Social support, risk, and adjustment of immigrant preadolescents

The current study was designed to explore the salience of social support, immigrant status, and risk in middle childhood and early adolescence across two time periods as indicated by measures of school adjustment and well-being. Participants included 691 children of public elementary schools in grades 4 and 6 who were interviewed in 1997 (Time 1) and reinterviewed two years later (Time 2); 539 were U.S.-born, and 152 were foreign-born. ^ Repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA's) were conducted to assess the effects of immigrant status and risk on total support, well-being, and school adjustment from Time 1 to Time 2. Follow-up analyses, including Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc tests, were used to test the significance of the differences among the means of support categories (low and high), immigrant status (U.S. born and non-U.S. born), risk (low and high) and time (time 1 and time 2). ^ Results showed that immigrant participants in the high risk group reported significantly lower levels of support than their peers. Further, children of low risk at Time 2 indicated the highest levels of support. Second, immigrant preadolescents, preadolescents who reported low levels of social support, and preadolescents of the high risk reported lower levels of emotional well-being. There was also an interaction of support by risk by time, indicating that children who are at risk and had low levels of social support reported more emotional problems at Time 1. Finally, preadolescents who are at risk and preadolescents who reported lower levels of support were more likely to show school adaptation problems. Findings from this study highlight the importance of a multivariable approach to the study of support, emotional adjustment, and academic adjustment of immigrant preadolescents. ^

Students’ Involvement in School and Parental Support: Contributions to the Socio-Educational Intervention

Student involvement in the school and the perception of parental support are core variables in the context of studies on personal and school adjustment of children and adolescents and should be considered in the context of socio-educational intervention. In this study, we formulated the following objectives: i) to understand the differences in students’ involvement in school and the perception of parental support, according to several socio- demographic and school variables, ii) to analyse the relationship between involvement and the perception of parental support iii) to outline socio-educational intervention strategies in the contexts of children’s lives. This is a non-experimental, correlational and cross-sectional study by means of a non-probabilistic convenience sample consisting of 150 children, aged between 10 and 16 years, attending the 2nd and 3rd cycles basic education [5th – 9th years of schooling] attending a school in the central region of Portugal. The data collection instruments were “Students’ Engagement in School: a Four-Dimensional Scale – SES-4DS” (Veiga 2013, 2016), the “Perceived Parental Support Scale” (Veiga, 2011) and a part with socio-demographic and school questions was added. We found significant differences in overall (and partial) amounts of student involvement and the perception of parental support, depending on the age, gender (in agency and behaviour subscales), school difficulties/retentions and methods of study (time, a place to study and a study schedule). We also found positive and significant relationships between student involvement and perception of parental support. The results are in line with the scientific literature in the field, which highlights the key role of the variables, student involvement and perception of parental support in the academic and psychosocial adjustment of young people. These should be considered in the context of socio-educational intervention. Given the above, we present areas and action strategies promoting parent and student involvement in the educational process.

Envolvimento do aluno na escola e comportamento disruptivo

Este trabalho realiza uma abordagem ao construto envolvimento do aluno na escola e relaciona o envolvimento expresso pelos alunos com a disrupção professada por eles mesmos. A investigação contou 365 participantes a frequentarem o 7.º e o 10.º anos de escolaridade. Para a recolha de dados utilizaram-se o Questionário de Envolvimento dos Estudantes na Escola, a versão portuguesa para investigação do StudentEngagement in SchoolScale (Lam e Jimerson, 2008) e a Escala de Disrupção Escolar Professada, um instrumento construído e adaptado para a população portuguesa (Veiga, 2008). Os resultados indicam um envolvimento médio a elevado por parte dos alunos, embora sendo mais expressivo nos do 7.º ano. Em termos de comportamento, os resultados sugerem não existir representações de condutas disruptivas, sobretudo no nível dos alunos do 7.º ano. Finalmente, os resultados apontam para uma relação negativa entre envolvimento na escola e comportamento disruptivo, fortalecendo a ideia de que o envolvimento é um fator protetor da adaptação à escola.

