Analysis of a semi-rigid connection for precast concrete

This paper presents a study of a specific type of beam-to-column connection for precast concrete structures. Furthermore, an analytical model to determine the strength and the stiffness of the connection, based on test results of two prototypes, is proposed. To evaluate the influence of the strength and stiffness of the connection on the behaviour of the structure, the results of numerical simulations of a typical multi-storey building with semi-rigid connections are also presented and compared with the results using pinned and rigid connections. The main conclusions are: (a) the proposed design model can reasonably evaluate the studied connection strength; (b) the evaluation of strength is more accurate than that of stiffness; (c) for a typical structure, it is possible to increase the number of storeys of the structure from two to four with lower horizontal displacement at the top, and only a small increase of the column base bending moment by replacing the pinned connections with semi-rigid ones; and (d) although there is significant uncertainty in the connection stiffness, the results show that the displacements at the top of the structure, and the column base moments present low susceptibility deviations to this parameter.

Evaluation of the GlideScope for tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilisation by a semi-rigid collar

RAPPORT DE SYNTHÈSE : Chez les patients présentant une pathologie de la colonne cervicale, l'instrumentation des voies aériennes peut s'avérer délicate. En effet, l'impossibilité d'effectuer une extension de la nuque afin d'aligner correctement l'axe oro-pharyngo-trachéal, ainsi que l'ouverture de bouche limitée par la présence d'une minerve cervicale, rendent la laryngoscopie standard extrêmement difficile. Le but de cette étude est de démontrer que l'intubation oro-trachéale avec une minerve cervicale semi-rigide est possible à l'aide d'un vidéolaryngoscope récemment développé, le GlideScope®. Celui-ci est formé d'une lame courbe présentant une angulation accentuée à 60° à partir de son milieu, avec une petite caméra haute résolution et une source lumineuse enchâssées dans la partie inférieure au point d'inflexion. Différents travaux ont montré les avantages du GlideScope® par rapport à la lame de Macintosh standard "pour l'instrumentation des voies aériennes de routine ou en situation difficile. Après acceptation par la Commission d'Ethique, 50 patients, adultes consentants et programmés pour une intervention chirurgicale élective nécessitant une anesthésie générale ont été inclus dans cette étude. Malgré la présence d'une minerve cervicale semi-rigide Philadelphia® Patriot correctement positionnée et la tête fixée à la table d'opération, tous les patients ont pu être intubés a l'aide du GlideScope®. Aucune complication n'a été documentée pendant la procédure ou en post-opératoire. De plus, nous avons démontré que dans cette situation la visualisation des structures laryngées est significativement améliorée grâce au GlideScope®, par rapport à la lame de Macintosh utilisée lors de toute intubation standard. En conclusion, l'intubation oro-trachéale chez les patients ayant une minerve cervicale et la tête fixée est possible à l'aide du GlideScope®. La meilleure façon de sécuriser les voies aériennes chez les patients présentant une instabilité de la colonne cervicale est un sujet fortement débattu. L'utilisation du GlideScope® pourrait s'avérer une alternative intéressante, en particulier dans les situations d'urgence.

Evaluation of the GlideScope (R) for tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilisation by a semi-rigid collar

Application of cervical collars may reduce cervical spine movements but render tracheal intubation with a standard laryngoscope difficult if not impossible. We hypothesised that despite the presence of a Philadelphia Patriot (R) cervical collar and with the patient's head taped to the trolley, tracheal intubation would be possible in 50 adult patients using the GlideScope (R) and its dedicated stylet. Laryngoscopy was attempted using a Macintosh laryngoscope with a size 4 blade, and the modified Cormack-Lehane grade was scored. Subsequently, laryngoscopy with the GlideScope was graded and followed by tracheal intubation. All patients' tracheas were successfully intubated with the GlideScope. The median (IQR) intubation time was 50 s (43-61 s). The modified Cormack-Lehane grade was 3 or 4 at direct laryngoscopy. It was significantly reduced with the GlideScope (p < 0.0001), reaching grade 2a in most patients. Tracheal intubation in patients wearing a semi-rigid collar and having their head taped to the trolley is possible with the help of the GlideScope.

