THE INFLUENCE of RESTING PERIOD LENGTH on JUMPING PERFORMANCE

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Sexual development and reproductive cycle of the Eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Regan, 1903) (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae: Arhynchobatinae), in southeastern Brazil

Specimens o/Atlantoraja cyclophora were collected monthly from commercial fishing landings at Guarujá, São Paulo State, Brazil, from March 2005 to April 2006 at depths between 10 and 146 m. Males ranged from 13.3 to 58.5 cm TL (n = 396). Both the smallest mature male and the largest immature male were 47.0 cm long. Males' size-at-50% maturity was calculated to be 46.3 cm. Females ranged from 11.5 to 68.0 cm (n = 401). The smallest mature and the largest immature female were 51.6 and 53.0 cm long respectively. For the females, size-at-50% maturity was calculated to be 53.2 cm. In the males the hepatosomatic andgonadosomatic indices varied between 0.48 (August) and 3.54 (November) and between 0.15 (November) and 1.45 (June) respectively, with no significant variation for the fourteen-month period. In the females the hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices varied from 1.55 and 6.30 3.54 (both for April 2006) and from 0.08 (December) to 4.41 (October) respectively, with no significant difference among months. Egg-bearing females were found in all months with proportions varying from 0.03 (March) to 0.67 (April). Both males and females undergo an annual cycle, with slight seasonal variations in reproductive activity and a peak in the proportion of egg bearing females between April and July.

Sexual reproduction in chydorid cladocerans (Anomopoda, Chydoridae) in southern Finland - implications for paleolimnology

The relationship between sexual reproduction of littoral chydorid cladocerans (Anomopoda, Chydoridae) and environmental factors in aquatic ecosystems has been rarely studied, although the sexual behavior of some planktonic cladocerans is well documented. Ecological monitoring was used to study the relationship between climate-related and non-climatic environmental factors and chydorid sexual reproduction patterns in nine environmentally different lakes that were closely situated to each other in southern Finland. Furthermore, paleolimnological ephippium analysis was used to clarify how current sexual reproduction is reflected in surface sediments of the same nine lakes. Additionally, short sediment cores from two of the lakes were studied with ephippium analysis to examine how recent climate-related and non-climatic environmental changes were reflected in chydorid sexual reproduction. Ephippium analysis uses the subfossil shells of asexual individuals to represent asexual reproduction and the shells of sexual females, i.e. ephippia, to represent sexual reproduction. The relative proportion of ephippia of all chydorid species, i.e. total chydorid ephippia (TCE) indicates the relative proportion of sexual reproduction during the open-water season. This thesis is part of the EPHIPPIUM-project which aims to develop ephippium analysis towards a quantitative climate reconstruction tool. To be able to develop a valid climate model, the influence of the environmental stressors other than climate on contemporary sexual reproduction and its reflection in sediment assemblages must be clarified so they can be eliminated from the model. During contemporary monitoring a few sexual individuals were observed during summer, apparently forced to sexual reproduction by non-climatic local environmental factors, such as crowding or invertebrate predation. Monitoring also revealed that the autumnal chydorid sexual reproduction period was consistent between the different lakes and climate-related factors appeared to act as the main inducers and regulators of autumnal sexual reproduction. However, during autumn, chydorid species and populations among the lakes exhibited a wide variation in the intensity, induction time, and length of autumnal sexual reproduction. These variations apparently act as mechanisms for local adaptations due to the genetic variability provided by sexual reproduction that enhance the ecological flexibility of chydorid species, allowing them to inhabit a wide range of environments. A large variation was also detected in the abundance of parthenogenetic and gamogenetic individuals during the open-water season among the lakes. On the basis of surface sediment samples, the general level of the TCE is ca. 3-4% in southern Finland, reflecting an average proportion of sexual reproduction in this specific climate. The variation in the TCE was much lower than could be expected on the basis of the monitoring results. This suggests that some of the variation detected by monitoring may derive from differences between sampling sites and years smoothed out in the sediment samples, providing an average of the entire lake area and several years. The TCE is always connected to various ecological interactions in lake ecosystems and therefore is always lake-specific. Hypothetically, deterioration of climate conditions can be detected in the TCE as an increase in ephippia of all chydorid species, since a shortening open-water season is reflected in the relative proportions of the two reproduction modes. Such an increase was clearly detected for the time period of the Little Ice Age in a sediment core. The paleolimnological results also indicated that TCE can suddenly increase due to ephippia of one or two species, which suggests that at least some chydorids can somehow increase the production of resting eggs under local environmental stress. Thus, some environmental factors may act as species-specific environmental stressors. The actual mechanism of the increased sexual reproduction seen in sediments has been unknown but the present study suggests that the mechanism is probably the increased intensity of gamogenesis, i.e. that a larger proportion of individuals in autumnal populations reproduce sexually, which results in a larger proportion of ephippia in sediments and a higher TCE. The results of this thesis demonstrate the utility of ephippium analysis as a paleoclimatological method which may also detect paleolimnological changes by identifying species-specific environmental stressors. For a quantitative TCE-based climate reconstruction model, the natural variation in the TCE of surface sediments in different climates must be clarified with more extensive studies. In addition, it is important to recognize the lakes where the TCE is not only a reflection of the length of the open-water season, but is also non-climatically forced. The results of ephippium analysis should always be interpreted in a lake-specific manner and in the context of other paleoecological proxies.