Effects of a preschool parent enrichment programme on children and their parents /

This study evaluated a preschool parent enrichment programme to assess if child and parent involvement in the programme facilitated the children's subsequent school adjustment. Also examined were the programme's effects on parent-child relationships. Participants were 56 Junior-Senior Kindergarten and Grade One students from one elementary school. Parent participants were 12 parents from the preschool parent enrichment programme, 6 parents whose children had attended other preschool programmes, and 6 parents whose children had remained at home prior to school. Five elementary teachers and both nursery school teachers from the parent enrichment programme also participated. Measures used included the Florida Key to assess children's inferred self-concept as learner and four subscales (relating, asserting, coping and investing), and interviews to assess parent and teacher perceptions. Findings indicated that there was little difference between parent and teacher perceptions about children who had attended a preschool programme. Both groups showed improved social, emotional, and behavioural skill development, together with increased self-esteem, and the ability to cope with separation from their parents. This enabled children to make the transition from preschool to primary school more successful. Children from the parent enrichment programme were not readily identifiable in terms of the profile promulgated for disadvantaged children. The Florida Key showed a main effect for the coping subscale, indicating that children from the parent enrichment programme may show more confidence in their abilities, and seek assistance from teachers than children who had no preschool experience. The parent enrichment programme appeared to have the biggest impact on the parents. Parents reported improved relationships with their children, increased confidence and self-esteem, as well as improved parenting and general life skills. The implications for short-term gains for children from this type of programme are better readiness for school, more positive self-esteem, improved social behaviour, and a higher achievement motivation. The long-term gains for children are predicted to be fewer special education placements, less grade retention, and a lower dropout rate from school. The short-term gains for parents are better social support networks," greater self-confidence, better interactions with children, and improved parenting skills. The long-term benefits may be an increased motivation to continue education, gain employment, and less family breakdown and abuse.

L’implication parentale et la préparation scolaire des enfants en maternelle au Québec : la communication entre les enseignants et les parents, la participation parentale à la vie scolaire et la préparation scolaire de l'enfant

La préparation scolaire de l’enfant en maternelle est associée, selon maintes études, à sa réussite scolaire future. Plusieurs facteurs sont liés à la préparation scolaire, dont l’implication parentale en milieu scolaire, quoiqu’il n’y ait pas consensus à ce sujet. Ainsi, la présente étude vise deux objectifs. Il s’agit tout d’abord de définir quelles sont les caractéristiques de l’enseignant, de la famille et de l’enfant étant associées à l’implication parentale. L’objectif principal se centre, pour sa part, sur les liens possibles entre l’implication parentale et la préparation scolaire de l’enfant en maternelle. Les résultats révèlent que l’âge de l’enseignant et son expérience professionnelle, l’âge des parents et la scolarité de la mère sont les caractéristiques liées à l’implication parentale. De plus, chacune des dimensions de la préparation scolaire des enfants en maternelle (santé physique et bien-être, développement cognitif, intégration sociale et autorégulation) est associée à la communication entre l’enseignant et les parents et à la participation parentale à la vie scolaire de l’enfant. Ainsi, notre étude offre un apport intéressant au domaine des sciences de l’éducation en montrant que l’implication parentale est liée à la préparation scolaire de l’enfant.

L’influence de la relation maître-élève sur le risque d’abandonner l’école

De nombreuses études ont démontré l’effet modérateur de la qualité de la relation maître-élève sur le niveau d’adaptation comportementale et scolaire des élèves du primaire, mais très peu s’y sont intéressés chez les élèves du secondaire. Pourtant les rapports entre les enseignants et les élèves au secondaire sont bien différents de ce qu’ils sont au primaire. La présente étude vise donc à examiner le rôle de la qualité de la relation maître-élève sur le risque d’abandonner l’école auprès d’un échantillon de 4069 élèves québécois de deuxième secondaire. Nos deux premiers objectifs sont de vérifier si l’effet prédicteur des difficultés scolaires (retard, rendement et motivation scolaires) sur le décrochage scolaire varie en fonction des relations chaleureuses et conflictuelles. Le troisième objectif est de déterminer si l’effet modérateur de la qualité de la relation maître-élève varie selon le sexe de l’élève. Les résultats n’ont pas permis de démontrer tel que prévu un effet protecteur de la relation chaleureuse pour les élèves à risque de décrocher, mais ont plutôt mis en évidence un effet aggravant de la relation conflictuelle pour les élèves qui fonctionnent bien à l’école. Quant au sexe de l’élève, il ne fait pas varier l’effet modérateur de la qualité de la relation élèveenseignant. Ces résultats impliquent que pour prévenir le décrochage scolaire, il faut accorder une attention particulière aux conflits pouvant survenir entre un élève et son enseignant et ce, particulièrement chez les élèves qui fonctionnent bien en classe.

