WriteSim TCExam--an open source text simulation environment for training novice researchers in scientific writing.

BACKGROUND: The ability to write clearly and effectively is of central importance to the scientific enterprise. Encouraged by the success of simulation environments in other biomedical sciences, we developed WriteSim TCExam, an open-source, Web-based, textual simulation environment for teaching effective writing techniques to novice researchers. We shortlisted and modified an existing open source application - TCExam to serve as a textual simulation environment. After testing usability internally in our team, we conducted formal field usability studies with novice researchers. These were followed by formal surveys with researchers fitting the role of administrators and users (novice researchers) RESULTS: The development process was guided by feedback from usability tests within our research team. Online surveys and formal studies, involving members of the Research on Research group and selected novice researchers, show that the application is user-friendly. Additionally it has been used to train 25 novice researchers in scientific writing to date and has generated encouraging results. CONCLUSION: WriteSim TCExam is the first Web-based, open-source textual simulation environment designed to complement traditional scientific writing instruction. While initial reviews by students and educators have been positive, a formal study is needed to measure its benefits in comparison to standard instructional methods.

Scientific writing: a randomized controlled trial comparing standard and on-line instruction.

BACKGROUND: Writing plays a central role in the communication of scientific ideas and is therefore a key aspect in researcher education, ultimately determining the success and long-term sustainability of their careers. Despite the growing popularity of e-learning, we are not aware of any existing study comparing on-line vs. traditional classroom-based methods for teaching scientific writing. METHODS: Forty eight participants from a medical, nursing and physiotherapy background from US and Brazil were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 24 per group): An on-line writing workshop group (on-line group), in which participants used virtual communication, google docs and standard writing templates, and a standard writing guidance training (standard group) where participants received standard instruction without the aid of virtual communication and writing templates. Two outcomes, manuscript quality was assessed using the scores obtained in Six subgroup analysis scale as the primary outcome measure, and satisfaction scores with Likert scale were evaluated. To control for observer variability, inter-observer reliability was assessed using Fleiss's kappa. A post-hoc analysis comparing rates of communication between mentors and participants was performed. Nonparametric tests were used to assess intervention efficacy. RESULTS: Excellent inter-observer reliability among three reviewers was found, with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) agreement = 0.931882 and ICC consistency = 0.932485. On-line group had better overall manuscript quality (p = 0.0017, SSQSavg score 75.3 +/- 14.21, ranging from 37 to 94) compared to the standard group (47.27 +/- 14.64, ranging from 20 to 72). Participant satisfaction was higher in the on-line group (4.3 +/- 0.73) compared to the standard group (3.09 +/- 1.11) (p = 0.001). The standard group also had fewer communication events compared to the on-line group (0.91 +/- 0.81 vs. 2.05 +/- 1.23; p = 0.0219). CONCLUSION: Our protocol for on-line scientific writing instruction is better than standard face-to-face instruction in terms of writing quality and student satisfaction. Future studies should evaluate the protocol efficacy in larger longitudinal cohorts involving participants from different languages.

Rhetorical approaches to scientific writing : an English-Polish contrastive study

This article reports an investigation of the rhetorical framework of research papers written by Polish scholars in English and Polish. It specifically targets the structure of introductions to articles in the field of psychology. Notions of linearity and digressiveness, as well as related issues of form and content and reader-writer reciprocity are discussed. The results of the analysis indicate that discoursal organization employed by Polish authors differs from that utilized by Anglo-American scholars. It is argued that styles of academic prose are interconnected with underlying cultural values.

Candidate knowledge? Exploring epistemic claims in scientific writing:a corpus-driven approach

In this article I argue that the study of the linguistic aspects of epistemology has become unhelpfully focused on the corpus-based study of hedging and that a corpus-driven approach can help to improve upon this. Through focusing on a corpus of texts from one discourse community (that of genetics) and identifying frequent tri-lexical clusters containing highly frequent lexical items identified as keywords, I undertake an inductive analysis identifying patterns of epistemic significance. Several of these patterns are shown to be hedging devices and the whole corpus frequencies of the most salient of these, candidate and putative, are then compared to the whole corpus frequencies for comparable wordforms and clusters of epistemic significance. Finally I interviewed a ‘friendly geneticist’ in order to check my interpretation of some of the terms used and to get an expert interpretation of the overall findings. In summary I argue that the highly unexpected patterns of hedging found in genetics demonstrate the value of adopting a corpus-driven approach and constitute an advance in our current understanding of how to approach the relationship between language and epistemology.