La reproducción de la merluza en el Mar Argentino (Merlucciidae, Meluccius merluccius hubbsi) : 2. La reproducción de la merluza y su relación con otros aspectos biológicos de la especie

The paper deals with the spawning cycle of the hake, Merluccius merluccius hubbsi in the fishing area of the Argentine fleet, SW Atlantic (35°- 46° L. S.: 53°- 63° L.W.; 30-160 fathoms depth). It was made on the basis of the weekly sampling of the commercial catch in the period January 1965 - March 1968. The results have been compared with those of the exploratory surveys made by the United Nations Fisheries Development Program (República Argentina - FAO). The histological study, which was made with 741 specimens, was most intensive in females than in males. The results have been compared with the sexual stage determinations of both sexes in the total samples during the period before mentioned. The conclusions are: 1. The analysis of the ovocytes frequency distributions showed a period of resting or slow recuperation (April - August) with a mode of 120 ~k and one of rapid transformation (October - December) from 120 μ tíll 830 ~k. After December it appears again the mode of 120 ~k which indicated the reserve stock. 2. The maturity factor shows in both sexes a period of low values , 0,52 to 2% (April - September) and, another with higher values (October - March). In the first period the values are concentrated, while in the second one a large dispersion is observed produced by the rapidity of the growth process of the gonads. It is more evident between November and December. 3. The liver weight variations, compared with the degree of ingestion and the values of the maturity factor, in time, demonstrated that: a) after two periods of abundant ingestion (March - April and October- November) there are two increases of the liver index; b) the increase of the Iiver index has a direct relation to the maturity factor; c) at the end of the summer season, when the values of the maturity factor decrease, those of the liver index are still high. This demonstrates that the hake does not arrive exhausted at the end of the spawning season and that a rapid recuperation for a new spawning by part of the stock is possible. 4. Females predominate in the samples during most of the year. In the period October - December, when sexual activation occurs, as it is demonstrated by the high values of the maturity factor, proportions are nearly 1 :1, and males at times are more numerous than females. 5. The analisys of the advaneed maturity stages, in relation to total length shows that in the hake, Iike in other fishes, the largest ones mature first. This applies for both sexes. 6. The study of the maturity factor values and the sexual stages of the samples allows the recognition of two spawning periods, the main one in summer (October - March) and another in winter (June - July). 7. Part of the summer spawners, with a rapid recuperation, should be able to spawn again in winter. This indicates that the hake population, acording to our samples, has two different possibilities of spawning. 8. After analysis of the frequency percentages composition of mature specimens it is concluded that during the summer season, when hake is fished in shallow waters and in a wide area (38°– 43° L.S.) the fleet is fishing on the spawning stocks. Some winter spawners specimens have been found at 37°- 38° L.S. and in waters of more than 100 fathoms depth. 9. A new maturity scale of seven stages is proposed, instead of the one of six stages now in use. The new added stage corresponds to the postspawners during its resting period.

Reproductive biology of Atlantoraja cyclophora (Regan 1903) (Elasmobranchii : Rajidae) off southern Brazil

A total of 459 (245 females, 214 males) Atlantoraja cyclophora was captured by bottom trawl off the coast of Rio Grande do Sul between 30 degrees 40'S and 34 degrees 30'S during surveys conducted in winter 2001 and summer/autumn 2002 at depths of 100-300 M. Total length at maturity was 52.8 cm for females and 48.5 cm for males. Symmetry and functional parity of the gonads were observed in both sexes, but there was no significant temporal variation in either sex for any of the reproductive parameters studied. Ovulation and egg-deposition were similarly intensive in both seasons. In adult females, there was an ovarian resting period at an individual level, though it was not synchronized at a population level. Distribution of egg-bearing females was not related to depth or species' range. (c) 2005 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Manipulation of Rest Period Length Induces Different Causes of Fatigue in Vertical Jumping

