Influence of visual feedback sampling on obstacle crossing behavior in people with Parkinson's disease

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the role of visual information on gait control in people with Parkinson's disease as they crossed over obstacles. Twelve healthy individuals, and 12 patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease, walked at their preferred speeds along a walkway and stepped over obstacles of varying heights (ankle height or half-knee height), under three visual sampling conditions: dynamic (normal lighting), static (static visual samples, similar to stroboscopic lighting), and voluntary visual sampling. Subjects wore liquid crystal glasses for visual manipulation. In the static visual sampling condition only, the patients with Parkinson's disease made contact with the obstacle more often than did the control subjects. In the successful trials, the patients increased their crossing step width in the static visual sampling condition as compared to the dynamic and voluntary visual sampling conditions; the control group maintained the same step width for all visual sampling conditions. The patients showed lower horizontal mean velocity values during obstacle crossing than did the controls. The patients with Parkinson's disease were more dependent on optic flow information for successful task and postural stability than were the control subjects. Bradykinesia influenced obstacle crossing in the patients with Parkinson's disease. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Comparative Analysis of the Closed Quotient for Lip and Tongue Trills in Relation to the Sustained Vowel /epsilon/

Various types of trill exercises have been used for a long time as a tool in the treatment and preparation of the voice. Although they are reported to produce vocal benefits in most subjects, their physiology has not yet been studied in depth. The aim of this study was to compare the mean and standard deviation of the closed quotient in exercises of lip and tongue trills with the sustained vowel /epsilon/ in opera singers. Ten professional classical (operatic) singers, reportedly in perfect laryngeal health, served as subjects for this study and underwent electroglottography. During the examination, the subjects were instructed to deliver the sustained vowel /epsilon/ and lip and tongue trills in a same preestablished frequency and intensity. The mean values and standard deviation of the closed quotient were obtained using the software developed for this purpose. The comparison of the results was intrasubjects; maximum intensities were compared only among them and so were minimum intensities. The means of closed quotient were statistically significant only in the strong intensities, and the lip trill was different from the tongue trill and the sustained vowel /epsilon/. The standard deviation of the closed quotient distinguished the sustained vowel /epsilon/ from the lip and tongue trills in the two intensities. We concluded that there is oscillation of the closed quotient during the exercises of tongue and lip trills, and the closed quotient is higher during the performance of exercises of the lip trill, when compared with the two other utterances, only in the strong intensities.

Desarrollo de métodos de procesado de imágenes laríngeas en color para la detección del espacio glotal y de las cuerdas vocales

La medicina ha evolucionado de forma que las imágenes digitales tienen un papel de gran relevancia para llevar a cabo el diagnóstico de enfermedades. Son muchos y de diversa naturaleza los problemas que pueden presentar el aparato fonador. Un paso previo para la caracterización de imágenes digitales de la laringe es la segmentación de las cuerdas vocales. Hasta el momento se han desarrollado algoritmos que permiten la segmentación de la glotis. El presente proyecto pretende avanzar un paso más en el estudio, procurando asimismo la segmentación de las cuerdas vocales. Para ello, es necesario aprovechar la información de color que ofrecen las imágenes, pues es lo que va a determinar la diferencia entre una región y otra de la imagen. En este proyecto se ha desarrollado un novedoso método de segmentación de imágenes en color estroboscópicas de la laringe basado en el crecimiento de regiones a partir de píxeles-semilla. Debido a los problemas que presentan las imágenes obtenidas por la técnica de la estroboscopia, para conseguir óptimos resultados de la segmentación es necesario someter a las imágenes a un preprocesado, que consiste en la eliminación de altos brillos y aplicación de un filtro de difusión anisotrópica. Tras el preprocesado, comienza el crecimiento de la región a partir de unas semillas que se obtienen previamente. La condición de inclusión de un píxel en la región se basa en un parámetro de tolerancia que se determina de forma adaptativa. Este parámetro comienza teniendo un valor muy bajo y va aumentando de forma recursiva hasta alcanzar una condición de parada. Esta condición se basa en el análisis de la distribución estadística de los píxeles dentro de la región que va creciendo. La última fase del proyecto consiste en la realización de las pruebas necesarias para verificar el funcionamiento del sistema diseñado, obteniéndose buenos resultados en la segmentación de la glotis y resultados esperanzadores para seguir mejorando el sistema para la segmentación de las cuerdas vocales. ABSTRACT Medicine has evolved so that digital images have a very important role to perform disease diagnosis. There are wide variety of problems that can present the vocal apparatus. A preliminary step for characterization of digital images of the larynx is the segmentation of the vocal folds. To date, some algorithms that allow the segmentation of the glottis have been developed. This project aims to go one step further in the study, also seeking the segmentation of the vocal folds. To do this, we must use the color information offered by images, since this is what will determine the difference between different regions in a picture. In this project a novel method of larynx color images segmentation based on region growing from a pixel seed is developed. Due to the problems of the images obtained by the technique of stroboscopy, to achieve optimal results of the segmentation is necessary a preprocessing of the images, which involves the removal of high brightness and applying an anisotropic diffusion filter. After this preprocessing, the growth of the region from previously obtained seeds starts. The condition for inclusion of a pixel in the region is based on a tolerance parameter, which is adaptively determined. It initially has a low value and this is recursively increased until a stop condition is reached. This condition is based on the analysis of the statistical distribution of the pixels within the grown region. The last phase of the project involves the necessary tests to verify the proper working of the designed system, obtaining very good results in the segmentation of the glottis and encouraging results to keep improving the system for the segmentation of the vocal folds.