Writing scientific papers, with special reference to evolutionary ecology

© 2015, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. The advancement of science, as well as scientific careers, depends upon good and clear scientific writing. Science is the most democratic of human endeavours because, in principle, anyone can replicate a scientific discovery. In order for this to continue, writing must be clear enough to be understood well enough to allow replication, either in principle or in fact. In this paper I will present data on the publication process in Evolutionary Ecology, use it to illustrate some of the problems in scientific papers, make some general remarks about writing scientific papers, summarise two new paper categories in the journal which will fill gaps that appear to be expanding in the literature, and summarise new journal policies to help mitigate existing problems. Most of the suggestions about writing would apply to any scientific journal.

Abeje Dayo: um ensaio epistemológico-político sobre a democracia na escola pública estadual

O presente trabalho de pesquisa trata da democracia na escola pública estadual do Rio de Janeiro. Dentro de tema tão vasto, prioriza experiências de participação política e controle do Estado pelo cidadão dentro do ambiente escolar e, especialmente, de democracia cognitiva em sala de aula. Esta dissertação é resultado da observação participante em distintas escolas públicas onde o autor lecionou. Nesses espaços, onde a atuação de professor e pesquisador coexistiram, recolheu casos e experiências significativas relacionadas à democracia ou a sua negação pelo autoritarismo, nos dois recortes acima mencionados. Aqui estão cinco destes casos. Dentre eles, em maior destaque, está uma experiência com o uso das linguagens artísticas e seus resultados na democratização da construção do conhecimento em sala de aula. Influenciado pela força deste caso e pelo potencial percebido nas decorrentes pesquisas e reflexões teóricas a seu respeito, o autor opta por empreender uma pesquisa exploratória de linguagem, conduzindo-o a experimentar uma escrita alternativa ao padrão corrente de redação científica. Com claro ímpeto ensaístico, o trabalho é desenvolvido em um diálogo entre professoras-pesquisadoras da escola pública, pretendo ao formato teatral. Para o seu enfrentamento e embasamento teórico, a pesquisa está estruturada principalmente em torno de cinco autores: Inês Barbosa de Oliveira para os estudos da metodologia do campo do cotidiano escolar; Marilena Chauí para os estudos da cultura política brasileira; Paulo Freire, Augusto Boal e Boaventura de Sousa Santos para os estudos de democracia e epistemologia

Élaboration d’un modèle d’article de dictionnaire de collocations du lexique scientifique transdisciplinaire pour l’aide à la rédaction de textes scientifiques

Cette recherche constitue une première étape dans l’élaboration d’un dictionnaire de collocations du lexique scientifique transdisciplinaire (LST), conçu pour aider des étudiants ou des chercheurs dans la rédaction de discours scientifiques ou universitaires, quel que soit leur domaine d’études. Elle a permis de concevoir deux modèles originaux d’articles de dictionnaire donnant accès aux collocations de termes nominaux et verbaux caractéristiques du LST. Les modèles d’articles sont ensuite appliqués à la description d’un échantillon de termes nominaux : analyse, caractéristique, figure, hypothèse, rapport et résultat; et verbaux : décrire et étudier. Les articles conçus dans ce mémoire offrent un accès convivial aux collocations du LST en situation de rédaction. Ils ont l’avantage de proposer une organisation cohérente de ce lexique sur les plans syntaxique et sémantique. En outre, ils permettent de présenter les termes du LST dans des contextes variés, ce qui peut contribuer au développement de la compétence lexicale.

La disputa sobre la epistemología de las Relaciones Internacionales a la luz de las prácticas de la investigación disciplinaria en Colombia (2001-2011)

El trabajo presenta una imagen de la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales en Colombia a través del estudio de la práctica de la escritura científica en cuatro centros de investigación.

