Handbook for travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland: including the Crimea, Caucasus, Siberia, and Central Asia

With maps and plans

Seminario de cultura extremeña para el conocimiento de la comarca de la Siberia Extremeña.

Resumen basado en el del autor

La educaci??n en la Siberia extreme??a

Inventariar los documentos relativos a la educaci??n que existen en el IES Benazaire de Herrera del Duque y llevar a cabo una encuesta a personas relacionadas con la ense??anza en la comarca de la Siberia para conocer c??mo ha sido la educaci??n a lo largo del siglo XX. La investigaci??n comenz?? en el curso 98-99 en el cual se llevaron a cabo distintas actividades: inventario de documentos relativos a la educaci??n, exposici??n de materiales, encuestas a alumnos, etc. Durante el curso 99-00 el trabajo se ha centrado en la realizaci??n de encuestas y entrevistas a personas relacionadas con la ense??anza en la comarca.

Conocimiento de la realidad extreme??a : la Siberia Occidental

Estudio sobre gastronom??a, flora y fauna, fiestas y tradiciones, juegos populares y monumentos, de 8 localidades (Baterno, Casas de Don Pedro, Garbayuela, Navalvillar de Pela, Puebla de Alcocer, Siruela, Talarrubias y Tamurejo) de la comarca de la Siberia Extreme??a.

Unidad did??ctica. Conocemos la Siberia

Unidad did??ctica orientada a los alumnos del tercer ciclo de primaria. Su objetivo primordial es el acercamiento f??sico e intelectual a la comarca de la Siberia, en la cual viven los alumnos. Comarca desconocida, en gran parte por las malas comunicaciones de la zona.

Un paseo por la Siberia

Se analizan cinco rutas que describen la riqueza de la comarca de la Siberia Extreme??a. Cada una de las rutas desarrolla una aspecto importante de dichas riquezas, as?? tenemos: lo monumental, los embalses, lo cercano, la gastronom??a y por ??ltimo, la ruta de los caminos acompa??ando a una descripci??n f??sica de las citadas rutas, se programan una serie de actividades b??sicamente escolares, aunque puedan realizarse fuera de este marco.

La Siberia extreme??a : su riqueza

Se analiza la riqueza existente en la comarca de la Siberia: su fauna, flora, folklore, gastronom??a, costumbres, ganader??a, para ofrecer una visi??n general de todo aquello que ofrece esta zona. Este contenido se ha ejemplificado para poderlo llevar a la pr??ctica, en unidades did??cticas dirigidas a las etapas de Educaci??n Infantil y Primaria con la finalidad de que los ni??os conozcan la riqueza de la comarca.

Valoración de la inclusión de la Educación Física como hábito saludable en la residencia club de ancianos La Siberia de Herrera del Duque (Badajoz).

Resumen basado en el de los autores

A glacier inventory for the Buordakh Massif, Cherskiy Range, northeast Siberia, and evidence for recent glacier recession

The Buordakh Massif, in the Cherskiy Range of northeast Siberia, contains mountains over 3000 in and, despite its and climate, numerous glaciers. This paper presents a glacier inventory for the region and documents some 80 glaciers, which range in size from 0.1 to 10.4 km(2) (total glacierized area is ca. 70 km(2)). The inventory is based on mapping derived from Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery from August 2001, augmented with data from field investigations obtained at that time. The glaciers in this region are of the 'firn-less,' cold, continental type, and their mass balance relies heavily on the formation of superimposed ice. The most recent glacier maximum extents have also been delineated, and these are believed to date from the Little Ice Age (ca. A.D. 1550-1850). Glacier areal extent has reduced by some 14.8 km(2) (ca. 17%) since this most. recent maximum. Of the 80 glaciers catalogued, 49 have undergone a measurable retreat from their most recent maximum extent.

Contemporary (2001) and ‘Little Ice Age’ glacier extents in the Buordakh Massif, Cherskiy Range, north east Siberia

The Buordakh Massif of the Cherskiy Range of sub-arctic north east Siberia, Russia has a cold continental climate and supports over 80 glaciers. Despite previous research in the region, a georeferenced map of the glaciers has only recently been completed and an enhanced version of it is reproduced in colour here. The mountains of this region reach heights in excess of 3,000 m and the glaciers on their slopes range in size from 0.1 to 10.4 km2. The mapping has been compiled through the interpretation of Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery from August 2001 which has been augmented by data from a field campaign undertaken at the same time. The glaciers of the region are of the cold, ‘firn-less’ continental type and their mass balance relies heavily on the formation of superimposed ice. Moraines which lie in front of the glaciers by up to a few kilometres are believed to date from the Little Ice Age (ca. 1550-1850 AD). Over half of the glaciers mapped have shown marked retreat from these moraines.