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reproductive biology of the guitarfish Rhinobatos percellens (Chondrichthyes, Rhinobatidae) from the São Paulo Coast, Brazil, western South Atlantic Ocean

The reproductive biology of the guitarfish Rhinobatos percellens was studied from 751 specimens caught by bottom pair trawlers off the coast of São Paulo, Brazil, between c. 24° 00′ S; 45° 15′ W and c. 25° 10′ S; 47° 52′ W, from September 2007 to August 2009. The total length (LT) and total mass (MT) relationship for males and females combined was MT = 1·29E-06 LT 3·15 (r = 0·99, n = 751). The mean LT of sexually mature specimens was 548 mm for males and 583 mm for females. Clasper growth was allometric and showed three distinct phases. Most claspers were calcified in specimens of c. 550 mm LT. The mean diameter of the largest oocyte was 29·8 mm, the mean ovarian fecundity was seven oocytes and ovulation occurred between August and November. Uterine fecundity ranged from two to 13 embryos (mean of five embryos). Larger females had higher litter sizes and larger embryos; the size-at-birth was c. 200 mm LT. The hepato-somatic index oscillated seasonally for males and females; the gonado-somatic index had little variation in males, but varied seasonally in females. The presence of many non-pregnant adult females and of encapsulated eggs during two consecutive seasons suggests a resting period between gestations and the possibility of diapause. © 2012 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology © 2012 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Unloading or not unloading? Sheep welfare implication of rest stop at control post after a 29h transport

In Europe, maximum journey time for transported sheep is set at 29. h (EC Regulation 1/2005), after which animals must be unloaded, fed and watered in control posts stopping for 24. h, as all other species, before continuing their journey. The industry considers these resting times too general, not taking into account the peculiar differences between species or age classes. Also, loading and unloading have been reported to be detrimental for the animals. Therefore, the industry pushes to reduce the times at control post and avoid unloading the animals from the truck. Since there is little information concerning the effect of resting in a stationary truck after long journeys, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of an 8. h rest stop on the truck for transported ewes compared to being unloaded for resting in a control post for the same amount of time, considering physiological and behavioural measures. Two groups of ewes were transported for 29. h, after which one was unloaded and housed in a pen (P) at the control post while the other was left inside the truck (T). After 8. h stop, a further 6. h travel was headed to the farm of origin. A third group (C) stayed at the farm as control. During the stop, standing, resting, moving and eating behaviour of all groups was recorded. Blood parameters, salivary and faecal cortisol were assessed at different stages. The behaviour of P animals during the resting period was more similar to C than to T ones, where feeding and lying behaviours were restricted by the limited space allowance on the truck. After returning to the farm of origin, both T and P animals showed different parameters' levels as compared to C. P ewes showed a mean loss weight of 2. kg not recorded in group T and showed higher signs of muscular damage compared to C group. It was concluded that, with so short resting times as 8. h, there is no clear advantages in terms of animal welfare for avoiding the unloading and loading of the animals in the control post after long journeys.

"Lazarillo de Tormes": melhoria da mobilidade em Salamanca

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Vias de Comunicação e Transportes

Identification des indices comportementaux reliés à la présence d'intérêts sexuels déviants chez les agresseurs sexuels d’enfants

