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Ruotsin suomalaismetsien synty ja savolainen liikkuvuus vanhemmalla Vaasa-kaudella

Sammandrag: Uppkomsten av finnskogarna och den savolaxiska rörligheten under den äldre Vasatiden

Savolainen Talvi-voatteissaan

Tukhulmissa 1828

Julkisen henkilön julkinen arkisto. Kansanedustaja Miina Sillanpään henkilöarkiston muodostuminen ja eettinen käyttö

Henkilöarkistoja ja yksityisluontoisia asiakirjoja on tutkittu vähän niin Suomessa kuin kansainvälisesti, eikä tutkimuksessa ole huomioitu henkilöarkistoja samoin kuin muita arkistoja. Henkilöarkistojen luonnetta ja käyttöä tutkimuksen lähteenä ei ole juurikaan pohdittu. Tutkielmassa tarkastelen sitä, miten henkilöarkistot eroavat viranomaisarkis-toista, ja kuinka henkilöhistoriallisia ja muita yksityisiä asiakirjoja voi eettisesti käyttää tutkimuksessa. Lähdeaineistona käytän kansanedustaja Miina Sillanpään henkilöarkistoa, joka on talletettu Työväen Arkistoon. Lähdeaineistooni kuuluvat myös sellaiset asiakirjat, jotka voidaan katsoa kuuluviksi henkilöarkistoon, mutta ovat päätyneet muualle säilytettäviksi tai hävinneet. Miina Sillanpään henkilöarkisto toimii esimerkkinä, kun tutkin henkilöarkiston muodostumista ja eettistä käyttöä. Henkilöarkiston eettisen käytön pohdinta kohdistuu etenkin päiväkirjoihin, päiväkirjamuistiinpanoihin ja kirjeisiin. Tarkastelen lähdeaineistoa arkistoteorian ja tutkimusetiikan näkökulmasta. Tämän tutkielman esimerkki osoitti, että viranomais- ja henkilöarkistot eroavat toisistaan monin eri tavoin. Julkisen henkilön arkistonmuodostus kuitenkin läheni viranomaisarkistoja, koska Miina Sillanpää tietoisen tuntuisesti omasta merkityksestään dokumentoi ja arkistoi tarkasti ja järjestelmällisesti asiakirjojaan ja muita aineistojaan. Tutkimus osoitti, että viranomais- ja henkilöarkistoilla katsotaan olevan eri arvot, joiden pohjalta näitä arkistoja hankitaan, vastaanotetaan ja säilytetään. Viranomaisarkistoilla on etenkin todistuksellista arvoa, kun henkilöarkistojen arvo liittyy niiden luonteeseen: henkilökohtaisuuteen, kerronnallisuuteen ja yksilöllisyyteen. Sillanpään henkilöarkisto, kuten useat muutkin henkilöarkistot, sisältävät myös muiden kuin arkistonmuodostajan itsensä luomia asiakirjoja. Henkilöarkiston muodostumiseen on osallistunut monia eri toimijoita. Kolmannet osapuolet ja ulkopuoliset yksityiset ihmiset eivät ole voineet päättää asiakirjojensa, tässä tapauksessa kirjeidensä, kohtalosta tai he eivät välttämättä edes tiedä, että heidän yksityisiä ja arkaluonteisia asiakirjojaan on päätynyt julkiseen arkistoon kaikkien saataville. Tutkija voi kunnioittaa näiden henkilöiden yksityisyyttä tekemällä heidät tunnistamattomiksi. Kolmannet osapuolet kaipaisivat lisää huomiota osakseen ja mahdollista eettistä ohjeistusta heidän yksityisten tietojensa käytöstä tutkimuksessa.

Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island.

The origin of species diversity has challenged biologists for over two centuries. Allopatric speciation, the divergence of species resulting from geographical isolation, is well documented. However, sympatric speciation, divergence without geographical isolation, is highly controversial. Claims of sympatric speciation must demonstrate species sympatry, sister relationships, reproductive isolation, and that an earlier allopatric phase is highly unlikely. Here we provide clear support for sympatric speciation in a case study of two species of palm (Arecaceae) on an oceanic island. A large dated phylogenetic tree shows that the two species of Howea, endemic to the remote Lord Howe Island, are sister taxa and diverged from each other well after the island was formed 6.9 million years ago. During fieldwork, we found a substantial disjunction in flowering time that is correlated with soil preference. In addition, a genome scan indicates that few genetic loci are more divergent between the two species than expected under neutrality, a finding consistent with models of sympatric speciation involving disruptive/divergent selection. This case study of sympatric speciation in plants provides an opportunity for refining theoretical models on the origin of species, and new impetus for exploring putative plant and animal examples on oceanic islands.