Evaluation of the GlideScope (R) for tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilization by a semi-rigid collar

Background: In patients with cervical spine injury, a cervical collar may prevent cervical spine movements but renders tracheal intubation with a standard laryngoscope difficult if not impossible. We hypothesized that despite the presence of a semi-rigid cervical collar and with the patient's head taped to the trolley, we would be able to intubate all patients with the GlideScopeR and its dedicated stylet. Methods: 50 adult patients (ASA 1 or 2, BMI ≤35 kg/m2) scheduled for elective surgical procedures requiring tracheal intubation were included. After standardized induction of general anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade, the neck was immobilized with an appropriately sized semi-rigid Philadelphia Patriot® cervical collar, the head was taped to the trolley. Laryngoscopy was attempted using a Macintosh laryngoscope blade 4 and the modified Cormack Lehane grade was noted. Subsequently, laryngoscopy with the GlideScopeR was graded and followed by oro-tracheal intubation. Results: All patients were successfully intubated with the GlideScopeR and its dedicated stylet. The median intubation time was 50 sec [43; 61]. The modified Cormack Lehane grade was 3 or 4 at direct laryngoscopy. It was significantly reduced with the GlideScopeR (p <0.0001), reaching 2a in most of patients. Maximal mouth opening was significantly reduced with the cervical collar applied, 4.5 cm [4.5; 5.0] vs. 2.0 cm [1.8; 2.0] (p <0.0001). Conclusions: The GlideScope® allows oro-tracheal intubation in patients having their cervical spine immobilized by a semi-rigid collar and their head taped to the trolley. It furthermore decreases significantly the modified Cormack Lehane grade.

Development of ready-to-eat extruded fish based noodles in semi-rigid containers”

Fish and fishery products are having a unique place in global food market due to its unique taste and flavour; moreover, the presence of easily digestible proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals make it a highly demanded food commodity.Fishery products constitute a major portion of international trade, which is a valuable source of foreign exchange to many developing countries.Several new technologies are emerging to produce various value added products from food; “extrusion technology” is one among them. Food extruder is a better choice for producing a wide variety of high value products at low volume because of its versatility. Extruded products are shelf-stable at ambient temperature. Extrusion cooking is used in the manufacture of food products such as ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, expanded snacks, pasta, fat-bread, soup and drink bases. The raw materialin the form of powder at ambient temperature is fed into extruder at a known feeding rate. The material first gets compacted and then softens and gelatinizes and/or melts to form a plasticized material, which flows downstream into extruder channel and the final quality of the end products depends on the characteristics of starch in the cereals and protein ingredient as affected by extrusion process. The advantages of extrusion process are the process is thermodynamically most efficient, high temperature short time enables destruction of bacteria and anti-nutritional factors, one step cooking process thereby minimizing wastage and destruction of fat hydrolyzing enzymes during extrusion process and enzymes associated with rancidity.

Implant Stability Measurements of Two Immediate Loading Protocols for the Edentulous Mandible: Rigid and Semi-rigid Splinting of the Implants

Aim: Primary and secondary stabilities of immediately loaded mandibular implants restored with fixed prostheses (FP) using rigid or semirigid splinting systems were clinically and radiographically evaluated. Methods: Fifteen edentulous patients were rehabilitated using hybrid FP; each had 5 implants placed between the mental foramens. Two groups were randomly divided: group 1-FP with the conventional rigid bar splinting the implants and group 2-semi-rigid cantilever extension system with titanium bars placed in the 2 distal abutment cylinders. Primary stability was evaluated using resonance frequency analysis after installation of the implant abutments. The measurements were made at 3 times: T0, at baseline; T1, 4 months after implant placement; and T2, 8 months after implant placement. Presence of mobility and inflammation in the implant surrounding regions were checked. Stability data were submitted to statistical analysis for comparison between groups (P, 0.05). Results: Implant survival rate for the implants was of 100% in both groups. No significant differences in the mean implant stability quotient values were found for both groups from baseline and after the 8-month follow-up. Conclusion: The immediate loading of the implants was satisfactory, and both splinting conditions (rigid and semi-rigid) can be successfully used for the restoration of edentulous mandibles. (Implant Dent 2012;21:486-490)