Lors de l’élaboration du diagnostic de trouble pédophilique (DSM-5; APA, 2013), un critère basé sur un minimum de victimes avait été proposé pour poser le diagnostic lorsque les agresseurs sexuels d’enfants ne se reconnaissent pas d’attirance sexuelle déviante, et qu’une évaluation pléthysmographique de leurs intérêts sexuels n’est pas disponible ou invalide. Il avait aussi été proposé de créer des sous-types selon le groupe d’âge préféré sexuellement ou l’âge des victimes : pédophilique (victimes prépubères, 10 ans et moins), hébéphilique (victimes en début de puberté, 11-14 ans) ou pédohébéphilique (les deux). Ces propositions ont soulevé la controverse parmi les chercheurs et cliniciens et n’ont pas été acceptées en raison du manque de soutien empirique les appuyant. Cette thèse tente de répondre aux principaux questionnements soulevés : 1) Quels indices comportementaux devraient être utilisés pour évaluer la déviance sexuelle chez les agresseurs sexuels d’enfants intrafamiliaux et extrafamiliaux respectivement? 2) Le nombre d’interactions sexuelles avec un même enfant et la durée de la période des agressions sont-ils reliés à la déviance sexuelle? 3) Les agresseurs sexuels d’enfants en début de puberté présentent-ils des intérêts sexuels déviants? Le premier article est un commentaire sur le DSM-5 présentant les grandes lignes de la thèse et les résultats préliminaires des deux articles suivants. Le deuxième article vise à répondre aux deux premières questions. Des agresseurs sexuels d'enfants intrafamiliaux (n = 76) et extrafamiliaux (n = 93) sont comparés quant au nombre, l’âge et le sexe de leurs victimes, le nombre d’interactions sexuelles avec une même victime et la durée de la période des agressions, et leurs intérêts sexuels autorapportés ou évalués avec la pléthysmographie pénienne. Les relations entre ces indices comportementaux et la présence d'intérêts sexuels déviants sont évaluées pour les deux groupes. Les résultats suggèrent que : 1) différents indices comportementaux devraient être utilisés lors de l’évaluation des intérêts sexuels selon les groupes d’agresseurs; 2) des agressions répétées et de longues durées sur une même victime suggèrent la déviance sexuelle chez les agresseurs intrafamiliaux, alors qu’aucune relation n’est observée entre ces variables chez les agresseurs extrafamiliaux. Cette recherche ii constitue une première étape vers l’utilisation du nombre et de la durée des agressions sexuelles avec un même enfant lors de l’évaluation des intérêts sexuels des agresseurs sexuels d’enfants. Le troisième article vise à répondre à la dernière question énoncée. Des agresseurs sexuels d'enfants regroupés selon l’âge de leurs victimes, pédophilique (n = 75), hébéphilique (n = 44), pédohébéphilique (n = 49), sont comparés quant à différentes variables : nombre et sexe des victimes, historique criminel, et intérêts sexuels autorapportés ou mesurés avec la pléthysmographie. Les résultats montrent la présence d’intérêts sexuels déviants dans les mêmes proportions pour les trois groupes. Quant aux autres variables, les groupes « pédophilique » et « hébéphilique » se distinguent peu, mais ils diffèrent du groupe « pédohébéphilique ». Ces résultats appuient le chevauchement entre l’attirance sexuelle envers les enfants prépubères et l’attirance envers ceux en début de puberté, et soutiennent leur regroupement dans le diagnostic de trouble pédophilique.

Biology and reproductive behavior of Murgantia histrionica (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Life history parameters and reproductive behaviors of the harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica Hahn (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), were determined. Total developmental time from egg to adult was ≈48 d. After a sexual maturation period of ≈7 d, both sexes mated repeatedly, with females laying multiple egg masses of 12 eggs at intervals of 3 d. Adult females lived an average of 41 d, whereas adult males lived an average of 25 d. Courtship and copulation activities peaked in the middle of the photophase. In mating experiments in which mixed sex pairs of virgin and previously mated bugs were combined in all possible combinations, the durations of courtship and copulation by virgin males were significantly longer with both virgin and previously mated females than the same behaviors for previously mated males. When given a choice between a virgin or previously mated female, previously mated males preferred to mate with virgin females, whereas virgin males showed no preference for virgin over previously mated females. Analyses of mating behaviors with ethograms and behavioral transition matrices suggested that a primary reason for failure to copulate by virgin males was the incorrect rotation of their pygophores to the copulation position, so that successful alignment of the genitalia could not occur.

Efeito de épocas de colheita e período de repouso pós-colheita sobre as características físicas de frutos e sementes de mamoneira

This study aimed to assess the effect of harvesting times and of post-harvest resting period on physical characteristics of fruits and seeds of castor bean (AL Guarany 2002 genotype) and to verify if theses characteristics could be used to identify the ideal harvest time. Nine times of raceme harvest were assessed from 30 to the 142 days after anthesis (DAA) at fourteen days intervals, and four conditions of resting; (without and with seven days of resting period of seeds extracted (bare), from fruits and fixed to the racemes). It was evaluated water content, seed thickness, and length, width, and weight of fresh fruits and seeds, and seedling emergence in sand. The statistical design was completely randomized with four replications. The harvest times and the post-harvest rest period affected the physical characteristics of fruits and seeds of castor bean but none of these have proved to be effective in the identification of the ideal harvest time.