Leitura e escrita científica : um estudo com alunos do 12º ano de escolaridade de Biologia

Atualmente, os professores de ciências trabalham com alunos que apresentam sérias dificuldades em duas áreas-chave do ensino: a leitura e a escrita. Esta lacuna, dificulta a aquisição e compreensão de determinados conceitos, o que provoca uma necessidade de melhorar os hábitos de leitura e escrita científica. O estudo apresentado neste trabalho pretende analisar a importância da leitura e escrita científica no ensino das ciências no ensino secundário. Objetiva-se que os alunos aprendam e adquiram práticas de escrita e leitura científicas e ainda que despertem para uma parte da ‘ciência real’, como seja o contacto com os artigos elaborados por investigadores, resultantes de trabalhos de pesquisa levados a efeito em instituições ligadas à investigação científica. Para este efeito desenvolveu-se um estudo com alunos de biologia do 12º ano de escolaridade, durante sete meses, em contexto de sala de aula, no qual foi explorada a leitura de artigos científicos e a elaboração de documentos escritos resultantes de uma análise dos mesmos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, de uma forma geral, que os conceitos científicos e conteúdos estudados nas aulas de biologia conforme o programa curricular em vigor, foram, com recurso aos artigos científicos, melhor apreendidos e consolidados. Foi ainda verificado um crescente aperfeiçoamento dos hábitos de escrita e leitura dos alunos. Desta forma, pode afirmar-se que o tipo de estratégia apresentada nesta investigação por via da leitura e da escrita promove a compreensão e a retenção dos conteúdos, ou seja, ler e escrever para aprender.

Positioning the case to tell the story: developing the narrative or presentational account

This paper is drawn from a doctoral study (in its final stages) about the use and adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enhance the face-to-face teaching by six academic staff, who represent different disciplines and different campus locations, in a large, regional university in Australia. A collective case study was adopted as the framework for the study, and field data comprised semi-structured interviews, curriculum guides, teaching and learning resources, websites, and included results of a Teaching Practices Inventory completed by each of the research participants.

Case study is a popular choice of qualitative researchers. There are numerous examples in the literature of case study as the vehicle for examining issues concerning teachers' use of new technologies in teaching and learning. This paper situates the research study in the qualitative, interpretative research paradigm, and matches the choice of case as the research strategy to accepted characteristics of good case studies. The focus of the paper then moves to the practical, yet difficult problem faced by the researcher of ways of presenting the case, seeking a balance between the demands of prescribed, social scientific writing for an academic audience, and the need to create texts that are interesting, vital and that “make a difference”(Richardson, 2003). Using a sample case from the study, the paper examines approaches to constructing meaning from the field data to create the narrative or presentational account and, ultimately, the research text.

Dignity, rights and capabilities in clinical rehabilitation

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to explore three concepts namely dignity, human rights and capabilities and to argue for their relevance in advancing the theory and practice of rehabilitation.

Method. A narrative review of selected academic writing on the three constructs is considered with respect to the rehabilitation literature.

Results. Each concept is defined and technical terms are explained for readers unfamiliar with these topics. Salient aspects of academic or scientific writing on each of these three topics is summarised and attempts are made to integrate these with rehabilitation.

Conclusions. Dignity, rights and capabilities are three concepts that have the potential to enhance theory development in rehabilitation.

Desafios na publicação científica.

We discuss the main problems which make a scientific text difficult to find, to be read or to be accepted by readers. A scientific text is considered a logical argument. Therefore, methods, results and data from literature are premises supporting the conclusions of the work; and in the Introduction session, the justification corroborates the objective of the study. This conception makes the text a hermetically coherent structure where only the necessary data should be included (some controversy is still pertinent). In a second step, we show formal mistakes in scientific writing which make texts less attractive. Thus, we give examples of errors or inadequacy of formal aspects of presenting titles, abstracts, results (figures and tables), and grammar mistakes in Portuguese (but also valid for English grammar). After that, we emphasize the need for writing in international language (English) and for publication in periodicals with international impact on the scientific community. Finally, considerations to improve the Brazilian periodicals in the biological area are presented.