Inestabilidad de pórticos planos metálicos de edificación con inclusión de la flexibilidad de las uniones y elementos no prismáticos : un enfoque para la optimización

En esta tesis se aborda el problema de la modelización, análisis y optimización de pórticos metálicos planos de edificación frente a los estados límites último y de servicio. El objetivo general es presentar una técnica secuencial ordenada de optimización discreta para obtener el coste mínimo de pórticos metálicos planos de edificación, teniendo en cuenta las especificaciones del EC-3, incorporando las uniones semirrígidas y elementos no prismáticos en el proceso de diseño. Asimismo se persigue valorar su grado de influencia sobre el diseño final. El horizonte es extraer conclusiones prácticas que puedan ser de utilidad y aplicación simple para el proyecto de estructuras metálicas. La cantidad de publicaciones técnicas y científicas sobre la respuesta estructural de entramados metálicos es inmensa; por ello se ha hecho un esfuerzo intenso en recopilar el estado actual del conocimiento, sobre las líneas y necesidades actuales de investigación. Se ha recabado información sobre los métodos modernos de cálculo y diseño, sobre los factores que influyen sobre la respuesta estructural, sobre técnicas de modelización y de optimización, al amparo de las indicaciones que algunas normativas actuales ofrecen sobre el tema. En esta tesis se ha desarrollado un procedimiento de modelización apoyado en el método de los elementos finitos implementado en el entorno MatLab; se han incluido aspectos claves tales como el comportamiento de segundo orden, la comprobación ante inestabilidad y la búsqueda del óptimo del coste de la estructura frente a estados límites, teniendo en cuenta las especificaciones del EC-3. También se ha modelizado la flexibilidad de las uniones y se ha analizado su influencia en la respuesta de la estructura y en el peso y coste final de la misma. Se han ejecutado algunos ejemplos de aplicación y se ha contrastado la validez del modelo con resultados de algunas estructuras ya analizadas en referencias técnicas conocidas. Se han extraído conclusiones sobre el proceso de modelización y de análisis, sobre la repercusión de la flexibilidad de las uniones en la respuesta de la estructura. El propósito es extraer conclusiones útiles para la etapa de proyecto. Una de las principales aportaciones del trabajo en su enfoque de optimización es la incorporación de una formulación de elementos no prismáticos con uniones semirrígidas en sus extremos. Se ha deducido una matriz de rigidez elástica para dichos elementos. Se ha comprobado su validez para abordar el análisis no lineal; para ello se han comparado los resultados con otros obtenidos tras aplicar otra matriz deducida analíticamente existente en la literatura y también mediante el software comercial SAP2000. Otra de las aportaciones de esta tesis es el desarrollo de un método de optimización del coste de pórticos metálicos planos de edificación en el que se tienen en cuenta aspectos tales como las imperfecciones, la posibilidad de incorporar elementos no prismáticos y la caracterización de las uniones semirrígidas, valorando la influencia de su flexibilidad sobre la respuesta de la estructura. Así, se han realizado estudios paramétricos para valorar la sensibilidad y estabilidad de las soluciones obtenidas, así como rangos de validez de las conclusiones obtenidas. This thesis deals with the problems of modelling, analysis and optimization of plane steel frames with regard to ultimate and serviceability limit states. The objective of this work is to present an organized sequential technique of discrete optimization for achieving the minimum cost of plane steel frames, taking into consideration the EC-3 specifications as well as including effects of the semi-rigid joints and non-prismatic elements in the design process. Likewise, an estimate of their influence on the final design is an aim of this work. The final objective is to draw practical conclusions which can be handful and easily applicable for a steel-structure project. An enormous amount of technical and scientific publications regarding steel frames is currently available, thus making the achievement of a comprehensive and updated knowledge a considerably hard task. In this work, a large variety of information has been gathered and classified, especially that related to current research lines and needs. Thus, the literature collected encompasses references related to state-of-the-art design methods, factors influencing the structural response, modelling and optimization techniques, as well as calculation and updated guidelines of some steel Design Codes about the subject. In this work a modelling procedure based on the finite element implemented within the MatLab programming environment has been performed. Several keys aspects have been included, such as second order behaviour, the safety assessment against structural instability and the search for an optimal cost considering the limit states according to EC-3 specifications. The flexibility of joints has been taken into account in the procedure hereby presented; its effects on the structural response, on the optimum weight and on the final cost have also been analysed. In order to confirm the validity and adequacy of this procedure, some application examples have been carried out. The results obtained were compared with those available from other authors. Several conclusions about the procedure that comprises modelling, analysis and design stages, as well as the effect of the flexibility of connections on the structural response have been drawn. The purpose is to point out some guidelines for the early stages of a project. One of the contributions of this thesis is an attempt for optimizing plane steel frames in which both non-prismatic beam-column-type elements and semi-rigid connections have been considered. Thus, an elastic stiffness matrix has been derived. Its validity has been tested through comparing its accuracy with other analytically-obtained matrices available in the literature, and with results obtained by the commercial software SAP2000. Another achievement of this work is the development of a method for cost optimization of plane steel building frames in which some relevant aspects have been taken in consideration. These encompass geometric imperfections, non-prismatic beam elements and the numerical characterization of semi-rigid connections, evaluating the effect of its flexibility on the structural response. Hence, some parametric analyses have been performed in order to assess the sensitivity, the stability of the outcomes and their range of applicability as well.

