Epizootiologic Survey of Mycobacterium Bovis in Wildlife and Farm Environments in Northern Michigan

Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has reemerged in northern Michigan, USA, with detections in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in 1994 and in cattle in 1998. Since then, significant efforts have been directed toward reducing deer densities in the area in the hopes of reducing the bovine TB prevalence rate in deer and eliminating spillover of the disease into cattle. Despite the success of the efforts to reduce deer densities, additional cattle herds have become infected. Other mammals can be infected with M. bovis, and some carnivores and omnivores had been found to be infected with the disease in northern Michigan, USA. We conducted a multiyear surveillance effort to detect bovine TB in wild species of mammals in the Michigan, USA, outbreak area. From 2002 to 2004, tissue samples from 1,031 individual animals of 32 species were collected, processed, and cultured for M. bovis. Only 10 (1.0%) were culture-positive for M. bovis (five raccoons [Procyon lotor], four opossums [Didelphis virginiana], and one grey fox [Urocyon cinereoargenteus]). We also found two raccoons and four opossums to be positive for Mycobacterium avium. We collected 503 environmental samples from cattle farms recently identified as bovine TB positive; none yielded positive M. bovis culture results. Finally, we used infrared cameras to document wildlife use of four barns in the area. Many avian and mammalian species of wildlife were observed, with raccoons being the most commonly observed species. This surveillance study identified no new wildlife species that should be considered significant reservoirs of bovine TB in the outbreak area in northern Michigan, USA. However, the relatively high, apparent bovine TB prevalence rates in some carnivorous and omnivorous species, their relatively long life spans, and their frequent use of barns, suggests that removal of raccoons, opossums, foxes, and coyotes (Canis latrans) should be considered when a newly infected farm is depopulated of cattle.

High-resolution microPET imaging of carcinoembryonic antigen-positive xenografts by using a copper-64-labeled engineered antibody fragment

Rapid imaging by antitumor antibodies has been limited by the prolonged targeting kinetics and clearance of labeled whole antibodies. Genetically engineered fragments with rapid access and high retention in tumor tissue combined with rapid blood clearance are suitable for labeling with short-lived radionuclides, including positron-emitting isotopes for positron-emission tomography (PET). An engineered fragment was developed from the high-affinity anticarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody T84.66. This single-chain variable fragment (Fv)-CH3, or minibody, was produced as a bivalent 80 kDa dimer. The macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N′′, N′′′-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was conjugated to the anti-CEA minibody for labeling with copper-64, a positron-emitting radionuclide (t1/2 = 12.7 h). In vivo distribution was evaluated in athymic mice bearing paired LS174T human colon carcinoma (CEA positive) and C6 rat glioma (CEA negative) xenografts. Five hours after injection with 64Cu-DOTA-minibody, microPET imaging showed high uptake in CEA-positive tumor (17.9% injected dose per gram ± 3.79) compared with control tumor (6.0% injected dose per gram ± 1.0). In addition, significant uptake was seen in liver, with low uptake in other tissues. Average target/background ratios relative to neighboring tissue were 3–4:1. Engineered antibody fragments labeled with positron-emitting isotopes such as copper-64 provide a new class of agents for PET imaging of tumors.

Jefferson County, Kentucky, 1910 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic, topographic paper map entitled: Topography of Jefferson County, Kentucky : from U.S. Geological Survey topographic atlas sheets surveyed in 1904-1910, U.S. Geological Survey ; in cooperation with Kentucky Geological Survey, C. J. Norwood, director. It was published by U.S. Geological Survey in 1912. Scale 1:62,500. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Kentucky North State Plane NAD 1983 coordinate system (in Feet) (Fipszone 1601). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This is a typical topographic map portraying both natural and manmade features. It shows and names works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. It also identify the principal works of humans, such as roads, railroads, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 20 feet and spot heights. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Louisville and Vicinity, Kentucky, 1955 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic, topographic paper map entitled: Louisville and vicinity : prepared in cooperation with city, county, and state agencies, mapped by the Geological Survey and the Army Map Service. It was edited and published by the Geological Survey in 1957. Ed. of 1955. Scale 1:24,000. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Kentucky North State Plane NAD 1927 coordinate system (in Feet) (Fipszone 1601). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This is a typical topographic map portraying both natural and manmade features. It shows and names works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. It also identify the principal works of humans, such as roads, railroads, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 10 feet (with 5 foot supplementary intervals). This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Louisville and Vicinity, Kentucky, 1907 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Louisville Title Co.'s revised map of Louisville, Ky. and environs, compiled & drawn by Wm. B. Hunter. It was published by Louisville Title Co. in 1907. Scale [ca. 1:36,000]. Covers Louisville, Kentucky and vicinity. Portions of source paper map have outer edges torn, and some title and index information is lacking. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Kentucky North State Plane NAD 1983 coordinate system (in Feet) (Fipszone 1601). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads and stations, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, property areas and/or dimensions, parks, cemeteries, and more. Includes index. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