Éclaircissement de l’association entre la relation enseignant-élève, le partenariat mère-enfant, et l’adaptation scolaire auprès d’une clientèle à risque.

Résumé L'association entre la relation mère-enfant, la relation enseignant-élève et l'adaptation scolaire (compétences cognitives et sociaux) a reçu ultérieurement une attention considérable dans la littérature scientifique. En dépit de la quantité de recherches effectuées, il subsiste un besoin afin de mieux connaître les processus sous-jacent qui jouent un rôle dans cette relation. L’objectif de la recherche actuelle consiste en l’éclaircissement de l’association entre la relation enseignant-élève, le partenariat mère-enfant, et l’adaptation scolaire. Les différentes hypothèses de recherche étaient : la qualité de la relation enseignant-élève servira de facteur de protection à l’adaptation scolaire (ou à une des composantes) chez les enfants nés de mères adolescentes dont le partenariat mère-enfant est de moindre qualité; la deuxième hypothèse était que le partenariat mère-enfant prédirait la qualité de la relation enseignant-élève, qui prédirait par la suite l’adaptation à la maternelle des enfants nés de mères adolescentes. Finalement, la troisième hypothèse de recherche est que les deux relations (partenariat mère-enfant et relation enseignant-élève) contribuent de façon unique à l’adaptation scolaire. Ainsi, trois modèles d’association possibles ont été testé (modération, médiation et contributions uniques et additives) auprès d’une population à risque, soit les enfants de 5 ans nés d’une mère adolescente. L’échantillon provient d’un projet longitudinal prospectif, la «Mère-Veille,» et est composé de 30 dyades mère-enfant (N=30). La qualité du partenariat mère-enfant, évalué en laboratoire lorsque les enfants avaient 4 ans, a été mesurée à l’aide des récits narratifs co-construits. La qualité de la relation enseignant-élève a été mesurée via l’adaptation française du student teacher relationship scale à 5 ans. Finalement, la mesure de l’adaptation scolaire (comme variable dépendante) comprenant les compétences en numération et les dimensions comportementales (comportements intériorisés, extériorisés et compétences sociales) ont été évalué respectivement par l’entremise de l’adaptation française du number knowledge test et du profil socioaffectif. Une série de régressions linéaires (avec et sans variables contrôles) ont été effectuées pour estimer les trois modèles. La réponse aux hypothèses varie en fonction des différentes composantes de l’adaptation scolaire. Sommes toutes, nos résultats ne suggèrent aucune relation significative ni processus intermédiaires.

La réussite éducative des élèves du primaire issus de l’immigration et l’implication parentale dans le suivi scolaire