Geodetic mass balance of Azarova glacier, Kodar Mountains, eastern Siberia, and its links to observed and projected climatic change

The Kodar Mountains in eastern Siberia accommodate 30 small, cold-based glaciers with a combined surface area of about 19 km2. Very little is known about these glaciers, with the first survey conducted in the late 1950s. In this paper, we use terrestrial photogrammetry to calculate changes in surface area, elevation, volume and geodetic mass balance of the Azarova Glacier between 1979 and 2007 and relate these to meteorological data from nearby Chara weather station (1938-2007). The glacier surface area declined by 20±6.9% and surface lowered on average by 20±1.8 m (mean thinning: 0.71 m a-1) resulting in a strongly negative cumulative and average mass balance of -18±1.6 m w.e. and -640±60 mm w.e.a-1 respectively. The July-August air temperature increased at a rate of 0.036oC a-1 between 1979 and 2007 and the 1980-2007 period was, on average, around 1oC warmer than 1938-1979. The regional climate projections for A2 and B2 CO2 emission scenarios developed using PRECIS regional climate model indicate that summer temperatures will increase in 2071–2100 by 2.6-4.7°C and 4.9-6.2°C respectively in comparison with 1961–1990. The annual total of solid precipitation will increase by 20% under B2 scenario but decline by 3% under A2 scenario. The length of the ablation season will extend from July–August to June-September. The Azarova Glacier exhibits high sensitivity to climatic warming due to its low elevation, exposure to comparatively high summer temperatures, and the absence of a compensating impact of cold season precipitation. Further summer warming and decline of solid precipitation projected under the A2 scenario will force Azarova to retreat further while impacts of an increase in solid precipitation projected under the B2 scenario require further investigation.

Accelerated loss of alpine glaciers in the Kodar Mountains, south-eastern Siberia

The recession of mountain glaciers around the world has been linked to anthropogenic climate change and small glaciers (e.g. < 2 km2) are thought to be particularly vulnerable, with reports of their disappearance from several regions. However, the response of small glaciers to climate change can be modulated by non-climatic factors such as topography and debris cover and there remain a number of regions where their recent change has evaded scrutiny. This paper presents results of the first multi-year remote sensing survey of glaciers in the Kodar Mountains, the only glaciers in SE Siberia, which we compare to previous glacier inventories from this continental setting that reported total glacier areas of 18.8 km2 in ca. 1963 (12.6 km2 of exposed ice) and 15.5 km2 in 1974 (12 km2 of exposed ice). Mapping their debris-covered termini is difficult but delineation of debris-free ice on Landsat imagery reveals 34 glaciers with a total area of 11.72 ± 0.72 km2 in 1995, followed by a reduction to 9.53 ± 0.29 km2 in 2001 and 7.01 ± 0.23 km2 in 2010. This represents a ~ 44% decrease in exposed glacier ice between ca. 1963 and 2010, but with 40% lost since 1995 and with individual glaciers losing as much as 93% of their exposed ice. Thus, although continental glaciers are generally thought to be less sensitive than their maritime counterparts, a recent acceleration in shrinkage of exposed ice has taken place and we note its coincidence with a strong summer warming trend in the region initiated at the start of the 1980s. Whilst smaller and shorter glaciers have, proportionally, tended to shrink more rapidly, we find no statistically significant relationship between shrinkage and elevation characteristics, aspect or solar radiation. This is probably due to the small sample size, limited elevation range, and topographic setting of the glaciers in deep valleys-heads. Furthermore, many of the glaciers possess debris-covered termini and it is likely that the ablation of buried ice is lagging the shrinkage of exposed ice, such that a growth in the proportion of debris cover is occurring, as observed elsewhere. If recent trends continue, we hypothesise that glaciers could evolve into a type of rock glacier within the next few decades, introducing additional complexity in their response and delaying their potential demise.