Idoneidad del grado de rigidez de las uniones en pórticos metálicos de naves a dos aguas en edificación agroindustrial

Para el análisis de la respuesta estructural, tradicionalmente se ha partido de la suposición de que los nudos son totalmente rígidos o articulados. Este criterio facilita en gran medida los cálculos, pero no deja de ser una idealización del comportamiento real de las uniones. Como es lógico, entre los nudos totalmente rígidos y los nudos articulados existe una gama infinita de valores de rigidez que podrían ser adoptados. A las uniones que presentan un valor distinto de los canónicos se les denomina en sentido general uniones semirrígidas. La consideración de esta rigidez intermedia complica considerablemente los cálculos estructurales, no obstante provoca cambios en el reparto de esfuerzos dentro de la estructura, así como en la configuración de las propias uniones, que en ciertas circunstancias pueden suponer una ventaja económica. Del planteamiento expuesto en el párrafo anterior, surgen dos cuestiones que serán el germen de la tesis. Estas son: ¿Qué ocurre si se aplica el concepto de uniones semirrígidas a las naves industriales? ¿Existen unos valores determinados de rigidez en sus nudos con los que se logra optimizar la estructura? Así, surge el objetivo principal de la tesis, que no es otro que conocer la influencia de la rigidez de los nudos en los costes de los pórticos a dos aguas de estructura metálica utilizados típicamente en edificios de uso agroindustrial. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto, se plantea una metodología de trabajo que básicamente consiste en el estudio de una muestra representativa de pórticos sometidos a tres estados de carga: bajo, medio y alto. Su rango de luces abarca desde los 8 a los 20 m y el de la altura de pilares desde los 3,5 a los 10 m. Además, se considera que sus uniones pueden adoptar valores intermedios de rigidez. De la combinatoria de las diferentes configuraciones posibles se obtienen 46.656 casos que serán objeto de estudio. Debido al fin economicista del trabajo, se ha prestado especial atención a la obtención de los costes de ejecución de las diferentes partidas que componen la estructura, incluidas las correspondientes a las uniones. Para acometer los cálculos estructurales ha sido imprescindible contar con un soporte informático, tanto existente como de creación ex profeso, que permitiese su automatización en un contexto de optimización. Los resultados del estudio consisten básicamente en una cantidad importante de datos que para su interpretación se hace imprescindible tratarlos previamente. Este tratamiento se fundamenta en su ordenación sistemática, en la aplicación de técnicas estadísticas y en la representación gráfica. Con esto se obtiene un catálogo de gráficos en los que se representa el coste total de la estructura según los diferentes valores de rigidez de sus nudos, unas matrices resumen de resultados y unos modelos matemáticos que representan la función coste total - rigideces de nudos. Como conclusiones se puede destacar: por un lado que los costes totales de los pórticos estudiados son mínimos cuando los valores de rigidez de sus uniones son bajos, concretamente de 5•10³ a 10•10³ kN•m/rad; y por otro que la utilización en estas estructuras de uniones semirrígidas con una combinación idónea de sus rigideces, supone una ventaja económica media del 18% con respecto a las dos tipologías que normalmente se usan en este tipo de edificaciones como son los pórticos biempotrados y los biarticulados. ABSTRACT Analyzing for structural response, traditionally it started from the assumption that joints are fully rigid or pinned. This criterion makes the design significantly easier, but it is also an idealization of real joint behaviour. As is to be expected, there is an almost endless range of stiffnes value between fully rigid and pinned joints, wich could be adopted. Joints with a value other than traditional are referred to generally as semi-rigid joints. If middle stiffness is considered, the structural design becomes much more complicated, however, it causes changes in the distribution of frame stresses, as well as on joints configuration, that under certain circumstances they may suppose an economic advantage. Two questions arise from the approach outlined in the preceding subparagraph, wich are the seeds of the doctoral thesis. These are: what happens when the concept of semirigid joints is applied to industrial buildings? There are certain stiffness values in their joints with which optimization of frame is achieved? This way, the main objective of the thesis arise, which is to know the influence of stiffness of joints in the cost of the steel frames with gabled roof, that they are typically used in industrial buildings. In order to achieve the proposed goal, a work methodology is proposed, which consists in essence in a study of a representative sample of frames under three load conditions: low, middle and high. Their range of spans comprises from 8 to 20 m and range of the height of columns cover from 3,5 to 10 m. Furthermore, it is considered that their joints can adopt intermediate values of stiffness. The result of the combination of different configurations options is 46.656 cases, which will be subject of study. Due to the economic aim of this work, a particular focus has been devoted for obtaining the execution cost of the different budget items that make up the structure, including those relating to joints. In order to do the structural calculations, count with a computing support has been indispensable, existing and created expressly for this purpose, which would allows its automation in a optimization context. The results of the study basically consist in a important amount of data, whose previous processing is necesary. This process is based on his systematic arrangement, in implementation of statistical techniques and in graphical representation. This give a catalogue of graphics, which depicts the whole cost of structure according to the different stiffness of its joints, a matrixes with the summary of results and a mathematical models which represent the function whole cost - stiffness of the joints. The most remarkable conclusions are: whole costs of the frames studied are minimum when the stiffness values of their joints are low, specifically 5•10³ a 10•10³ kN•m/rad; and the use of structures with semi-rigid joints and a suitable combination of their stiffness implyes an average economic advantage of 18% over other two typologies which are used typically in this kind of buildings; these are the rigid and bi-articulated frames.