Reconnus comme des acteurs de premier plan dans l’éducation et la socialisation de l’enfant, les parents jouent un rôle important en ce qui a trait à sa réussite éducative. Cette thèse a conséquemment pour but d’étudier la contribution de l’implication parentale dans le suivi scolaire à la réussite éducative de l’élève du primaire issu de l’immigration. En plus de proposer un modèle de l’implication parentale dans le suivi scolaire et d’élaborer un questionnaire visant à rendre compte de cette implication, cette thèse s’est attardée aux différences en fonction de la région de naissance du parent. Les données utilisées pour les fins de cette thèse sont issues du projet Culture et Engagement Scolaire. Ce projet a pris place dans cinq écoles primaires situées en milieu défavorisé sur l’Île de Montréal. Les données ont été recueillies auprès d’élèves de la première à la sixième année par le biais de questionnaires ainsi que d’entrevues individuelles. Les parents de ces élèves ainsi que leur enseignant ont également été sollicités pour compléter un questionnaire. D’abord, nous nous attardons à la définition de l’implication parentale dans le suivi scolaire et à la validation d’un instrument de mesure s’adressant aux parents d’élèves du primaire. Une synthèse des études proposant des définitions de l’implication parentale est présentée et une définition inspirée de ces études est retenue. Un questionnaire découlant de cette définition est par la suite validé. Les analyses ont permis de mettre en lumière l’existence de cinq dimensions pour rendre compte de l’implication parentale dans le suivi scolaire soit l’encadrement lors des devoirs, la communication parent-enfant au sujet de l’école, l’importance accordée à la réussite éducative ainsi que les dimensions comportementale et affective du lien école-parent. De plus, des liens prédictifs ont été établis entre certaines de ces dimensions et le rendement scolaire de l’élève. Ensuite, nous reprenons l’instrument validé et examinons dans quelle mesure les dimensions de l’implication parentale dans le suivi scolaire prédisent deux aspects de la réussite éducative de l’élève, soit le rendement et l’engagement scolaire. Puis les différences au plan de l’implication parentale en fonction de la région de naissance du parent sont observées. Trois régions de naissance sont prises en compte, soit le Canada, l’Afrique du Nord et les Antilles. Les résultats permettent de mettre en évidence l’existence de différences entre ces trois sous-groupes au plan de la réussite éducative de l’élève, des pratiques privilégiées par les parents et de l’association entre ces pratiques et la réussite éducative de l’élève. Somme toute, les études présentées dans la thèse mettent en évidence l’association entre l’implication parentale dans le suivi scolaire et la réussite éducative de l’élève issu de l’immigration et fréquentant une école en milieu défavorisé. Cette thèse met également en lumière que la prise en compte des différences attribuables à la région de naissance du parent représente une voie à privilégier pour la recherche à venir sur la réussite éducative des élèves issus de l’immigration.

Implicações Emocionais e Sócio-Cognitivas da Depressão Materna na Criança em Idade Escolar

A depressão materna tem sido associada a factores que em nada promovem o desenvolvimento infantil. O presente estudo tem como objectivo compreender implicações da depressão materna no desenvolvimento da criança em idade escolar A amostra foi composta por 24 mães e respectivos filhos de ambos os sexos, com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 15 anos, do 1º, 2º e 3º ciclo, pertencentes ao Agrupamento de Escolas da Batalha, encaminhados aos Serviços de Psicologia e Orientação. As crianças foram distribuídas em grupos distintos, G1, constituído por 12 crianças cujas mães sofreram depressão nos primeiros três anos de vida dos seus filhos, e G2, composto por 12 crianças cujas mães não sofreram depressão nem outros distúrbios psiquiátricos nos primeiros três anos de vida dos seus filhos. A identificação das mães com indicadores de depressão foi feita de forma retrospectiva, através do questionário sobre a saúde do paciente (PHQ-9) e a confirmação diagnóstica através da SCID. Os dados sociodemográficos das mães e crianças foram recolhidos em contexto de entrevista, em que se analisaram dados relativos à gravidez, ao desenvolvimento da criança e ao seu contexto escolar. As mães responderam igualmente ao questionário de capacidades e dificuldades (SDQ) relativo ao comportamento dos seus filhos. Para a análise do sucesso escolar, foi feito um levantamento das notas a Português e Matemática. Por fim, realizou-se a avaliação psicológica das crianças através da WISC-III. A partir da análise dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se a existência do impacto negativo da depressão materna no desenvolvimento da criança em idade escolar, observando-se que as crianças que conviveram com a depressão nos três primeiros anos de vida, apresentam piores notas nas áreas estruturantes do Português e da Matemática, e maiores problemas na adaptação escolar. Relativamente aos Q.I.’s, observam-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas em todos os domínios da escala, apresentando estas crianças um perfil de resultados mais baixo. De acordo com a avaliação feita pelas mães, estas crianças manifestam maiores dificuldades na regulação emocional e apresentam menores habilidades pró-sociais. / Maternal depression has been linked to factors that in no way promote child development. The present study aims to understand the implications of maternal depression on child development at school age. The sample consisted of 24 mothers and their children of both sexes, aged between 8 and 15, from 1st, 2nd and 3rd cycle, belonging to Agrupamento de Escolas da Batalha, referred to the Serviços de Psicologia e Orientação (Psychology and Guidance Services). The children were divided into distinct groups, G1, consisting of 12 children whose mothers suffered depression in the first three years of life of their children, and G2, composed of 12 children whose mothers did not suffer depression or other psychiatric disorders in the first three years of life of their children. The identification of mothers with indicators of depression was made retrospectively, by questionnaire on the patient's health (PHQ-9) and diagnosis confirmation by SCID. Socio-demographic data of mothers and children were gathered in the context of the interview, where data on pregnancy, child development and their school context were analysed. Mothers also responded to the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) on the behavior of their children. For the analysis of academic success, a survey was made of the notes on Portuguese and Mathematics. Finally, there was a psychological assessment of children using the WISC-III. From the analysis of the results obtained, the existence of the negative impact of maternal depression on child development at school age is concluded, noting that children who lived with depression for the first three years of life, have worse grades in the structuring areas of Portuguese and Mathematics, and major problems in school adjustment. For IQs, there are significant statistical differences in all areas of the scale, presenting these children lower profile results. According to the assessment made by the mothers, these children have greater difficulty in emotional regulation and have lower pro-social skills.

