The role of selected non-timber forest products for rural areas in Laos: Case studies in Ban Napo and Ban Kouay communities

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are one of the major income sources for the rural population of Laos. An exploratory study was conducted to determine the role of non-timber forest products for rural communities of the study area. The study was carried out in two villages viz. Ban Napo and Ban Kouay of Sangthong district between January and March 2010. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather data from the respondents. Twenty-five respondents from each village were chosen based on their involvement in NTFPs collection and marketing activities. Statistically significant NTFPs income differences were not found between the villages and age groups of the respondents, however, significant differences were found in the annual incomes between farms size of the respondents. This study also analyzed the value chain structure of the three (See khai’ ton, Bamboo mats and Incense sticks) important non-timber forest products and the interactions between the actors in the case study areas. Barriers to entry the market, governance and upgrading possibilities have been discussed for each of the value chains. Comparison of unit prices at different levels of the value chains indicated uneven income distribution in favour of the intermediaries, factories and foreign buyers. The lack of capital, marketing information and negotiation skills restricted the villagers to increase their income. However, all the respondents have shown their satisfaction with their income from NTFPs.

Bevezető: utak és úton lévők

A kvalitatív módszerekkel nyert kutatási eredményeink értelmezése során a transznacionális tér, a transznacionális és az etnikai migráció elméleti és szemléleti kereteit egyaránt figyelembe vettük. Az általunk vizsgált migrációs folyamatok transznacionális térben zajlanak, és a transznacionális irodalomban leírt migráns élethelyzetek, gyakorlatok – különböző nemzetállamokban elhelyezkedő lokalitásokhoz való egyidejű, bár eltérő intenzitású kötődés, kapcsolatok – több példájával is találkoztunk. Ludger Pries nyomán a transznacionális migrációt és a transznacionális migráns alakját olyan ideáltípusnak tekintettük, amelyhez az egyes migráns utak és helyzetek csupán közelítenek, és empirikus eredményeink alapján azt mondhatjuk, hogy a valóban plurilokális, vagyis a két helyhez való egyidejű, intenzív és tartós kötődés s az ehhez kapcsolódó gyakorlatok csupán a migránsok kisebbségét, illetve a migrációs életpályák egy-egy szakaszát jellemzik. A vizsgált migrációs folyamatokban az etnicitás strukturális tényezőként és a migráns tapasztalatok értelmezési kereteként egyaránt perdöntő szerepet játszik. Az etnikai migráció szakirodalomban tárgyalt mindhárom magyarázó modellje – az anyaországba való hazatérés, a gazdasági okokból való, illetve a kisebbségi létben elszenvedett sérelmek által ösztönzött migráció – alkalmas a migrációt kiváltó és mozgató okok elemzésére, a migráns narratívák értelmezésére, azt azonban nem állíthatjuk, hogy bármelyikük kizárólagos érvényre tehet szert. Más kutatókhoz hasonlóan Rogers Brubaker meghatározását tartjuk a leginkább gyümölcsözőnek, aki az etnikai migráció tág értelmezését használva minden olyan vándorlási folyamatot etnikai migrációnak tekint, amelyben az etnicitás kulturális és szimbolikus tőkeként szabályozó szerepet játszik. This special issue of Tér és Társadalom presents some results of an international research project carried out by researchers from Switzerland, Hungary and Serbia between 2010 and 2012. The topic of the research was “Integrating (Trans-)national Migrants in Transition States” (TRANSMIG) and was financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The research aimed to explore and interpret migration flows from the Vojvodina (Serbia) to Hungary and from ex-Yugoslav republics to the Vojvodina. In the first period of the last twenty years, wars which contributed to the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the formation of new national states have caused migration flows. After the change of the millennium, educational migration of Vojvodina Hungarian youth can be considered the most important migratory movement from the Vojvodina to Hungary. Labour (economic) migration also occurs, but this cannot be understood as a one-way movement, since in the Hungarian–Serbian border zone migrants from the Vojvodina who already resettled to Hungary commute to the Vojvodina. While interpreting the qualitative research data the theoretical frameworks and approaches of transnational space, transnationalism and ethnic migration were taken into consideration. The migration movement in question occurs in a transnational social space where migrants are in constant motion. By their movements and actions that space is continually recreated. With Ludger Pries we see a transnational migrant as an ideal type to whom individual migratory movements and positions only approximate. Based on our empirical results we can conclude that real pluri-local, intensive and long-lasting bonding to two places at the same time and the relating practices only characterise a minority of migrants and certain sections of migratory careers. In the migration processes studied, ethnicity as a term is needed as a “structural factor” and frame of interpretation to approach migrant experiences. All three explanatory models for ethnic migration – return migration, economic migration, migration motivated by grievances suffered in a minority situation – are suitable to analyse the reasons that initiated migration and kept it in motion. They are helpful in interpreting migrant narratives. However, none of the reasons can claim exclusive validity. Agreeing with other researchers, we find Roger Brubaker’s definition the most useful: Ethnic migration should be comprehended in a broad sense. In addition, every migration can be considered as “ethnically” motivated where ethnicity plays a dominant role as a cultural and symbolic capital.

Quatuor à cordes : au système de quart de ton /

Pref. in Czech, German and French.

Airdrop of supplies and equipment : rigging the M101 3/4-ton cargo trailer.

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Airdrop of supplies and equipment : rigging 1/4-ton cargo trailer.

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Airdrop of supplies and equipment : rigging 1/4-ton utility trucks.

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Airdrop of supplies and equipment : rigging 2 1/2 ton trucks.

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Periēgēsis eis ton Ponton,

Mode of access: Internet.

Skåenographiai ek tåes Hellåenikåes. Epanostaseåos. Meta eikonåon pros chråesin tåon mathåetåon tåes d taxeåos tåon dåemotikåon scholeiåon amphoteråon tåon phylåon. Kata to neon programma tou Hypourgeiou tåes paideias. "Ekdosis tritåe. Ekdotåes G.P. Memos.

Disbound original held in Oak Street Library Facility.

The cruise of the "Falcon"; a voyage to South America in a 30-ton yacht,

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Ek ton Ktesiou, Agatharchidou, Memnonos historikon eklogai. Appianou Iberike kai Annibaike = Ex Ctesia, Agatharchide, Memnone excerptae historiae. Appiani Iberica. Item, De gestis Annibalis /

Mode of access: Internet.

O ton tou Aristotelous biblion deuteros tomos, tauta periechei : secundus tomus haec habet ...

ICCU.

Ierokleous philosophou Ypomnema eis ta ton Pythagoreion epe ta chrysa = Hieroclis philosophi commentarius in aurea Pythagoreorum carmina /

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Ton tes Ellados exochon rhetopon Isokpatous, Aischinou, kai Demosthenous Logoi tines, kai pleisai ton ek Thoukydidou Demegorion = Excellentium graeciae oratorum Isocratis, Aeschinis [et] Demosthenis orationes quaedam, [et] plures ex Thucydidis concionibus.

Mode of access: Internet.

Ton tes Ellados exochon rhetopon Isokpatous, Aischinou, kai Demosthenous Logoi tines, kai pleisai ton ek Thoukydidou Demegorion = Excellentium graeciae oratorum Isocratis, Aeschinis & Demosthenis orationes quaedam, & plures ex Thucydidis concionibus ...

Mode of access: Internet.