Investigação de compósitos cimentícios para preenchimento de juntas da interface e de nichos em ligações de estruturas pré- moldadas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Biomechanics of the Spine

The human spinal column is a complex structure composed of 24 individual vertebrae plus the sacrum. The principal functions of the spine are to protect the spinal cord, to provide mobility to the trunk and to transfer loads from the head and trunk to the pelvis. By nature of a natural sagittal curvature and the relatively flexible intervertebral discs interposed between semi-rigid vertebrae, the spinal column is a compliant structure which can filter out shock and vibrations before they reach the brain. The intrinsic, passive stability of the spine is provided by the discs and surrounding ligamentous structures, and supplemented by the actions of the spinal muscles. The seven intervertebral ligaments which span each pair of adjacent vertebrae and the two synovial joints on each vertebra (facets or zygapophyseal joints) allow controlled, fully three-dimensional motion.

Seismic modelling of bridges with semirigid connections

The need to modal semi-rigid behaviour of joints to analyze the seismic response of bridges arises when retrofitting devices such as cables or bolts are introduced in otherwise free joints or when the design takes advantage of the plastification of structural sections to impose energy dissipation though their ductile behaviour. The paper presents some preliminary results of a parametric study carried out using s1mplified computational models. Two instances where semirigid connection play a role in the seismic response of bridges have been discussed. The ongoing research from which this paper is extracted is intended to enhance understanding on the effectivness of various bridge retrofitting measures and to provide information that may be used to calibrate some ECS-2 rules. Finally, it is hoped that the development of reliable simplified techniques for nonlinear analysis will provide designers with useful tools to examine behavior and ultimately improve seismic safety in actual bridges.