Envolvimento Parental e Nível Sociocultural das Famílias

O envolvimento parental refere-se a todas as actividades realizadas pelos pais na educação dos filhos. Os pais desempenham um papel fundamental no processo de escolaridade dos filhos. Um dos aspectos que mais influencia a qualidade do envolvimento parental na escolarização dos filhos é o nível sociocultural dos pais. Entende-se por nível sociocultural todo o tipo de experiências sociais e culturais que a criança tem acesso na família. O objectivo principal deste estudo é avaliar a relação entre o nível sociocultural das famílias e o envolvimento parental na escolaridade dos filhos. São objectivos complementares desta investigação, verificar quais os factores socioculturais que estão mais significativamente associados ao envolvimento parental na escolarização dos filhos e quais as dimensões comportamentais deste envolvimento que mais contribuem para adaptação escolar dos filhos. Para concretizar estes objectivos, foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, em corte transversal, a fim de avaliar uma amostra de 92 pais de alunos do 1º Ciclo do ensino básico pertencentes ao agrupamento de escolas do concelho de Coimbra. O protocolo de investigação é constituído pelo questionário de envolvimento parental na escola, versão para pais (QEPE, Pereira, 2002), e a escala de Graffar adaptada à população portuguesa, para avaliar o nível sociocultural das famílias dos alunos. Os resultados obtidos revelam que as famílias com um nível sociocultural mais elevado apresentam um maior envolvimento na escolaridade dos filhos. Verificamos que os factores socioculturais mais significativamente associados à qualidade do envolvimento dos pais são a profissão e o nível de instrução do chefe de família. Verificámos, ainda, que as dimensões comportamentais mais privilegiadas pelos pais na escolaridade dos filhos são as actividades de aprendizagem em casa, comunicação escola-família e actividades na escola e reuniões de pais. Concluímos que o nível sociocultural influencia a qualidade do envolvimento parental. O nível de escolaridade e a profissão dos pais são factores determinantes para a qualidade desse envolvimento. /

Rôle de la collaboration famille-école dans la relation entre les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des familles et les difficultés de comportement des enfants de maternelle

Résumé : Les enfants de maternelle dont la préparation scolaire est limitée risquent de présenter des difficultés comportementales nuisibles à leur adaptation ultérieure. L’implication des parents à l’école, plus précisément la collaboration famille-école (CFE), peut représenter un facteur de protection favorisant l’adaptation de l’enfant tout au long de son parcours scolaire. Les écrits scientifiques suggèrent que la CFE jouerait un rôle important dans l’explication des difficultés de comportement, surtout auprès des enfants provenant de familles défavorisées. Cette étude porte sur le rôle de la CFE dans l’explication des difficultés de comportement intériorisé et extériorisé des enfants de maternelle qui présentaient des lacunes sur le plan de leur préparation scolaire. Les analyses de régression linéaire montrent que pour l’ensemble des familles de l’échantillon (n=47), plus il y a de communication entre le parent et l’enseignant, plus il y a présence de comportements extériorisés et intériorisés. Par contre, la CFE modère la relation entre un indice d’adversité constitué du cumul de cinq facteurs de risque sociodémographiques et les difficultés de comportement intériorisé. Ainsi, chez les familles défavorisées, une communication plus fréquente est associée à moins de comportements de type intériorisé.