Predição do Consumo Voluntário do Capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum, J. cv. tanzânia), sob Pastejo, por Vacas em Lactação, a partir das Características de Degradação

O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) do capim tanzânia de 24 vacas lactantes mestiças (HPB x Gir) e Gir, sob pastejo, foi estimado no mês de janeiro de 1998, a partir da relação entre a digestibilidade da MS da forragem e a produção fecal obtida com auxílio do cromo mordente por meio de um modelo não-linear. Os resultados do consumo estimado foram comparados aos consumos preditos por diferentes equações baseadas nos dados de degradabilidade do capim, no rúmen. A pastagem foi manejada com taxa de lotação de dois animais/ha, em sistema de pastejo rotativo com três dias de ocupação do piquete e 39 dias de descanso. Foram utilizadas para predizer o CMS diferentes equações: CMS = -1,19 + 0,035 (a+ b) + 28,5c (1), CMS = -0,822 + 0,0748 (a+ b) + 40,7c (2), CMS = -8,286 + 0,266a + 0,102b +17,696c (3) e CMS = [%FDN na MS]* [consumo de FDN ] / [(1-a-b)/K P +b/(c+ k p)]/24] (4). As equações, em geral, subestimaram o consumo obtido no modelo não-linear (9,6 kg/vaca/dia). Os consumos médios de capim de 6,2 e 6,0 kg MS/vaca/dia obtidas, respectivamente, nas equações de (2) e (4) foram semelhantes entre si e inferiores ao das equações de (1) (12,7 kg/vaca/dia) e (3) (8,1 kg/vaca/dia). A predição do consumo de forrageiras tropicais, sob pastejo, utilizando-se as equações baseadas nas variáveis da degradação in situ, constitui um importante potencial para estas avaliações. Entretanto, mais estudos dessa natureza devem ser realizados para validar o uso destas equações na prática.

Estimativa da ingestão voluntária a partir das características de degradação do capim-coastcross (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.), sob pastejo, por vacas em lactação

O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) do capim-coastcross, sob pastejo, de vacas lactantes mestiças (HPB x Gir) e Gir, foi calculado a partir da relação entre a digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DIVMS) da forragem (extrusa colhida com animais esôfago- fistulados) e a produção fecal obtida com auxílio do cromo mordante por meio de um modelo não-linear. A pastagem foi manejada com uma taxa de lotação de 1,6 e 3,2 animais/ha, respectivamente para as épocas seca e chuvosa do ano, num sistema de pastejo rotativo com três dias de ocupação e 27 dias de descanso. Quatro diferentes equações baseadas em variáveis de degradação ruminal foram utilizadas para predizer o consumo de MS: CMS = -1,19 + 0,035 (a+ b) + 28,5c (1), CMS = -0,822 + 0,0748 (a+ b) + 40,7c (2), CMS = -8,286 + 0,266a + 0,102b +17,696c (3) e CMS = [%FDN na MS]* [consumo de FDN ] / [(1-a-b)/K P +b/(c+ k p)]/24] (4). Os dados observados utilizando as equações 1 e 2 (12,2 e 12,7 kg/vaca/dia respectivamente) foram similares entre si e superiores aos resultados obtidos na equação 4 (7,8 kg/vaca/dia). Já o resultado obtido pela equação 3 (5,5 kg/vaca/dia) foi menor do que aqueles determinados pelas outras equações, subestimando o CMS calculado a partir do cromo mordante (6,3 kg/vaca/dia). A predição do consumo de forrageiras tropicais sob pastejo, utilizando equações baseadas nas variáveis de degradação, constitui um importante potencial para estas avaliações. Entretanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados antes de se usarem estas equações na prática.

Estádios de colheita e repouso pós-colheita dos frutos na qualidade de sementes de mamoneira

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito dos estádios de colheita e do repouso pós-colheita dos frutos na qualidade de sementes de mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) cultivar AL Guarany 2002. Foram avaliadas 9 épocas de colheita dos racemos, dos 30 até 142 dias após a antese (DAA), em intervalos de 14 dias e quatro condições de repouso: sem e com repouso de sete dias de sementes extraídas (nuas), de frutos e de frutos presos ao racemo. Foram avaliados a cor de frutos e de sementes; o teor de água, a massa seca, as porcentagens de germinação e de vigor das sementes (primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência e condutividade elétrica). Sementes com máxima qualidade fisiológica e massa seca foram obtidas de frutos colhidos aos 86 DAA. A colheita pode ser realizada até os 128 DAA sem redução da germinação, mas com prejuízos devido à queda dos frutos, dispersão das sementes aos 100 dias e reduções do vigor. O repouso permitiu a antecipação da colheita para 72 DAA sem prejuízos à germinação e massa seca, mas com reduções de vigor. A cor dos frutos, das sementes e o teor de água das sementes são parâmetros eficientes para a identificação do ponto de colheita, principalmente se usados conjuntamente.