dialectos que actuaban como eje definidor de dichas culturas.En la medida en que se desarrollaron los estados imperiales se fue generando la necesidad de adoptar una o más lenguas comunes. En algunos casos se desarrollaron “linguas francas” como ocurrió con el swahili en África Oriental y el toscano en Italia.En otros casos la lengua que se impuso pertenecía a la región más fuerte como fue el caso del castellano en España, del inglés en las Islas Británicas y del mandarín en China, o de la potencia colonial dominante (el inglés en la India, el francés en los países del noroeste de África, el ruso en la Federación Rusa).En los siglos XIX y XX, debido a la constitución de nuevos estados en Europa se fueron consolidando los idiomas nacionales. Este fenómeno también se dio en Asia, y en menor medida en África.La historia lingüística americana fue diferente. Debido a la invasión y ocupación de los territorios nativos las culturas locales fueron parcial o totalmente sustituidos eliminando o debilitando las lenguas indígenas.En estas regiones no se constituyó ningún estado nacional basado en culturas nativas. Todos los estados surgieron a partir de antiguas colonias extracontinentales (particularmente españolas, pero también portuguesas, francesas, inglesas y holandesas)