Simulated and observed fluxes of sensible and latent heat and CO2 at the WLEF-TV tower using SiB2.5

Three years of meteorological data collected at the WLEF-TV tower were used to drive a revised version of the Simple Biosphere (SiB 2.5) Model. Physiological properties and vegetation phenology were specified from satellite imagery. Simulated fluxes of heat, moisture, and carbon were compared to eddy covariance measurements taken onsite as a means of evaluating model performance on diurnal, synoptic, seasonal, and interannual time scales. The model was very successful in simulating variations of latent heat flux when compared to observations, slightly less so in the simulation of sensible heat flux. The model overestimated peak values of sensible heat flux on both monthly and diurnal scales. There was evidence that the differences between observed and simulated fluxes might be linked to wetlands near the WLEF tower, which were not present in the SiB simulation. The model overestimated the magnitude of the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 in both summer and winter. Mid-day maximum assimilation was well represented by the model, but late afternoon simulations showed excessive carbon uptake due to misrepresentation of within-canopy shading in the model. Interannual variability was not well simulated because only a single year of satellite imagery was used to parameterize the model.

Refinamento da representação de raízes no modelo de biosfera SiB2 em área de floresta na Amazônia

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a sensibilidade dos fluxos de superfície e hidrologia do solo em relação à representação e distribuição de raízes no modelo de biosfera para uma floresta de terra firme na Amazônia. A finalidade foi avaliar o impacto na representatividade dos fluxos de energia considerando a sazonalidade da região amazônica, usando como suporte medidas intensivas realizadas em uma reserva biológica (Reserva Biológica do Cuieiras, em Manaus). Foram realizadas oito simulações com o modelo de biosfera SiB2 (“Simple Biosphere Model” – versão 2) , onde cada simulação representou um cenário diferente de distribuição de raízes em uma profundidade de 4 m de solo, dividido em três camadas: 0,5 m, 1,5 m e 2,0 m. As raízes foram distribuídas privilegiando a concentração de raízes na camada superficial, em seguida, na camada intermediária e, por fim, uma concentração de raízes abaixo de 2,0 m de profundidade. As simulações foram realizadas para o período de 2003 a 2006, enfatizando o ano de 2005 para avaliar o efeito da representação de raízes nos fluxos de energia (calor latente – LE e calor sensível – H) e de dióxido de carbono (CO₂). A partir da análise integrada dos fluxos simulados com dados observacionais medidos no sítio experimental foi possível perceber que uma redução na precipitação no ano de 2005, apesar de ter sido menor na parte central da Amazônia, implicou na diminuição da umidade do solo, mostrando que a floresta passou por um período de estresse hídrico maior do que os outros anos analisados. O modelo representou a energia disponível com valores muito próximos aos observados, variando sazonalmente em concordância com os dados medidos em 2005. No entanto, LE é superestimado durante a estação chuvosa, mas mostra juntamente com o fluxo de CO₂, a redução com a umidade do solo na estação seca, enquanto H é superestimado em até 20 W m^-2 durante todo o período simulado. Estes resultados mostram que, a consideração de raízes rasas é mais apropriada para regiões que possuem estação seca curta, conforme se caracteriza a área de estudo, e raízes profundas devem favorecer a modelagem dos processos para superfície de áreas com estação seca mais pronunciada. Com isto os resultados revelam que há necessidade de obter mais informações de propriedades físicas do solo, apropriadas às condições da região, para que outros refinamentos sejam efetivos na distinção do comportamento de florestas tropicais sob diferentes regimes de disponibilidade de água no solo.

Padrões de evapotranspiração em área de cerrado para cenários de aquecimento com simulações do modelo SiB2

Trabalho publicado em: Ciência e Natura, Santa Maria, v. esp., p. 147-149, dez. 2013.

Simulated variations in atmospheric CO2 over a Wisconsin forest using a coupled ecosystem-atmosphere model

Ecosystem fluxes of energy, water, and CO2 result in spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric properties. In principle, these variations can be used to quantify the fluxes through inverse modelling of atmospheric transport, and can improve the understanding of processes and falsifiability of models. We investigated the influence of ecosystem fluxes on atmospheric CO2 in the vicinity of the WLEF-TV tower in Wisconsin using an ecophysiological model (Simple Biosphere, SiB2) coupled to an atmospheric model (Regional Atmospheric Modelling System). Model parameters were specified from satellite imagery and soil texture data. In a companion paper, simulated fluxes in the immediate tower vicinity have been compared to eddy covariance fluxes measured at the tower, with meteorology specified from tower sensors. Results were encouraging with respect to the ability of the model to capture observed diurnal cycles of fluxes. Here, the effects of fluxes in the tower footprint were also investigated by coupling SiB2 to a high-resolution atmospheric simulation, so that the model physiology could affect the meteorological environment. These experiments were successful in reproducing observed fluxes and concentration gradients during the day and at night, but revealed problems during transitions at sunrise and sunset that appear to be related to the canopy radiation parameterization in SiB2.

Seasonal drought stress in the Amazon: Reconciling models and observations

The Amazon Basin is crucial to global circulatory and carbon patterns due to the large areal extent and large flux magnitude. Biogeophysical models have had difficulty reproducing the annual cycle of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon in some regions of the Amazon, generally simulating uptake during the wet season and efflux during seasonal drought. In reality, the opposite occurs. Observational and modeling studies have identified several mechanisms that explain the observed annual cycle, including: (1) deep soil columns that can store large water amount, (2) the ability of deep roots to access moisture at depth when near-surface soil dries during annual drought, (3) movement of water in the soil via hydraulic redistribution, allowing for more efficient uptake of water during the wet season, and moistening of near-surface soil during the annual drought, and (4) photosynthetic response to elevated light levels as cloudiness decreases during the dry season. We incorporate these mechanisms into the third version of the Simple Biosphere model (SiB3) both singly and collectively, and confront the results with observations. For the forest to maintain function through seasonal drought, there must be sufficient water storage in the soil to sustain transpiration through the dry season in addition to the ability of the roots to access the stored water. We find that individually, none of these mechanisms by themselves produces a simulation of the annual cycle of NEE that matches the observed. When these mechanisms are combined into the model, NEE follows the general trend of the observations, showing efflux during the wet season and uptake during seasonal drought.