A multidimensionalidade da adaptação escolar na pré-adolescência

A presente investigação procura fomentar a reflexão e a compreensão do fenómeno da adaptação escolar. Partindo da exploração da literatura e de um conjunto de pressupostos teóricos de ordem desenvolvimental e ecológica, foi concetualmente delineado e testado um modelo multidimensional de adaptação escolar na pré-adolescência. O modelo examina principalmente dimensões sociais, mas também a dimensão académica e o nível socioeconómico familiar, propondo uma visão integrada da adaptação escolar. O estudo empírico desenvolveu-se junto de 706 estudantes pré-adolescentes e avaliou as perceções do próprio estudante e as perceções dos professores e pares acerca da competência social dos estudantes. O teste empírico ao Modelo de Adaptação Escolar evidencia um ajustamento global razoável, suportando as associações preconizadas entre as componentes da competência social e entre estas componentes sociais e a realização académica e o nível socioeconómico e cultural da família. Estes resultados sublinham a necessidade de considerar múltiplas facetas na avaliação e promoção da adaptação escolar, reconhecendo-se que esta engloba especialmente conexões entre a competência social e realização académica do estudante. Estes resultados serão ainda alvo de reflexão e discussão, sendo extraídas implicações para a investigação, teoria e intervenção.

The school and the social-emotional adjustment of hearing-impaired adolescents

This paper reviews the social and emotional issues of hearing impaired adolescents.

Immigrant students’ psychological adjustment in the school context: A meta-synthesis of qualitative research on acculturation

This contribution focuses on the characteristics of the school context and their impact on immigrant students’ acculturation and adjustment at school. Research suggests that the ways immigrants acculturate is related to their well being (e.g. Phinney, et al., 2001; Ward & Rana-Deuba, 1999), although findings have been contradictory across methods and studies (e.g. Rogler, 1991; Escobar & Vega, 2001). Debates in acculturation research currently center on issues of acculturation measurement (e.g. Berry, 2009; Rudmin, 2009), as most research is conducted in the quantitative tradition. In addition, some have suggested (Birman, 2011) that research on acculturation in the tradition of cross-cultural psychology adopts an overly individualistic perspective, and lacks attention to the specific contexts of acculturation. Alternatively, the contextual approach proposes that the relationship between acculturation and adjustment is shaped by the surrounding context (Birman & Simon, 2013). For immigrant children, schools are the setting where the process of acculturation unfolds, and an important context in which to study their adjustment and well being (Birman, et al., 2007; Makarova & Herzog, 2011). Though rarely used in this tradition of acculturation research (Chirkov, 2009), qualitative methods are uniquely suited to gain insight to facilitate theory development, as well as appreciate the contextual nature of the acculturation process. Yet we are not aware of efforts to synthesize the empirical qualitative literature on this topic. Applying the methodology of meta-synthesis for qualitatieve research (Walsh & Downe, 2005) our contribution attempts to integrate results from qualitative studies on impact of acculturation on immigrant students’ psychological adjustment in the school context. For this purpose 84 articles which matched the inclusion criteria were selected. Overall, the results of our study show that within the school context a number of structural as well as process characteristics can be identified as crucial for immigrant youth psychological adjustment. Moreover, our findings indicate that immigrant youths’ psychological adjustment is related to other individual outcomes of acculturation in the school context such as behavioral adjustment, peer-relationships, academic achievement and identity development of immigrant youth.

Peer Acceptance and Friendship as Predictors of Early Adolescents' Adjustment Across the Middle School Transition

This study examines several aspects of adolescents' pretransition peer relationships as predictors of their adjustment to middle school. Participants were 365 students (175 boys; 99% Caucasian) involved in the Time 1 (the spring of fifth grade) and Time 2 (the fall of sixth grade) assessments. Adolescents completed measures that assessed peer acceptance, number of friends, the quality of a specific mutual friendship, loneliness, depression, self-esteem, and involvement in school. Academic achievement and absentee data were obtained from student files. Regression analyses indicated that the pretransition peer variables predicted posttransition loneliness, self-esteem, school involvement, and academic achievement. The patterns of prediction varied slightly for each adjustment variable, with the most robust relationship being between peer acceptance and achievement. Results of repeated-measures MANOVAs indicated no differential changes in adjustment across time by gender. Implications for including a peer component in programs that prepare students for the middle school transition are discussed.