Oligocene CO2 decline promoted C4 photosynthesis in grasses.

C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation derived from the more common C3 photosynthetic pathway that confers a higher productivity under warm temperature and low atmospheric CO2 concentration [1, 2]. C4 evolution has been seen as a consequence of past atmospheric CO2 decline, such as the abrupt CO2 fall 32-25 million years ago (Mya) [3-6]. This relationship has never been tested rigorously, mainly because of a lack of accurate estimates of divergence times for the different C4 lineages [3]. In this study, we inferred a large phylogenetic tree for the grass family and estimated, through Bayesian molecular dating, the ages of the 17 to 18 independent grass C4 lineages. The first transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis occurred in the Chloridoideae subfamily, 32.0-25.0 Mya. The link between CO2 decrease and transition to C4 photosynthesis was tested by a novel maximum likelihood approach. We showed that the model incorporating the atmospheric CO2 levels was significantly better than the null model, supporting the importance of CO2 decline on C4 photosynthesis evolvability. This finding is relevant for understanding the origin of C4 photosynthesis in grasses, which is one of the most successful ecological and evolutionary innovations in plant history.

Design and evaluation of a solid sampler for the monitoring of airborne 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and its prepolymers in 2-component spray painting

An active, solvent-free solid sampler was developed for the collection of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) aerosol and prepolymers. The sampler was made of a filter impregnated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine contained in a filter holder. Interferences with HDI were observed when a set of cellulose acetate filters and a polystyrene filter holder were used; a glass fiber filter and polypropylene filter cassette gave better results. The applicability of the sampling and analytical procedure was validated with a test chamber, constructed for the dynamic generation of HDI aerosol and prepolymers in commercial two-component spray paints (Desmodur(R) N75) used in car refinishing. The particle size distribution, temporal stability, and spatial uniformity of the simulated aerosol were established in order to test the sample. The monitoring of aerosol concentrations was conducted with the solid sampler paired to the reference impinger technique (impinger flasks contained 10 mL of 0.5 mg/mL 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in toluene) under a controlled atmosphere in the test chamber. Analyses of derivatized HDI and prepolymers were carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection. The correlation between the solvent-free and the impinger techniques appeared fairly good (Y = 0.979X - 0.161; R = 0.978), when the tests were conducted in the range of 0.1 to 10 times the threshold limit value (TLV) for HDI monomer and up to 60-mu-g/m3 (3 U.K. TLVs) for total -N = C = O groups.

Large multi-gene phylogenetic trees of the grasses (Poaceae): progress towards complete tribal and generic level sampling.

In this paper we included a very broad representation of grass family diversity (84% of tribes and 42% of genera). Phylogenetic inference was based on three plastid DNA regions rbcL, matK and trnL-F, using maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. Our results resolved most of the subfamily relationships within the major clades (BEP and PACCMAD), which had previously been unclear, such as, among others the: (i) BEP and PACCMAD sister relationship, (ii) composition of clades and the sister-relationship of Ehrhartoideae and Bambusoideae + Pooideae, (iii) paraphyly of tribe Bambuseae, (iv) position of Gynerium as sister to Panicoideae, (v) phylogenetic position of Micrairoideae. With the presence of a relatively large amount of missing data, we were able to increase taxon sampling substantially in our analyses from 107 to 295 taxa. However, bootstrap support and to a lesser extent Bayesian inference posterior probabilities were generally lower in analyses involving missing data than those not including them. We produced a fully resolved phylogenetic summary tree for the grass family at subfamily level and indicated the most likely relationships of all included tribes in our analysis.

The complex history of the olive tree: from Late Quaternary diversification of Mediterranean lineages to primary domestication in the northern Levant.

The location and timing of domestication of the olive tree, a key crop in Early Mediterranean societies, remain hotly debated. Here, we unravel the history of wild olives (oleasters), and then infer the primary origins of the domesticated olive. Phylogeography and Bayesian molecular dating analyses based on plastid genome profiling of 1263 oleasters and 534 cultivated genotypes reveal three main lineages of pre-Quaternary origin. Regional hotspots of plastid diversity, species distribution modelling and macrofossils support the existence of three long-term refugia; namely the Near East (including Cyprus), the Aegean area and the Strait of Gibraltar. These ancestral wild gene pools have provided the essential foundations for cultivated olive breeding. Comparison of the geographical pattern of plastid diversity between wild and cultivated olives indicates the cradle of first domestication in the northern Levant followed by dispersals across the Mediterranean basin in parallel with the expansion of civilizations and human exchanges in this part of the world.

Evolutionary biology: genetics and bisexuality.

A population-genetic model indicates that if there is a gene responsible for homosexual behaviour it can readily spread in populations. The model also predicts widespread bisexuality in humans.