University of Michigan Women's Cross Country Team, 1993

Back Row: Mara Guillemette, Betsey Vandervelde, Molly McClimon, Heather Grigg, Molly Lori, Mayrie Richards, Jenny Barber, Christie Wilson, Michelle Spannagel, Sharmila Prasad, Kathy Huffman, Annie Erlewine, Ingrid Sharphorn

Front Row: Jessica Kluge, Kristine Westerby, Holly Logue, Amy Parker, Kelly Chard, Katy Hollbacher, Chris Szabo, Karen Harvey, Kristi Wink, Courtney Babcock, Jackie Concaugh, Emily Shively, head coach Mike McGuire.

University of Michigan Women's Cross Country Team, 1994

Back Row: Bridget Mann, Pauline Arnill, Jennifer Barber, Molly Lori, Susan Kaminski, Heather Grigg, Christie Wilson, Deanna Arnill, Eileen Fleck

Middle Row: Mayrie Richards, Amy Parker, Michelle Spannagel, Tanya Mason, Katy Hollbacher, Ashley Zongker, Michelle Slater, Emily Shively, Wendy Robertson

Front Row: Jackie Concaugh, Holly Logue, Kelly Chard, Karen Harvey, Courtney Babcock, Tiffin Goodman, Jessica Kluge

UM Women's Track Team, 1994

Front Row: Heather Grigg, Abbie Schaefer, Molly McClimon, Jennifer Barber, Christie Wilson, Amy Parker, Theresa Hall, Carrie Stewart, Mara Guillemette

Second Row: Laura Jerman, Holly Logue, Monika Black, Denise James, Katy Hollbacher, Kelly Chard, Courtney Babcock, Jackie Concaugh, Tearza Johnson, Emily Shively, Sharmila Prasad, Kim Skryd

Third Row: Kathryn Huffman, Annie Erlewine, Beth Gould, Richelle Webb, Michelle Spannagel, Kristie Wink, Chris Szabo, Karen Harvey, Jessica Kluge, Kristine Westerby, Ebony McClain, Colette Savage, Tonya Broad, Lisa Adams

Fourth Row: Ingrid Sharphorn, Elizabeth VanderVelde, Molly Lori, Jen Peterson, Ronda Meyers, Linda Stuck, Deb Mans, Jayna Greiner, Kathy Tomko, Laura Molnar

UM Women's Track Team, 1994

Front Row: Katy Hollbacher, Kristine Westerby, Chris Szabo, Courtney Babcock, Laura Jerman, Jessica Kluge, Richelle, Webb, Karen Harvey, Molly McClimon

Second Row: Ronda Meyers, Carrie Stewart, Theresa Hall, Tearza Johnson, Colette Savage, Annie Erlewine, Sharmila Prasad, Tanya Clay, Kim Skryd, Monika Black

Third Row: Emily Shively, Linda Stuck, Jen Peterson, Kathy Tomko, Tonya Broad, Julie Copley, Abbie Schaefer, Beth Gould, Mayrie Richards

Back Row: Jackie Concaugh, Mara Guillemette, Laura Molnar, Christie Wilson, Amy Parker, Jayna Greiner, Michelle Spannagel, Heather Grigg, Deb Mans

UM Women's Track Team, 1995

Top Row: Karen Harvey, Carrie Stewart

Second Row: Jennifer Ridgley, Tanya Clay, Mayrie Richards, Kelly Chard

Third Row: Jen Petersen, Linda Stuck, Ingrid Sharphorn

Fourth Row: Janya Greiner, Jennifer Barber, Christie Wilson, Kim Skryd, Sarah Clauw, Tania Longe

Fifth Row: Susan Kaminski, Anika Felton, Ashley Zongker, Jackie Concaugh, Bridget Mann, Mara Guillemette, Holly Mzyniski

Sixth Row: Tiffin Goodman, Holly Logue, Julie Copley, Emily Shively Seventh Row: Ndu Okumabua, Tanya Manson, Ebony McClain, Molly Lori, Beth Gould, Tanya Broad, Heather Grigg, Wendy Robertson

Front Row: Hayley Wilkins, Michelle Spannagel, Monika Black, Tearza Johnson, Deanna Arnill, Pauline Arnill, Eileen Fleck, Michelle Slater, Lamika Harper

Salesmanship,

Mode of access: Internet.

Stationary distribution of partial remainders in S-R-T digital division /

Vita.