Synthesis, NMR studies and conformational analysis of oxazolidine derivatives of the beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists metoprolol, atenolol and timolol

Formaldehyde-derived oxazolidine derivatives 4-7 of the beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists metoprolol 1, atenolol 2 and timolol 3 have been synthesised. Conformational analysis of 1-3 and the oxazolidine derivatives 4-7 has been performed using H-1 NMR spectroscopy and computational methods. The H-1 NMR studies show that for the aryloxypropanolamine beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists there is a predominance of the conformer in which the amine group is approximately antiperiplanar or trans to the aryloxymethylene group. Both H-1 NMR data and theoretical studies indicate that the oxazolidine derivatives 4-7 and the aryloxypropanolamine beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists 1-3 adopt similar conformations around the beta-amino alcohol moiety. Thus, oxazolidine ring formation does not dramatically alter the preferred conformation adopted by the beta-amino alcohol moiety of 1-3. Oxazolidine derivatives of aryloxypropanolamine beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists may therefore be appropriate as prodrugs, or semi-rigid analogues, when greater lipophilicity is required for drug delivery.

Use of Inverted Fluoroscope`s C-arm During Endoscopic Treatment of Urinary Tract Obstruction in Pregnancy: A Practicable Solution to Cut Radiation

OBJECTIVES To describe the use of pulsed fluoroscopic guidance, to perform endoscopic procedures in pregnant women, by inverting the fluoroscope`s c-arm using a lead thyroid collar to shield the fetus from the direct X-ray beam. The use of radiation during treatment of pregnant patients with urolithiasis remains a recurring dilemma. METHODS Between May 2006 and December 2008, endoscopic treatment due to ureteral stones was attempted in 8 pregnant women. In all cases, we use an inverted fluoroscope`s c-arm during endoscopic treatment associated with 2 lead neck thyroid collars to shield the uterus, protecting the fetus from direct radiation. Indication for treatment was symptomatic ureteral stones unresponsive to medical treatment in 7 and persistent fever in 1. RESULTS Mean ureteral stone size was 8.1 +/- 4.8 mm, located in the left ureter in 5 (62.5%) cases. Three (37.5%) patients had stone located in the upper ureter, 2 (25%) in the middle ureter, and 3 (37.5) in the distal ureter. In 6 cases, ureteral stones were treated using the semi-rigid ureteroscope, whereas in 1 case a flexible ureteroscope was needed. One woman was treated with insertion of a double-J stent due to associated urinary infection. No women has early delivery related to the endoscopic procedure, and all neonates were perfectly normal. CONCLUSIONS We present a technique for endoscopic procedures in pregnant women inverting the fluoroscope`s c-arm and protecting the fetus from the direct X-ray beam. This practical approach should be specially considered when no portable ultrasound and radiologic assistance in available in the operating room. UROLOGY 75: 1505-1508, 2010. (c) 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Histological and molecular temporomandibular joint analyses after mandibular advancement surgery: study in minipigs

Objectives. The objective of this study was to elucidate the changes occurring in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) after surgical mandibular advancement with different fixation techniques: bicortical screws (rigid fixation) and miniplates (semi-rigid fixation). Study design. Eighteen minipigs were equally and randomly divided into 3 groups: Group I (control), nonoperated animals; Group II, animals submitted to surgical advancement surgery and osteosynthesis by bicortical screws; and Group III, animals submitted to surgical advancement surgery and osteosynthesis by miniplates. Four months after the surgeries, the presence of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 in synovial fluid samples was assessed in ELISA experiments. TMJs were histologically prepared. Results. Higher levels of IL-10 (P = .0436) were found for Group II. Descriptive histological analysis was compatible with the ELISA findings. Conclusions. Rigid fixation evokes more pronounced signs of bone remodeling in the TMJ, whereas malleable fixation promotes a more intense inflammatory activity. Therefore, rigid fixation seems to transmit a higher impact of postoperative masticatory forces to the TMJ.